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Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia138 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 985–990
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies
2017 International Conference on Alternative
2017 AEDCEE, 25‐26Energy in Developing
May 2017, Bangkok,Countries
Thailand and Emerging Economies
2017 AEDCEE, 25‐26 May 2017, Bangkok, Thailand
The mimic of fractional distillation technology for development of
The mimic of15th
The fractional
homegrown potdistillation
International Symposium on
distillery technology
for foranddevelopment
District Heating
ethanol distillationCooling of
homegrown pot distillery for ethanol distillation
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Natthanicha Sukasema,*, Teerapat Hareemao a, Chatchareya Sudawong a
temperature function
Natthanicha Sukasemfor
a,
*,aTeerapat
long-term district
Hareemao a
heat demand
, Chatchareya Sudawong forecast
a
a
School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University,ChiangMai,50290, Thailand
a
School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University,ChiangMai,50290, Thailand c
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc
a a b

Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
Nowadays,
c ethanol is an attractive renewable energy that can be produced from multi-purpose materials such as rice, sweet sorghum,
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
sugar cane Nowadays,
or even substrates
ethanolfrom
is anfood industrial
attractive waste.energy
renewable Ethanolthat is not
can only producedfrom
be produced in large scale by industry
multi-purpose butsuch
materials it isas
also produced
rice, in small
sweet sorghum,
scale by
sugar caneSME or small
or even agricultural
substrates community.
from food industrial This article,
waste. the simple
Ethanol is not homegrown
only produced potindistillery wasby
large scale developed
industry to
butincrease
it is alsothe distilledinethanol
produced small
concentration
scale by SME by mimicagricultural
or small fractional distillation.
community. The Thisdistillation
article, the column in 20 cm of pot
simple homegrown height and 6was
distillery cm developed
of diametertowas designed
increase and applied
the distilled for
ethanol
single homegrown
concentration pot infractional
by mimic 1.8 litterdistillation.
of total volume. Column was
The distillation consisted
column in 20ofcm7 trays which
of height andeach
6 cm tray
of had 40 pores
diameter was in 3mm ofand
designed diameter,
appliedand for
Abstract
condensate
single tubes. The
homegrown pot inexperiment tests
1.8 litter of totalwere done Column
volume. by usingwas 12consisted
vol.% ofofabsolute
7 trays ethanol
which eachand tray
fermented
had 40 sugar
pores cane
in 3mm medium from yeast
of diameter, and
Saccaromyces
condensate cerevisiae
tubes. fermentation
The experiment at 8were
tests vol.% of ethanol
done by using concentration.
12 vol.% ofThe effect of
absolute distillation
ethanol temperature
and fermented control
sugar canebymedium
using 1.5fromlitteryeast
of 9
vol.% absolute
Saccaromyces ethanol
cerevisiaewas determined
fermentation
District heating networks are commonly at
at 8 90 o
C
vol.% atofinside the
ethanol pot, 80
addressed in the literature
o
C
concentration. at top
The of distillation column and uncontrolled temperature.
as one of the most effective solutions for decreasingofthe
effect of distillation temperature control by using 1.5The results
litter 9
showed
vol.% that theethanol
absolute averagewasof distilled
determinedethanol
at 90atoC34atvol.%
inside was
the detected.
pot, 80 o The distillation was done for 272 min and yield of distilled ethanol was
C at top of distillation column and uncontrolled temperature. The results
greenhouse
13.33%. Thethe gas emissions
controlled 80ofrom
at distilled the
C, theethanolbuilding
average sector. Theseconcentration
distilled systems require highvol.%,
investments whichTheareyield
returned through the16%.
heat
showed that average of at 34 vol.%ethanol was 38.2
was detected. The distillation was donefor for 269
272 min.
min and yield ofofdistilled
distilled was
ethanol was
sales. Due
Meanwhile,
13.33%. Thethe to uncontrolled
the changed
controlled o climate had
