DHCP Concept

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is used to provide or assign IP
v4 addresses to the configure clients within the same network or between two subnets.
In window server 2003, DHCP server is not installed by default. Difference
between static IP address and dynamic address.
Static IP address Automatic IP address (DHCP)
(1) More time consuming practice. (1) Very less time required.
(2) We have to maintain a list. (2) No need, list is maintained by
DHCP.
(3) If wrong information is delivered then (3) No chance to deliver wrong
may be communication problem occurred. Information.
(4) If same information delivered again then (4) No chance.
may be IP address conflict with each other.
(5) More overhead on administrator. (5) Less overhead on administrator.
(6) If computer is shuffling from network then (6) In case shuffling, no problem of
may be communication problem occur. Communication.

Installation of dhcp server

1. Go to control panel
DHCP Server working

DHCP
Static IP 10.0.0.10 Scope
255.0.0.0
10.0.0.10
Scope Name
IP address
Start IP address
End IP address
Subnet mask

Exclude the IP from distribution

10.0.0.10
10.0.0.15
Router IP address
Parent Domain Name (DNS Suffix)
DNS IP address
WINS IP address
 Lease

DORA Process

DHCP Server is used to provide IP address. We can configure DHCP Server by making a
scope. In which we can provide lots of information, which is assigned to the client
computer.
A DHCP Server has always Static address. When we configure our client
computer obtain IP address automatically then a DORA process communication is
performed between DHCP Server and DHCP Client.

(1) DHCP Discover

When client computer is DHCP enabled then it will start finding DHCP Server by
using broadcast communication with the broadcast message packet. The
information is attached by client is his NetBios Name, mac address, s port, d port
etc. This message packet is also called Discover Packet.
(2) DHCP Offer
When a client computer sends broadcast message in the network then DHCP
server receives the DHCP Discover Packet and offer IP related information to the
requesting client.
(3) DHCP Request
When DHCP Server offer IP address related information to the requesting client
then requesting client request s the DHCP Server for IP address or IP selection
request to DHCP Server.
(4) DHCP Acknowledgement
When DHCP Server receive the request from requesting client for IP address
related information then he sends acknowledgement to the requesting client and
maintain his record in its database in which IP address, NetBios Name, Lease
expire date & time and Mac address which is also called Unique Id.
We can see or view assigned information on client computer by using command prompt
with the help of following command: -
C:\>ipconfig/all

Scope

Scope has IP related information, which is used to assign to the DHCP client computers
dynamically. The information is IP address, exclude the IP from distribution, router IP
address, parent domain name (DNS suffix), DNS IP address, WINS IP & Lease etc.

Creating Scope
In one subnet we can create single scope, but in case of multiple subnet we can create two
scopes with different subnet. To create the scope, open DHCP Server.
Right click on Server Local then New scope.
A new scope wizard appears on screen.

Scope Sub containers

(i) Address Pool
In this sub container, it will contain Start range IP address & End range IP
address as specified by the administrator. It will also contain Excluded IP
address. You can exclude more IP address or IP address range by right click
on this container.
(ii) Address Leases
In this sub container, it will show the list of assigned IP addresses & NetBios
Name of its clients, Lease expiration date & time, Unique Id which is mac
address of client computer.
(iii) Reservation
Reservation is used to ensure that a DHCP client is always assigned the same
IP address. We can bound IP address with the client computer by using client
computer’s mac address. By using right click on this container, we can reserve
IP address for our client computer.
(iv) Scope options
This sub container offers us to configure more option or skipped options by
using scope options. To configure new option right click on this container
then configure o

Super Scope
Super scope is a scope, which is used to handle multisubnet scopes. We can configure
this Super scope when our DHCP Server is configured to provide IP address between two
subnets or we can say when we want to centralized our IP address assignment method
between two subnets.
Lease
Lease is a time duration offered by DHCP Server to the requesting client that how long a
client computer can use IP address. By default lease duration is 8 days. A client computer
can renew its lease after 50% of its lease duration. At the time of renewable request if
DHCP Server is not available then the second request sends by the DHCP client at 87.5%
of leased duration. We can renew leased duration manually by using following
commands: -
To renew the lease duration first of all we have to release the IP address then send the
renew request. To release the IP address the command is: -
C:\> ipconfig/release
(To remove configure or lease from DHCP database)

When you execute this command a release message will send to the DHCP Server to
release the information from his database. In this process client computer will use 0.0.0.0
as a source address. To renew the leased duration the command is
C:\>ipconfig/renew
A New lease duration is assigned to the client computer by DHCP Server.

Installation of DHCP Server

Go to control panel ->
Then Add/Remove programs ->
Add/Remove windows components then network services ->
Then detail -> Then DHCP
Check this check box, click ok.
Click Next to install the DHCP.

You can access it from Administrator Tools.

