A

Fundamentals of
Rock Mechanics
J. C. Jaeger
Professar of Geophysics in the
Australian National University

N. G. W. Cook
Director of the Mining Research Laboratory
Chamber of Mines of South Africa
an d
Adjunct Professar in the Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Minnesota

CHAPMAN AND HALL L TD

and
SCIENCE PAPERBACKS
Contents

FOREW ORD v

PREFACE xi

NOTATION xiii

l. ROCK AS A MATERIAL page l

1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Joints and faults. 1.3 Rock-forming minerals. 1.4 The
fabric of rocks. 1.5 The mechanical nature of rock.

2. ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND lNFINITESIMAL STRAIN 9

2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Defìnition of stress. 2.3 Stress in two dimensions.
2.4 Stress in three dimensions. 2.5 Stress calculations in three dimensions.
2.6 Mohr's representation of stress in three dimensions. 2.7 The use of
the stereographic projection. 2.8 Stress deviation. 2.9 Displacement and
strain. 2.10 Infinitesimal strain in two dimensions. 2.11 Infinitesimal
strain in three dimensions. 2.12 Strain deviation. 2.13 Determination of
principal stresses or strains from measurements. 2.14 Matrices and
change of axes. 2.15 Stress and strain in polar and cylindrical coordinates.

3. fRICTION 53
3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Amonton's law. 3.3 Friction of rocks. 3.4 Phenomena
with smooth surfaces. 3.5 Stick-slip oscillations. 3.6 Sliding on a piane of
weakness: Two-dimensional theory. 3.7 The study of friction in triaxial
apparatus. 3.8 Sliding on a piane of weakness: Three-dimensional theory.

4. ELASTICITY AND STRENGTH OF ROCK 74

4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The stress-strain curve. 4.3 The effects of confining
pressure and temperature. 4.4 Failure under polyaxial stresses.
4.5 Types of fracture. 4.6 The Coulomb criterion. 4.7 Mohr's hypothesis.
4.8 The piane Griffith criterion. 4.9 Murrell's extension of the Griffith
criterion. 4.10 The effect of anisotropy on strength.

5. LINEAR ELASTf CITY 102

5.1 Introduction. 5.2 The stress-strain relations for an isotropic, linearly
elastic solid. 5.3 Special cases. 5.4 Stress--strain relations in terms of stress
and strain deviations. 5.5 The equations of equilibrium. 5.6 The equations
of equilibrium in cylindrical coordinates. 5.7 Compatibility conditions
for stress and the Airy stress function. 5.8 Strain energy. 5.9 Torsion of
circular cylinders. 5.10 Bending and buckling. 5.1 1 Hollow cylinders with
internai or external pressure. 5.12 Stress- strain relations for anisotropie
materials.
viii CONTENTS

6. L ABORATORY TESTING page 136

6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Uniaxial compression. 6.3 Uniaxial tension. 6.4 Tri-
axial compression. 6.5 .Extension in the triaxial test. 6.6 Results of
triaxial tests. 6.7 Tests with homogeneous polyaxial stress. 6.8 Hollow
cylinders. 6.9 Torsion. 6.10 Beoding. 6.11 Diametral compression of
cylinders. 6.12 Other tests. 6.13 Stiff testing machines. 6.14 Dynamic
methods. 6.15 Comparison of results.

7. EFFECTS OF SIZE AND STRESS GRAD IENT 183

7.1 lntroduction. 7.2 The inftuenoe of size on strength. 7.3 The influence
of stress gradient on strength. 7.4 Weibull's discussion of tensile strength.
7.5 Bending. 7.6 Hollow cylinders. 7.7 Biaxial stresses and torsion.

8. FLUID PRESSURE AND FLOW IN RoCK S 195

8.1 Jntroduction. 8.2 Porosity and permeablilty. 8.3 Flow of ftuid through
a porous medium. 8.4 The macroscopic stress-strain relations. 8.5 The
equations of equilibrium, flow, and consolidation. 8.6 Consolldation and
water movement in one dimension. 8.7 Simplified equations of consolida·
tion. 8.8 .Effective stress. 8.9 The effect of pore-pressure on the strength of
rocks. 8.10 Hydraulic fracturing.

