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Clinical Foundation
Course
Please note: It is the students’ responsibility to ensure they are aware of the
correct lecture, practical, tutorial, and examination schedules
CLINICAL FOUNDATION COURSE
This course will provide instruction in the practical and theorectical aspects of several topics that are
considered core subjects with regard to diagnosis and treatment of veterinary species. The subject
areas included are:
Specific detail for each of these components is given below, and general information, including
assessment information follows these four sections.
The pharmacology component of the third year course is broadly divided into a number of
areas with basic or “core” pharmacology, therapeutics and legislation being covered in
Semester I in this course (the CFC), and systems based pharmacology being covered in
Semester II as part of the dog and cat course. The course is complemented by lectures from
other subject areas such as physiology, microbiology, parasitology, pathology and by the
clinical lectures in Semester II.
2 Objectives/Aims
• To provide the students with information and understanding of the pharmacology of
drugs, enabling them to use drugs in animals, in an appropriate and responsible
manner. NOTE: The term pharmacology will be taken to include the
pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, side effects, toxicity and clinical relevance of
a group of drugs or an individual agent.
• To discuss the main legislation affecting the use of drugs in veterinary species and to
discuss some of the ethical, public health and societal issues associated with the use
of drugs in veterinary practice.
3 Learning Outcomes
On completion of the course, the student should:
• have a broad knowledge of the mode of interaction of drugs with their receptors and
the consequences of this interaction at a cellular level and to the whole body.
• understand how the body deals with drugs.
• understand how drugs interact with pathogens e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and
fungi.
• have a sound knowledge of the toxic effects of drugs on the whole animal and on the
environment.
• have a clear knowledge of the legislation governing the use of drugs in animals.
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5 Brief Lecture Synopses
AP1, AP2, AP3, AP4 - Drug action, PK, PD S Argyle
Veterinary Pharmacology will be introduced in this series of 4 lectures. These lectures will aim
to:
• Explain the basic principles of drug pharmacokinetics in terms of absorption,
distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs (disposition)
• Highlight the relevance of pharmacokinetics to practical drug usage.
• Identify the concept of different receptor types and subtypes and second messenger
systems.
• Explain the basic principles of drug-receptor interactions and to explain how drugs act
within the body.
AP13, AP14, AP15, AP16, AP17, AP18, AP19, AP20 - Antimicrobials S Argyle
This series of 8 lectures will incorporate antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agents and will
aim to:
• Describe how antimicrobial agents affect micro organisms.
• Identify the main classes of antimicrobial agent.
• Discuss the pharmacology of the different classes of antimicrobial agent in terms of
their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, side effects and
toxicity.
• Identify the salient points in terms of rational use of antimicrobial agents
• Discuss the issues surrounding antimicrobial resistance.
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AP24, AP25 - NSAIDS S Argyle
The aim of these 2 lectures will be to:
• Briefly revisit the process of inflammation in relation to the non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Discuss the pharmacology and clinical relevance of the NSAIDs used in veterinary
medicine
6 Recommended Texts
General Pharmacology textbooks
• Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, 2007, 6th edition. Eds Rang Dale and Ritter &
Moore
• The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 10th edition. Eds McGraw Hill
• Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 2001, 8th edition. Katzung B.G. Eds McGraw Hill
• Medical Pharmacology at a Glance, M.J. Neal, 6th Edition 2009 Wiley Blackwell.
Comment from S. Argyle: Of the four above my favourite would be Rang and Dale BUT bear in mind
that this is not a veterinary specific text book so that some of the topics will not be appropriate and
some areas will not be especially well covered HOWEVER still a good buy. The Medical
Pharmacology at a Glance book again not veterinary orientated but an excellent revision aid
especially if you like lots of diagrams. Does not have enough detail as a sole source of information.
Specific topics
• Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Eds Prescott Baggot and Walker,
Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press 2000.
• Guide to Antimicrobial Use in Animals. Eds Guardabassi, Jensen and Kruse. Wiley
Blackwell. 2008. (this is an excellent and recent text but probably more pertinent as
you move into your clinical areas).
Online Resources
• www.vmd.gov.uk Veterinary Medicines Directorate
• www.noah.co.uk National office of Animal Health and on-line compendium
• www.defra.gov.uk Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
• www.emea.eu.int European Medicines Agency
• www.vpc.gov.uk Veterinary Products Committee
• www.erapharm.org Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals
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Diagnostic Imaging
1. Module Objectives/Aims
To provide an introduction to diagnostic imaging that relates anatomy and pathology to
imaging interpretation in a clinical context.
2. Learning Outcomes
General principles of radiography and radiology:
• Principles of x-ray formation, interaction with tissue, image formation.
• Understand the principles and application of radiation safety.