DHCP Domain Environment

If you are going to install DHCP server in Domain environment then we have to
authorize the DHCP Server from Active Directory means no other unauthorized DHCP
Server will assign IP address to the client computer.
There are two methods to authorized the DHCP Server in Domain Environment
(1) open DHCP Server console. Right click on server local -> then click Authorize.
It will show you green sign.
(2) Open DHCP console.
In the left pane, Right click on DHCP icon in the top of the list then manage
authorize server.
A new dialog box appears on screen. Click on authorized button.
Type the IP address of DHCP Server. click ok.
It will show you full computer name with IP address of that computer. Click ok.
Again select the IP address from the list to whom you want to authorized and
click ok.
DHCP in Workgroup Environment
In case of workgroup environment, DHCP Server computer must be a fresh workgroup
computer means it will not be a member of a Domain Controller otherwise it will demand
you authorized from Active Directory. But in workgroup environment every computer is
independent computer and act as server, so there is no need to authorized from Active
Directory.

Internet Connectivity Issues

There are three ways for Internet connectivity: -
(1) ICS (Internet Connection Sharing)
(2) NAT (Network Address Translation)
(3) PROXY Server

ICS
ICS stands for Internet Connection Sharing. ICS is a method for connectivity multiple
computers in a local area network to the Internet through a single connection and single
IP. ICS typical uses NAT technology to achieve this and works with most connection
technology including DSL, Cables, ISDN, Dialup and Sattelite.
The device with the modem or broadband Interface that establish the connection to the
Internet ICS host or gateway while the other computers that connect to the Internet via
the network and the ICS are called ICS clients. If ICS host fails all the ICS clients lost
their Internet connectivity from the Internet.
We can enable ICS through software or hardware. All versions of windows 98 and all
other latest version windows have ICS software include in the operating system.

Requirement of ICS
Windows operating system XP or Server 2003, two LAN cards, Internet connectivity,
Public or Static IP address, Administrating rights, knowledge of TCP/IP.

Steps to enable ICS

Select your XP or server 2003 operating system computer.

Place two Lan cards.
Assign public IP address to one Lan card, ensure that internet connectivity must be
available.
Now right click on my network places. -> Then select your Public interface lan card.
Then properties

Now click on advanced tab

In ICS section, check the checkbox of ICS. Click apply. It will show you warning
message “you are going to enable ICS on this interface which may be arise internet
connectivity issues in the network.

Obtain IP address automatically on your client computer for internet connectivity.”

Click ok again click ok.

Now your public interface lan card has sharing hand icon.
 It will set 192.168.0.1 IP address on second lan card, which is used as a gateway for your
ICS client. On client side, configure TCP/IP obtain IP address automatically.

Working of ICS
When we enable ICS on ics host computer, it will start act as a NAT Server which means
ics host computer is a gateway for local area network client or ics client between local
area network and public area network. When it receives request from ics client, it will
translate the request and IP header private area to public area IP address means start act
as a source address and sends the request over the internet. When it receives the request
from the internet, it will again translate the request public IP to private IP address and
respond back to the requesting client. When it sends the request over the internet then it
will change source address and when it receive the respond back to the requesting client
then it will change to the destination address.

DHCP Allocator
When we enable ICS on the interface, it will start act as a DHCP allocator means start act
as a DHCP Server. It will provide IP addresses from C class also called private range IP
address (192.168.X.X). we can not change this range it will automatically change the IP
address of second lan card which is 192.168.0.1. when we configure our client computer
obtain IP address automatically they start broadcasting in the network then it will offer IP
addresses information in which IP address, subnet mask, gateway and DNS IP address
included. When our client computers accept this information they are able to access the
Internet by using single IP address.
It is recommended ICS is designed for small area network means it work properly
only five to ten computers.

Offline Files
Microsoft provides us the feature of offline files by default this feature is disabled.
Offline files offer us offline working on the file of remote computer when our
connectivity is not available then we can continue with that file. When we select a file
make available offline then that file is available in our computer’s offline cache. When
our connectivity is not available then we can access the file from offline folder, make
changes. When connectivity is available then we can access the file from offline folder
make changes when connectivity is available. We can synchronize our file with remote
computer by just right click on it. When you click on synchronize option all the contents
will be automatically synchronized or updated without accessing the remote computer,
without overwrites the remote computer file. This feature is more productive for laptop
users and desktop users also.
 This feature is not available in case of Remote Desktop Connection is
configured on your computer. So we have to disable the Remote Desktop Connection
option from the availability of offline file feature.

Steps to enable Offline Files: -

To setup your computer to use offline files do the following: -
Open my computer -> then go to Tools menu.
Then click on Folder option.
Then click on Offline Files tab.
Enable this option Offline Files.
Here you will find other option like
- Synchronize all offline files before logging off.
- Synchronize all offline files after logging off.
- Create shortcut of offline folder on desktop.
- Display a reminder every minutes (by default 60 min.)
- Encrypt offline files to secure data.