9. BEHAVIOUR OF D UCTILE M ATERIALS 215

9.1 lntroduction. 9.2 Yield criteria. 9.3 The equations of plasticity.
9.4 Elastic- plastic solutions in cylindrical coordinates. 9.5 Flow between
fiat surfaces.

10. FURTHER PROBLEM S I N ELASTICITY 228

10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Complex variable theory in two dimensions.
l 0.3 Simple special cases. l 0.4 The regio n outside a circular ho le of radius
R with given principal stresses at infinity. 10.5 Solutions in the form of
infinite series. 10.6 Stress applied to the surface of a circular hole.
10.7 Stress applied to the surface of a solid cylinder. 10.8 The circular
ring stressed over parts of its outer or inner surfaces. 10.9 lnclusions in
an infinite region. 10.10 Curvilinear coordinates. 10.11 The infinite region
with an elliptic hole. 10.12 Stresses near the tip of a crack. 10.1 3 Griffith
theory in two dimensions. 10.14 The effect of friction between crack
surfaces. 10.15 The nearly rectangular hole and openings of other shapes.
10.16 Surface loads on a semi-infinite region: two-dimensional theory.
10.17 Surface loads on a semi-infinite region: three-dimensional tbeory.
10.18 Anisotropie materials. 10.19 Photoelasticity. 10.20 Finite element
methods.

11. TIME·DEPENDENT EFF ECTS 292

11.1 lntroduction. 11.2 Empirical laws of creep. 11.3 Simple rheological
models. 11.4 Behaviour of more complicated systems.

12. CRACK PHENOM ENA AND THE MECHANISM OF FRA C TURE 310
12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The strain energy associated with a crack. 12.3 The
effect of cracks on elastic properties. 12.4 Energy theories of fai1ure.
12.5 Elementary theory of crack propagation. 12.6 The dynamics of crack
propagation. 12.7 Disruption of rock by crack propagation.
-
CONTENTS ix

13. STRAJN w A VES page 335

13.1 lntroduction. 13.2 Elastic waves. 13.3 Energy, particle velocity, and
stress. 13.4 Reflection and refraction at an interface. 13.5 Seismic location
of failures. 13.6 Seismic mcasurements. 13.7 Inelastic waves.

14. THE STATE OF STR ESS UNDERGROUND 355

14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Stresses due to gravity. 14.3 Results of stress
measurements. 14.4 Tectonic, residua!, and structural stresses.

15. UNDERGROUN D MEASUREMENTS 363

15.1 Introduction. 15.2 F lat-jack measurements. 15.3 Stressing of the
interior of a borehole. 15.4 Borehole deformation. 15.5 Measurements at
the end of a borehole. 15.6 Inclusion stressmeters. 15.7 Plate-bearing
tests. 15.8 Large-scale compression and shear tests. 15.9 Measuring bolts.
15.10 Gross displacements in the rock mass from precise levelling.
15.11 Longitudinal displacements in long boreholes.

16. GRANULAR MATERlALS 384

16.1 Introduction. 16.2 The stress- strain curve for weathered rock and
aggregate. 16.3 Triaxial tests on soil and aggregate. 16.4 Finely cracked
rock. 16.5 The Coulomb materia!: theoretical solutions.

17. GEOLOGICAL APPLICAT!ONS 400

17.l Introduction. 17.2 Faulting. 17.3 G eologica! stress systems. 17.4 Over-
tbrust faulting and sliding under gravity. 17.5 Mechanics of intrusion.
17.6 F inite strain. 17.7 Finite homogeneous strain in two dimensions.
17.8 Finite homogeneous strain in three dimensions.

18. MININO AND ÙTHER ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 435

18.1 I ntroduction. 18.2 Criteria for the design and support of underground
excavations. 18.3 The energy released by making an underground excava-
tion. 18.4 Tabular excavations. 18.5 An analogue for determining dis-
placements and stresses around tabular excavations. 18.6 Pillars and ribs.
18.7 Support. 18.8 Multiple excavations. 18.9 Delineation of regions of
failure. 18.10 Determination of rock quality for engineering purposes.
18.1 1 Rock-slope stability. 18. 12 Vibra1ion damage due to blasting.

R EFERENCES 474

I NDEX 505