at 80distillation
C, the averageconditions
average and building
distilledconcentration
ethanol at renovation
36.35 vol.%
concentration policies,
was 38.2 vol.%,heat
of ethanol, demand
17.33%
for 269 in the
of yield,
min. The for future
119
yield of min.could decrease,
However,
distilled was the
16%.
prolonging
efficiency
Meanwhile, theuncontrolled
of the investment
fermented medium return period.
distillation
distillation hadwas a smaller
average higher thanatdistillation
concentration 36.35 vol.% of diluted ethanol.
of ethanol, Theyof
17.33% were 39.5forvol.
yield, 119% min.
of distilled ethanol,
However, the
17.33%
The main
efficiency ofofyield,
scope for
of 194
fermented this min.
paperMoreover,
medium is to assess
distillation the efficiency
wasthe of absolute
feasibility
a smaller higherof than ethanol
usingdistillation
the heatdistillation
dilutedwas
demand
of compared
–ethanol.
outdoor with
were native
temperature
They homegrown
39.5 function
vol. % of for pot at
heat
distilled same
demand
ethanol,
concentration
17.33%
forecast. of The of 12
yield, forvol.%
194 of
district ethanol.
min. The modified
Moreover,
Alvalade, distiller
the efficiency
located in Lisbonpot had
of absolute higher efficiency
ethanol
(Portugal), was of distillation
distillation
used as was
a case than
compared native
study. with
Thepot. These
native were
homegrown
district distilled
is consistedpot atethanol
ofsame
665
concentration at
concentration 44.2vol.%
of 12 vol.%, 16.67 %
ethanol. Theofmodified
distilled yield, forpot
distiller 159hadminhigher
whereas native distillation
efficiency showed
of distillation than 37 vol.%pot.
native of distilled
These ethanol,
were 15.33
distilled % of
ethanol
buildings
distilled yield that
and vary
over in
240 both
min construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
concentration at 44.2 vol.%, 16.67 % of distilled yield, for 159 min whereas native distillation showed 37 vol.% of distilled ethanol, 15.33 % of
.
renovation
.distilled scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
yield and over 240 min.
. compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
©©The results
2017
2017 The showed that
The Authors.
Authors. when only
Published
Published by weatherLtd.
by Elsevier
Elsevier change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
Ltd.
Peer-review
(the error inunder responsibility
annual demand was of lower
the scientific
than 20% committee of the 2017
for all weather International
scenarios Conference
considered). on Alternative
However, Energy renovation
after introducing in
Peer-review
© 2017 The under responsibility
Authors. Published of Elsevier
by the Organizing
Ltd. Committee of 2017 AEDCEE.
­Dscenarios,
eveloping the
Countries and Emerging
error value increased Economies.
up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2017 AEDCEE.
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
Keywords: Ethanol fermentation; homegrown pot distillery; fractional distillation; ethanol distillation
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Keywords: Ethanol fermentation; homegrown pot distillery; fractional distillation; ethanol distillation
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding
Peer-review underauthor. Tel.: +0-687-717-5810;
responsibility fax: +0-000-000-0000
of the Scientific .
Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
* E-mail jewy.ja@gmail.com
address:author.
Corresponding Tel.: +0-687-717-5810; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
Cooling.
E-mail address: jewy.ja@gmail.com
1876-6102
Keywords:©Heat
2017demand;
The Authors. Published
Forecast; Climatebychange
Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review©under
1876-6102 2017responsibility
The Authors. of the Organizing
Published Committee
by Elsevier Ltd. of 2017 AEDCEE.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2017 AEDCEE.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2017 International Conference on Alternative Energy in
­Developing Countries and Emerging Economies.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.101
986 Natthanicha Sukasem et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 985–990
2 Natthanicha Sukasem et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction

