Personal boundaries

Personal boundaries are guidelines, rules or limits that a person creates to identify reasonable, safe and permissible ways for other
people to behave towards them and how they will respond when someone passes those limits.[1] They are built out of a mix of
conclusions, beliefs, opinions, attitudes, past experiences and social learning.[2][3] This concept or life skill has been widely
[4]
referenced in self-help books and used in the counseling profession since the mid-1980s.

According to some counselors, personal boundaries help to define an individual by outlining likes and dislikes, and setting the
distances one allows others to approach.[5] They include physical, mental, psychological and spiritual boundaries, involving beliefs,
emotions, intuitions and self-esteem.[6] Jacques Lacan considered such boundaries to be layered in a hierarchy, reflecting "all the
successive envelopes of the biological and social status of the person".[7] Personal boundaries operate in two directions, affecting
both the incoming and outgoing interactions between people.[8] These are sometimes referred to as the "protection" and
"containment" functions.[2]

Contents
Scope
Types
Application
Risks of reestablishing
Anger
Complicating factors
Addictions
Mental illness
Codependency
Dysfunctional family
Communal influences
Unequal power relations
See also
References
Further reading

Scope
The three most commonly mentioned categories of values and boundaries are:

Physical – Personal space and touch considerations[9][10][11]

Mental – Thoughts and opinions[9][10][11]
Emotional – Feelings
Some authors have expanded this list with additional or specialized categories such as "spirituality",[9][11] "truth",[11] and
"time/punctuality".[8]

Types
Nina Brown proposed four boundary types:[12]
 Soft – A person with soft boundaries merges with other people's boundaries. Someone with a soft boundary is easily
a victim of psychological manipulation.
Spongy – A person with spongy boundaries is like a combination of having soft and rigid boundaries. They permit
less emotional contagion than soft boundaries but more than those with rigid. People with spongy boundaries are
unsure of what to let in and what to keep out.
Rigid – A person with rigid boundaries is closed or walled off so nobody can get close either physically or
emotionally. This is often the case if someonehas been the victim ofphysical, emotional, psychological, or sexual
abuse. Rigid boundaries can beselective which depend on time, place or circumstances and are usually based on a
bad previous experience in a similar situation.
Flexible – Similar to spongy rigid boundaries but the person exercises more control. The person decides what to let
in and what to keep out, is resistant toemotional contagion and psychological manipulation, and is difficult to exploit.

Application
The personal boundaries concept is particularly pertinent in environments with controlling people or people not taking responsibility
for their own life.[11]

Co-Dependents Anonymousrecommends setting limits on what members will do to and for people and on what members will allow
people to do to and for them, as part of their efforts to establish autonomy from being controlled by other people’s thoughts, feelings
and problems.[13]

The National Alliance on Mental Illness tells its members that establishing and maintaining values and boundaries will improve the
sense of security, stability, predictability and order, in a family even when some members of the family resist. NAMI contends that
boundaries encourage a more relaxed, nonjudgmental atmosphere and that the presence of boundaries need not conflict with the need
for maintaining an understanding atmosphere.[14]

Risks of reestablishing
In Families and How to Survive Them, Robin Skynner MD explains methods for how family therapists can effectively help family
members to develop clearer values and boundaries by when treating them, drawing lines, and treating different generations in
different compartments[15] – something especially pertinent in families where unhealthy enmeshment overrides normal personal
values.[16] However, the establishment of personal values and boundaries in such instances may produce a negative fall-out,[16] if the
pathological state of enmeshment had been a central attraction or element of the relationship.[17] This is especially true if the
establishment of healthy boundaries results in unilateral limit setting which did not occur previously. It is important to distinguish
[2]
between unilateral limits and collaborative solutions in these settings.

Anger
Anger is a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation. Often, it
indicates when one's personal boundaries are violated. Anger may be utilized effectively by setting boundaries or escaping from
dangerous situations.[18]

Complicating factors

Addictions
Addicts often believe that being in control of others is how to achieve success and happiness in life. People who follow this rule use it
as a survival skill, having usually learned it in childhood. As long as they make the rules, no one can back them into a corner with
their feelings.[19]

Mental illness
People with certain mental conditions are predisposed to controlling behavior including those with obsessive compulsive disorder,
paranoid personality disorder,[20] borderline personality disorder,[21] and narcissistic personality disorder,[22] attention deficit
disorder,[23] and the manic state ofbipolar disorder.[23]

Borderline personality disorder (BPD):There is a tendency for loved ones of people with BPD to slip into
caretaker roles, giving priority and focus to problems in the life of the person with BPD rather than to issues in their
own lives. Too often in these relationships, the codependent will gain a sense of worth by being "the sane one" or
"the responsible one".[24]
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD):For those involved with a person with NPD, values and boundaries are
often challenged as narcissists have a poor sense ofself and often do not recognize that others are fully separate
and not extensions of themselves. Those who meet their needs and those who provide gratification may be treated
[25]
as if they are part of the narcissist and expected to live up to their expectations.