• Understand the basics of digital radiographic image capture
• Know how to evaluate a radiograph including: positioning, centring, collimation,
exposure, artefacts; assess radiographic quality
• Know to include patient factors such as age, sex, breed, respiratory phase and body
condition in radiographic assessment
Orthopaedic imaging:
• Know how to assess radiographs of musculoskeletal structures
• Know the normal musculoskeletal anatomy and be familiar with the terminology used
to describe lesion character and location
• Be able to recognise and interpret the common skeletal abnormalities associated with
the bones, joints and soft tissues
• Understand the difference between aggressive and non-aggressive bone lesions
• Understand the basic principles of bone scintigraphy, indications, types of studies, image
interpretation and safety aspects
Thoracic imaging
• Know the normal radiographic features of the canine and feline thorax
• Know the general abnormalities that most commonly affect small animals; including
cardiovascular, pleural/ mediastinal, pulmonary, tracheal, oesophageal and thoracic
wall diseases
• Understanding and interpretation of pulmonary patterns
• Understand applications for alternative thoracic imaging modalities
Abdominal Imaging:
• Know general principles, including patient preparation, and techniques of radiology
and ultrasound of the abdomen
• Know and be able to identify the normally visible structures on abdominal radiographs
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• Know how to assess liver, spleen, GI tract, UG tract radiographically
• Understand basics of abdominal ultrasound applications
Tutorials:
A) Computer Assisted Learning: 3 sessions of 2 hours have been timetabled to allow
students to work through this self-explanatory teaching material at their own pace. This CAL
can be found from the CLIVE index on the desktop of any centrally managed University PC.
Open the CLIVE index, click on courses and select Third Year. The Physics of Diagnostic
Imaging package can be found on the third screen. Notes to accompany this package are
available from the Diagnostic Imaging CAL page, accesed from the CFC page on EEVeC.
B) Small Group Tutorials: 3 small group 1h tutorials for skeletal, thoracic and abdominal
radiography. The student cohort will be divided into 12 groups (4 sessions, each session split
up into 3 groups) to allow radiographic interpretation in small groups of approximately 12
students. Each group will view and discuss radiographs with a tutor. Tutorials are matched to
follow the corresponding lecture content.
Collateral Reading:
Students will be provided with lecture presentations in pdf format. There will be no additional
lecture notes. Instead students are expected to read relevant chapters in diagnostic imaging
textbooks from the following list. The reading list is intentionally kept short and only considers
the most relevant and up-to-date material.
Barr FJ & Kirberger RM: BSAVA manual of canine and feline musculoskeletal imaging
2006, BSAVA, Quedgeley, UK, 286 pages, ISBN 10-0-905214-86-2
Schwarz T & Johnson V: BSAVA manual of canine and feline thoracic imaging.
2008, BSAVA, Quedgeley, UK, 408 pages, 875 illustrations. ISBN 978-0-905214-97-9
O’Brien R & Barr F: BSAVA manual of canine and feline abdominal imaging.
2009, BSAVA, Quedgeley, UK, 252 pages, ISBN 978-1-905319-10-7
The BSAVA imaging series provides a comprehensive and the most detailed account of
canine and feline diagnostic imaging. They are well structured and illustrated, making them
very suitable for student learning; however the scope is beyond the required knowledge for
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final year students. For anybody with ambitions in small animal practice, these would be
good books to study from now and use in praxis later on.
Guidance Notes for the safe use of Ionising Radiation in Veterinary use.
Ionising Radiations Regulations, 1999. BVA, June 2002; in collaboration with NRPB. www.bva.co.uk
This pulications lays out the legal framework for veterinary radiography in the UK.
Subject Organiser
Dr. Tobias Schwarz (TS)
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC
Team Members
Mrs. Mairi Frame (MF)
Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, EBVC
Surgery
1 Introduction
This part of the course covers general principles of aseptic surgery.
2 Module Objectives/Aims
To provide a rationale for, and an understanding of, basic general surgical principles,
concepts, terminology, and methodology. This will provide a grounding to be applied when
evaluating and treating soft tissue and orthopaedic cases, whether the cases initially appear
simple or complex.