Bioethanol is one kind of bioenergy which friendly to environment. Sine ethanol energy has been used in
transportation. It can be used by mixing with gasohol or diesel. The replacement of petroleum energy or fuel oil by
bioethanol should be attended in various applications. Nowadays, the ethanol production can be performed by large,
middle or small industries especially in the local area. Nevertheless, the quality of productions is not the same. It is
depend on their capital cost and their technology. Mostly, the ethanol production at small industry, Small and
Medium Enterprise (SME) industry even in the local, and the production normally are not controlled under
standards. For local community, they usually made ethanol as liquor community for food application. Therefore,
the technology for improvement quality production is required especially for renewable energy production.
On the step of ethanol fermentation, the community can do by themselves but the step of distillation, the
homegrown distiller should be renovated to get high ethanol concentration with low cost and easily operation
control.
Thus, the aim of the research was to modified homegrown distiller by mimic the fractional distillation
technology. So, the modified distiller pot was established and compared the efficiency of distillation to local
homegrown pot. The distillations of diluted absolute ethanol were tested and compared to the distillation of
fermented culture broth.

2. Methodology

2.1 Distiller pot design

The distiller pot was designed by base on the fractional distillation technology (Fig 1). The pot was made
from stainless steel. It was separated into 2 parts [1]. First was distiller pot in volume size approximated at 1.8
litters. Diameter of pot was 16 cm whereas the pot height was at 8.9 cm. There was one small hole for connected
with thermocouple which it was liked to digital temperature reader. The second part was the distillation column
which completely separated from pot. The column consisted of the column base which was the lid of distiller pot.
The 20 cm of column height and 6 cm of diameter column was design for fractional distillation column. Inside the
column, it was consisted of 7 trays which each tray had 40 pores in 3mm of diameter, and condensate tubes.
For measurement of temperature on the top of column, there was one small hole for connection with thermocouple.
The condensate tube with connected the column was the 2 layer of tubes. At the gap between 2 layers of tubes, it
was used for cold water circulation to condense the hot vapour of ethanol or samples.

Fig 1 The distiller pot design. Defined that the column tray with 40 pores (a), architectural distiller and
column port (b) and prototype stainless steel distiller pot (c).

2.2 The operation of distiller port

For the operation, the distillation system was settled as shown in Fig 1c. Before the lid closed, the gasket
 Natthanicha Sukasem et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 985–990 987
Natthanicha Sukasem et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 3

rubber was put on the top of pot and then continued with the lid (or column base) was closed. For tightly closed, the
4 of key locks on lid and top of pot were connected and locked together to protect the vapour released during
distillation. The pot was put on temperature controller heater for heating up the liquid sample inside. The
condensate tube was connected with 2 silicone tubes for water in and water out. The cold water circulation was
controlled with water pump. This circulation system with pump controller could reduce high amount of water
condensation.

2.3 Ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The ethanol fermentation by yeast S.cerevisiae consisted of 2 steps. The first was the preparation of yeast
inoculum. The second was the step of ethanol fermentation [2,3].

2.3.1 The preparation of yeast inoculum

The cultivation of yeast S. cerevisiae was performed in 150 ml of culture broth. The 1 litter of
cultivation medium consisted of 15 g/l of sucrose, 1 g/l of KH2PO4, 3 g/l of (NH4)2SO4,1 g/l of MgSO4.7H2O and
1000 ml of distilled water. The pH value was adjusted to pH 5.5. The culture broth was sterilized by 0.5 g/l of KMS
(Potassium metabisulfite). After addition of KMS, the culture broth was kept at room temperature at least 24 h.
Then, the 6.25 gram of yeast dried powder was added into culture broth and continued with the incubation at 37+
2oC, 150 rpm for 16 – 18 h. This microbial solution was used as starter of ethanol production.

2.3.2 Ethanol fermentation

On the ethanol production, the 2 litters of ethanol production medium were prepared. The ethanol
production medium contained 200 g/l of sucrose, 1 g/l of KH2PO4, 3 g/l of (NH4)2SO4,1 g/l of MgSO4.7H2O and
1000 ml of distilled water. The pH at 5.5 was adjusted. After the sterilization of culture medium with KMS,
the 10 vol. % of inoculum (from 2.3.1) was added and mixed well. During the ethanol fermentation at 37+ 2oC, the
system maintained the anaerobic condition with w air lock system. At every day, the 5 ml of fermented sample were
taken for determination of ethanol concentration at least 96 h.

2.4 Ethanol distillation test

Due to the ethanol distillation test, the 2 types of samples were used. There were (1) the diluted absolute
ethanol at desire concentration and (2) the fermented ethanol sample with exactly concentration.

2.4.1 The distillation test with diluted ethanol

On the distillation test with diluted ethanol sample, 1.5 litter of 9 vol. % absolute ethanol was tested. The
effects of temperature control were archived for 3 conditions. These were (1) the 90oC of temperature controls at
inside the port, (2) the 80oC of temperature controls at top of distillation column, and (3) uncontrolled temperature at
inside the pot. Moreover, the change of circulation temperature was also measured. During the experiment, the
distilled samples were kept into each sample tube for 10 ml until the distillation finished. Then, the ethanol
centration, total sample volume and yield of distillation were measured and temperatures were also detected.