Codependency
Codependency often involves placing a lower priority on one's own needs, while being excessively preoccupied with the needs of
others. Codependency can occur in any type of relationship, including family, work, friendship, and also romantic, peer or
community relationships.[26]

While a healthy relationship depends on the emotional space provided by personal boundaries,[27] co-dependent personalities have
difficulties in setting such limits, so that defining and protecting boundaries efficiently may be for them a vital part of regaining
mental health.[16]

In a codependent relationship, the codependent's sense of purpose is based on making extreme sacrifices to satisfy their partner's
needs. Codependent relationships signify a degree of unhealthy clinginess, where one person doesn't have self-sufficiency or
autonomy. One or both parties depend on the other for fulfillment.[28] There is usually an unconscious reason for continuing to put
another person's life first, often for the mistaken notion that self-worth comes from other people.

Dysfunctional family
Demanding parent: In the dysfunctional family the child learns to become attuned to the parent's needs and
feelings instead of the other way around.[29]
Demanding child: Parenting is a role that requires a certain amount of self-sacrifice and giving a child's needs a
high priority. A parent can, nevertheless, be codependent towards a child if the caretaking or parental sacrifice
reaches unhealthy or destructive levels.[30]

Communal influences
[31]
Freud described the loss of conscious boundaries that may occur when an individual is in a unified, fast-moving crowd.

Almost a century later, Steven Pinker took up the theme of the loss of personal boundaries in a communal experience, noting that
such occurrences could be triggered by intense shared ordeals like hunger, fear or pain, and that such methods were traditionally used
to create liminal conditions in initiation rites.[32] Jung had described this as the absorption of identity into the collective
unconscious.[33]

Rave culture has also been said to involve a dissolution of personal boundaries, and a merger into a binding sense of
communality.[34]

Unequal power relations

Also unequal relations ofpolitical and social powerinfluence the possibilities for marking cultural boundaries and more generally the
quality of life of individuals.[35] Unequal power in personal relationships, including abusive relationships, can make it difficult for
individuals to mark boundaries.
See also
Agency (sociology) Parentification
Autonomy Persona
Bodily integrity Plagiarism
Boundaries of the mind Self-concept
Civil inattention Social penetration theory
Comfort zone Spatial empathy
Enabling Symbolic boundaries
Mind your own business