3 Learning Outcomes
After studying this section effectively, you will be able to:
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• describe and justify optimal cleaning protocols for the surgical suite
• describe appropriate preoperative evaluation of the dog or cat with surgical disease
• describe and explain the preparation of the operative site and surgical team
• be able to identify common surgical intrumentation and be familiar with its use and
care
• outline the properties and uses of common suture materials and apply this knowledge
to selection of appropriate sutures to the prevailing surgical conditions
• be able to outline methods of surgical haemostasis
• outline and explain how infection might become established at a surgical site and
identify when perioperative antibiosis is indicated or contraindicated
• outline postoperative care for the surgical patient in the light of clinical evaluation and
surgical treatment
• outline and explain alternatives for achieving adequate postoperative nutrition
• be confident to apply a bandage to various anatomic regions of the dog
• be able to place a secure surgical knot by the two-handed method
• be able to close a basic skin wound securely
• understand the importance of and know how to institute effective hand-hygeine
measures
• be able to prepare for aseptic surgery effectively, with no unrecognized breaches in
aseptic technique
By the end of this course, you should be completely familiar with the information and concepts
illustrated in these chapters. Self directed study will be complemented by a lecture course
comprising three lectures. No course notes will be provided.
Practical aspects of surgery will be learned and developed in the Small Animal Practical
Clinical Course, in particular during the sessions on Theatre Practice and Surgical
Techniques. These practicals have been designed to complement your self-study, and form
an essential part of this course. You will get most out of these practicals if you are prepared
for them in advance. A selection of the practical skills taught will be formally examined as part
of the CFC professional exam
6 Recommended Text
• Small Animal Surgery, Third Edition 2007. T.W. Fossum (ed) Mosby
Teaching Team
Dr John R. Mosley
Dr Donald Yool
Dr Dylan Clements
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Anaesthesia and Critical Care
1 Introduction
The principles and practice of veterinary anaesthesia and the effects of disease on
anaesthetic management are taught in tandem with a series of tutorials in which anaesthetic
problems in the individual species are discussed. Thus, the challenges with anaesthesia in a
considerable range of clinical situations are covered, and provide the basis for practical
teaching in the final year. A review of the physiology and pharmacology of the major organ
systems provides an introduction to intensive care practices.
2 Objectives/Aims
• To provide information on the physiological and pharmacological principles of
anaesthesia with practical attention to the particular problems associated with horses,
food, companion and laboratory animals.
• To discuss the implications of commonly encountered conditions (e.g. extremes of
age, pregnancy) surgical procedures and diseases on the management of
anaesthesia so that students develop the ability to identify 'high-risk' cases and create
justifiable anaesthetic protocols.
• To allow development of fundamental technical skills, e.g. intravenous catheter
placement, endotracheal intubation, anaesthetic machine operation, positive pressure
ventilation.
• To develop familiarity with anaesthetic equipment including machines, anaesthetic
breathing systems and monitoring apparatus. To be able to prepare and identify
problems with such equipment and to use it safely in a clinical setting.
• To develop skills at clinical and physiological monitoring. To recognise deviations from
acceptability and to respond appropriately.
3 Learning Outcomes
• Safe use of simple anaesthetic hardware.
• Informed discussion of case management of simple and advanced cases.
• Informed discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of techniques and drugs.
• Recognition of poor, unsafe veterinary anaesthetic practice.
• Recognition of risks associated with drugs and equipment used in veterinary
anaesthetic practise.
This will be a lecture course, supported by an integrated series of large group tutorials
A6 Analgesia RE Clutton
Noxious afferent systems. Ethical, clinical and practical considerations.
Recognition/prediction of perioperative pain. Pharmacological management of perioperative
pain. Practical techniques including neuraxial anaesthesia.
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Intraoperative/intensive care relaxation. Physiology of motor systems. Pharmacological
interruption of motor systems. Neuromuscular blocking agents. Monitoring neuromuscular
blockade. Clinical application.
6 Recommended Texts
BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia (Paperback) by
Chris Seymour (Author), Chris Seymour; Tanya Duke (Editor). British Small Animal
Veterinary Association; 2nd edition (23rd May 2007) ISBN-10: 0905214986; ISBN-13:
978-0905214986
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Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia: An Introduction for Research Workers and
Technicians (Hardcover) by Paul A. Flecknell. London: Academic Press; 2nd edition
(4th April 1996) ISBN-10: 0122603613; ISBN-13: 978-0122603617
Online Resources
• Anaesthetic Circuits.
• Regional Perineural Anaesthesia (in the Summerhall library (on CD-ROM) for the
Mac).
• Endotracheal intubation.
• Shock and circulatory failure (CD-ROM Summerhall library)
Questions/Answers:
• Anaesthesia in Horses
• Anaesthesia in Ruminants
• Anaesthesia in Pigs
7 Tutorial Synopses
Nine tutorials to be held during the First Semester starting in Week 2 – one hour duration
(quarter classes).