The yield of distillation was followed equation (1). That was

The distillation yield (%) = Total volume of distilled sample X 100 (1)
Initial sample volume

2.4.2 The distillation test with fermented ethanol

The well known exactly fermented ethanol concentration (1.5 litters) was used. The temperature was
controlled at top of column at 80oC. Then, the procedure method was followed by stop of distillation test with
diluted ethanol. After the distillation completed, the ethanol centration, total sample volume and yield of distillation
were measured and temperatures were also detected.
988 Natthanicha Sukasem et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 985–990
4 Natthanicha Sukasem et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

3. Results and discussions

3.1 The ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyce cereviseae

The 200 g/l of sucrose was used as carbon source for ethanol fermentation at 37OC for 80 min (Fig 2). The
ethanol concentration was dramatically increased at time in rage of 0 – 10 h. After that increment of ethanol
concentration was slowly change. At the end of fermentation, yeast S. cerevisiae produced ethanol concentration
approximately at 8 vol.% . Moreover, yeast S. cerevisiase converted initial sucrose at 220 g/l to ethanol 8 vol. % or
80 g/l. Due to the ethanol yield, the ethanol yield is the amount of ethanol (g/l) divide with initial sugar
concentration (200 g/l). So, the yield was 0.4 (200g/l / 80g/l). Therefore, percentage of ethanol yield was yield from
experiment divided with theoretical yield (0.511) and then multiplies by 100. Thus, percentage of ethanol yield was
78.28% ((0.4/0.5)*100). The fermented broth with contained ethanol at 8 vol. % was used for distillation test.

Fig 2 The increment of ethanol concentration during ethanol fermentation

3.2 The distillation of diluted absolute ethanol

The distillation port was testes by using 9 vol. % of absolute ethanol. The 3 conditions of temperature
controls were done separated from each other (Fig 3 and 4) and ethanol concentration in distilled products were
determined. When the temperature inside the port (90 oC), at the top of column (80 oC) or uncontrolled temperature
were controlled. The different temperature between T1 and T2 was estimated about 15.17 oC, 11.01oC and 10.50 oC,
respectively. However the temperature was still higher than boil point of ethanol at 78.1 oC.
Thus, the temperature controlled at top of column was the suitable controlled point for ethanol distillation.
It showed 38.20 vol% of ethanol concentration in distillated product (Table 1).

Fig 3 The temperature changes during alcohol distillation by using 9 vol.% of ethanol. Defined that
temperature of sample inside pot (T1), temperature at top of pot (T2), circulation temperature
water (T3) when controlled temperature at 80oC, 90oC and uncontrolled temperature.
 Natthanicha Sukasem et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 985–990 989
Natthanicha Sukasem et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

Fig 4 The ethanol concentration during alcohol distillation by using 9 vol.% of ethanol when controlled
temperature at 80oC, 90oC and uncontrolled temperature

Fig 5 The ethanol concentration during alcohol distillation by using 9 vol.% of ethanol when controlled
temperature at 80oC, 90oC and uncontrolled temperature.

Table 1. Comparison of distillation efficiency at various position of temperature control in distiller pot

Sample in distillation Condition of temperature Ethanol concentration Distillation Yield of

controlled (vol.%) in condensate time (min) ethanol (%)
Ethanol at 9 vol.% port temperature 90 oC 34.00 272 13.33%
Ethanol at 9 vol.% the top of column (80 oC) 38.20 269 16.00%
Ethanol at 9 vol.% uncontrolled temperature 36.35 119 16.35%
Ethanol fermented top of column (80 oC) 39.50 194 17.33%
at 8 vol. %
Ethanol at 12 vol.% top of column (80 oC) 44.20 159 16.67%
Native fermented at Native distillation 37.00 - 15.3%
12 vol.%

. On comparison of distillation efficiency, the distillation of fermented ethanol medium showed higher
ethanol concentration than ethanol concentration from distillation of diluted absolute ethanol. By the way, the
ethanol yield and ethanol content after distillation were higher than native distillation. Therefore, the modified
distiller pot by mimic fractional distillation can improve concentration of ethanol in dimdistrillation
6 Natthanicha Sukasem et al / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

990 Natthanicha Sukasem et al. / Energy Procedia 138 (2017) 985–990

4. Conclusion

In this research, the goal of research was completely succeed. The modifications of distiller pot was tested
and established. The application of fractional distillation technology in column increased the ethanol concentration
in condensate product. The maximum concentration of ethanol in condensate product can be found at 44.20%

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank The authors are thankful to School of Renewable Energy at Maejo University,
Thailand for both funding and supplying the instruments for this research.

Reference

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