References
1. http://www.guidetopsychology.com/boundaries.htm
2. Graham, Michael C. (2014).Facts of Life: ten issues of contentment. Outskirts Press. p. 159.ISBN 978-1-4787-
2259-5.
3. Vanessa Rogers, Working with Young Men (2010) pp. 80, 161
4. Johnson, R. Skip. "Setting Boundaries and Setting Limits"(http://bpdfamily.com/content/setting-boundaries).
BPDFamily.com. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
5. G. B. and J. S. Lundberg,I Don't Have to Make Everything All Better(2000) p. 13. ISBN 978-0-670-88485-8
6. Timothy Porter-O'Grady, Kathy Malloch, Quantum Leadership (2003) p. 135
7. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits (1997) pp. 16–17
8. Katherine, Anne Where to Draw the Line: How to Set Healthy Boundaries Every Day (2000), pp. 16–25
9. Charles L. Whitfield, M.D(2010). Boundaries and Relationships: Knowing, Protecting and Enjoying the Self
(2 ed.).
HCI Books. ISBN 978-1558742598.
10. Katherine, Anne (1994).Boundaries: Where You End and I Begin. Hazelden. p. 5. ISBN 978-1568380308.
11. John Townsend, PhD; Henry Cloud PhD (1 November 1992). Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No to Take
Control of Your Life. Nashville: HarperCollins Christian Publishing. p. 245.ISBN 9780310585909.
12. Brown, Nina W., Coping With Infuriating, Mean, Critical People – The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern
(2006).
ISBN 978-0-275-98984-2
13. Setting Boundaries: Meditations for Codependents (Moment to Reflect)
. Harpercollins. August 1995.
ISBN 9780062554017.
14. Bayes, Kathy. "Setting Boundaries In A Marriage Complicated By Mental Illness"(http://www2.nami.org/Content/Micr
osites138/NAMI_Fort_Wayne_Indiana/Home128/Information_for_Spouses_and_Partners1/Boundaries.doc) .
National Alliance on Mental Illness.
15. Robin Skynner/John Cleese, Families and How to Survive Them(London 1993) pp. 93, 213
16. Weinhold, Barry; Weinhold, Janae (28 January 2008).Breaking Free of the Co-Dependency T
rap (Second ed.).
Novato: New World Library. pp. 192, 198. ISBN 978-1577316145.
17. Richard G. Abell, Own Your Own Life (1977) pp. 119–122
18. Videbeck, Sheila L. (2006).Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing(3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
19. Fenley, Jr., James L. Finding a Purpose in the Pain(2012)
20. Goldberg, MD, Joseph (23 May 2014)."Paranoid Personality Disorder"(http://webmd.com/mental-health/paranoid-p
ersonality-disorder). Retrieved 20 October 2014.
21. Braiker, Harriet B., Who's Pulling Your Strings? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation(2006)
22. Brown, Nina (1 April 2008).Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grown-Up's Guide to Getting Over Narcissistic Parents
(Second ed.). New Harbinger Publications. p. 35. ISBN 978-1572245617.
23. Cermak M.D., Timmen L. (1986). "Diagnostic Criteria for Codependency"(http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.108
0/02791072.1986.10524475#preview). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 18 (1): 15–20.
doi:10.1080/02791072.1986.10524475(https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02791072.1986.10524475) .
24. Danielle, Alicia. "Codependency and Borderline Personality Disorder: How to Spot It"(http://www.borderlinepersonali
tytreatment.com/codependency-and-borderline-personality-disorder-how-to-spot-it.html) . Clearview Women's Center.
Retrieved 5 December 2014.
25. Hotchkiss, LCSW, Sandra. Why Is It Always About You? (Chapter 7). New York: Free Press. ISBN 9780743214285.
26. "Patterns and Characteristics of Codependence"(http://coda.org/index.cfm/meeting-materials1/patterns-and-charact
eristics-2011/). coda.org. Co-Dependents Anonymous. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
27. Patrick Casement, Further Learning from the Patient(London 1990) p. 160
28. Wetzler, PhD, Scott. "Psychology division chief at Albert Einstein College of Medicine"(http://www.webmd.com/sex-r
elationships/features/signs-of-a-codependent-relationship) . WebMD. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
29. Lancer, Darlene (2014). Conquering Shame and Codependency: 8 Steps to Freeing the rue
T You. Minnesota:
Hazelden. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-1-61649-533-6.
30. Codependents Anonymous: Patterns and Characteristics(http://www.coda.org/tools4recovery/Patterns2-2011.htm)
31. Sigmund Freud, 'Le Bon's Description of the Group Mind', inCivilization, Society and Religion(PFL 12) pp. 98–109
32. Steven Pinker, The Stuff of Thought (2007) p. 403
33. Jung, Carl Gustav (15 August 1968).Man and His Symbols. Dell. p. 123. ISBN 978-0440351832.
34. Jones, Carole (10 September 2009).Disappearing Men: Gender Disorientation in Scottish Fiction 1979-1999 (Scroll:
Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature) (Book 12)
. Rodopi. p. 176. ISBN 978-9042026988.
35. Colin P.T. Baillie (2012). "Power Relations and its Influence in the Sphere of Globalization since W
orld War II" (http://i
r.lib.uwo.ca/totem/vol20/iss1/12/). Journal of Anthropology. The University of Western Ontario. Retrieved 31 March
2016.

Further reading
Cloud, Henry; Townsend, John (1992). Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No. Thomas Nelson Publishing.
ISBN 978-0310247456. Amazon Rank=#230
Bottke, Allison (2008).Setting Boundaries with Your Adult Children. Harvest House Publishers.ISBN 978-
0736921350. Amazon Rank=#6,300
Katherine, Anne (1994).Boundaries: Where You End and I Begin. Hazelden. ISBN 978-1568380308. Amazon
Rank=#51,000
Whitfield MD, Charles (1994). Boundaries and Relationships. HCI Books. ISBN 978-1558742598. Amazon
Rank=#52,000
Hawkins, David (2007).Setting Boundaries on Unhealthy Relationships . Harvest House Publishers.ISBN 978-
0736918411. Amazon Rank=#60,000

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