A1 Introduction to Anaesthesia
A2 Horses
A3 Ruminants
A4 Dogs
A5 Cats
A6 Anaesthetic machines
A7 Breathing systems
A8 Small and exotic animals
A9 Multiple trauma
Teaching Team
Dr KJ Blissitt Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6283
Mr M Camburn Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 7588
Ms J Mansell Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6230
Ms F Strachan Veterinary Clinical Sciences, EBVC 50 6230
G Schoeffmann
CLINICAL ONCOLOGY
Professor D Argyle
CO1 Approach to the Cancer Patient D Argyle
L3DCCO01 - Understand the incidence and biology of cancer in small animal patients
- Understand the concept of staging
- Understand the basic modalities of treatment
- Understand and be able to apply appropriate biopsy techniques
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CO4 Cancer Chemotherapy D Argyle
L3DCCO04 - Understand the basic principles of cancer chemotherapy
- Know the classes of drugs used in veterinary medicine and be able to give
examples
Recommended Texts
Decision Making in Small Animal Oncology by Argyle, D.J. (Blackwell-Wiley).
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General Course Information
1 Timetable
See EEVeC
The Course runs from Monday 20th September to Monday 6th December 2010.
Semester One
Applied Pharmacology Lects 1 - 27 Weeks 1 - 11
Diagnostic Imaging Lects 1 - 9 Weeks 1 - 9
Introduction to Surgery Lects 1 - 3 Weeks 1-6
Anaesthesia/Intensive Care Lects 1 - 25 Weeks 1 - 10
ULT = Upper Lecture Theatre, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre.
2 Course Organiser
Dr Sally Anne Argyle
Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Easter Bush Veterinary Centre
Tel: 651 3910
Email: sally.argyle@ed.ac.uk
3 Assessment Methods
There will be Professional Examination at the end of the course. All the subject areas
covered in the course are examinable. The written exam will comprise two parts; part 1 will
contain 30 multiple choice questions and will contribute 40% to the overall written exam total;
part 2 will contain 8 short answer questions, all of which should be attempted, and will
contibute 60% to the overall written exam total.
A practical objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) will take place in the early part of
the second semester. This is an integral part of the Professional Examination, and will
comprise two practical stations, both of which must be passed.
Passing this Course will require attainment of the learning outcomes and attendance at
greater than 75% of all practical classes.
4 Examination Information
Student feedback after degree examination:
1 Exam Boards are required to minute comments from External and Internal Examiners
about the performance of failed students. This information is then fed back to the
student by their Director of Studies.
2 The Director of Studies can provide general information about exam performance and
can direct the student for more specific feedback to the relevant member of the
examination board.
3 Exam Board members/markers are allowed to discuss exam performance in
assessments within their areas of expertise. At this time, students may review their
script however discussions about the comparison of individual students’ performance
will not be entered into.
Plagiarism
Student Guidance on the Avoidance of Plagiarism, and the University’s Procedures for
Dealing with Plagiarism Cases in Taught Undergraduate Programmes can be found within the
Assessment Regulations. Full details of the University’s policy on and procedures for dealing
with plagiarism can be found on:
http://www.aaps.ed.ac.uk/regulations/Plagiarism/Intro.htm
Complaints Procedure
A student complaints procedure is in operation and can be found on the under noted website:
http://www.aaps.ed.ac.uk/regulations/Complaints/index2005.htm
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SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
THIRD YEAR PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION
FOR THE DEGREE OF BVM&S
Subject to The University of Edinburgh Degree Examination Regulations and the provisions of the
BVM&S Regulations included in the University Calendar, the following regulations shall apply to the
Third Year Professional Examination in the Clinical Foundation Course
1 Examination Board
Those involved in teaching the course and who are appointed by the Head of School to the
Examination Board. External examiner(s) appointed on the recommendation of Senatus
Academicus in accordance with such procedure as shall be prescribed by the University
Court.
2 The Examination
The examination will consist of an End-of-Semester examination to be held in December and
a practical OSCE examination to be taken in March. These assessments are defined in the
Examination arrangements.
Students who fail the practical examination will be re-examined by the Internal Examiner in the
presence of the External Examiner near the end of the second semester. A further resit
opportunity will be held in August.
4 Requirements
Attendance at a minimum of 75% of the practical classes is required before a student will be
allowed to sit the End-of-Semester examination.
5 Adjudication
Pass in a Degree Examination
In order to pass, a candidate must obtain a final mark of not less than 50% or have an
exemption.
Fail
Candidates who achieve less than 48% will have failed.
6 Borderline candidates
Borderline candidates will be considered at the examination board meeting. Consideration will
be given to:
a) Special circumstances
b) Profiles of performance
Borderline candidates are defined as students who attain an overall mark less than 50% but
not less than 48%.
7 Results
On receipt of the completed results sheets signed by at least one external examiner and one
internal examiner marks will be available to students on noticeboards, on EEVeC or via their
Director of Studies. Registry will contact failing students, who should have consulted their
Director of Studies, with details of any resit examinations.
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