Software Router
Routing & Remote Access
Microsoft provides us facility of Routing & Remote Access. RRAS is installed by
default. But we have to enable and configure it according to our requirement. This feature
is available in server operating system. For e.g.: - window server 2003 and window
server 2000 operating system.
Features of Routing & Remote Access
(1) VPN (Virtual Private Network)
(2) NAT (Network Address Translator)
(3) RAS (Remote Access Service, Dialup Server)
(4) DDR (Demand Dial Router)
(5) VPN/NAT
(6) Lan Routing (Local Area Networking Router [Software Router]

Types of Routers
There are two types of Router: -
(i) Software Router
(ii) Hardware Router
Router is a piece of hardware, which is used to communicate two different networks.
Hardware router is a dedicated router, which is used to design routing & path
determination.
Router
10.0.0.1 11.0.0.1
10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0

Local Area Network

Ethernet port RJ-45

IP 10.0.0.2 IP 11.0.0.2
SM 255.0.0.0 SM 255.0.0.0
GW 10.0.0.1 GW 11.0.0.1

RJ 45 – Resistance Jack

ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
In computer networking, the address resolution protocol is the method for finding a host
hardware address (mac address). When only its network layer address is known means it
has only IP address. ARP is used to translate IP address to Ethernet mac address. It will
also use IP over other lan technology such as token ring and IP over ATM.
ARP uses in four cases of two computers communication: -
(1) When two computers want to communication on the same network and one desire
to send a packet to the other.
(2) When two computers on different networks and must use a gateway/router to
reach the other computer.
(3) When a router a needs to forward a packet for one host through the other router.
(4) When a router a needs to forward a packet from one host to the destination host
on the same network.

S.IP=10.0.0.4
D.IP=10.0.0.1
S.MAC=00-17-6a-b5-
a7-d3
D.MAC=00-14-5b-c3-b2-c2

10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3 10.0.0.4

 S.IP=10.0.0.1
D.IP=10.0.0.4
S.MAC=00-14-5b-c3-b2-c2
D.MAC=ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff Broadcast mac address
MAC address=48 bits

arp cache
arp entry
Switch = 4 minutes
Pc = 4 minutes

In case of Router

S.IP=10.0.0.2 S.IP=10.0.0.2
D.IP=11.0.0.2 D.IP=11.0.0.2
S.MAC=r1-r1-r1-r1-r1-r1 S.MAC=r2-r2-r2-r2-r2-r2
D.MAC=r2-r2-r2-r2-r2-r2 D.MAC=b1-b1-b1-b1-b1-b1

Router
10.0.0.1 11.0.0.1
10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0
IP 10.0.0.2 IP 11.0.0.2
SM 255.0.0.0 SM 255.0.0.0
GW 10.0.0.1 GW 11.0.0.1

S.IP=10.0.0.2 S.IP=11.0.0.2
D.IP=11.0.0.2 D.IP=10.0.0.2
S.MAC=a1-a1-a1-a1-a1-a1 S.MAC=b1-b1-b1-b1-b1-b1
D.MAC=r1-r1-r1-r1-r1-r1 D.MAC=r2-r2-r2-r2-r2-r2

Functions of Router
Router acts as a junction between two or more networks to transfer data packets among
them. A router is different from a switch. Switch is a centralized device, which is used to
connect multiple workstation and it connect devices from local area network.
Router has network address and routing table in which it stores routing
information with it directly connected networks and other routing information send by
other routers.
A router can communicate with other routers using routing protocols. A
router has routing table in which stores best path for certain network destination. Routing
protocols are: -
(1) RIP, RIP2
(2) OSPF
(3) IGRP
(4) EIGRP
(5) EGP
(6) BGP
(7) IS-IS
(8) IDRP
(9) CSPF

Routing protocol allows different network to communicate.

The Routed Protocols are the protocols, which are used to forward your IP
Packets for example Routed Protocols: -
IP, IPX/SPX

Scenario 1 11.0.0.1

Router1 Router2

10.0.0.1 12.0.0.1
 11.0.0.2
10.0.0.0 12.0.0.0

Router1 Router2
Directly Connected = 10.0.0.0 Directly Connected = 12.0.0.0
11.0.0.0 11.0.0.0
Not Directly Connected =12.0.0.0 Not Directly Connected=10.0.0.0

Gateway = Next router IP address of directly connected network

Routing
(1) Static Routing
(2) Default Routing
(3) Dynamic Routing
Router1

Default Routing
Interface = 11.0.0.1
Destination = 0.0.0.0
Subnet mask=0.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.2

Static Routing
Interface =11.0.0.1
Destination = 12.0.0.0
Subnet mask=255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.2

Router2

Default Routing
Interface = 11.0.0.2
Destination = 0.0.0.0
Subnet mask=0.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.1

Static Routing
 Interface =11.0.0.2
Destination = 10.0.0.0
Subnet mask=255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.1

Requirements of Lan Router or Software Router

(i) Window server 2000 operating system or window server 2003 operating
system.
(ii) Two lan cards.
(iii) Knowledge of TCP/IP.
(iv) Skills of Routing and Remote Access service.

Steps to enable Software Router

(1) Logon as Administrator. Open RRAS (Routing & Remote Access services) from
Administrative Tools.
(2) In the left pane, right click on Server Local.
(3) Then enable & configure routing & Remote Access Service.
(4) A wizard appears on your screen. Click Next.
(5) On the second page, we have no. of options. Select custom configuration option.
Then click Next.
(6) On the final page check the check box of Lan Routing.
(7) Then click Next to finish.
(8) Another dialog box appears on screen. Click Yes to install and configure the
RRAS.

Now your computer start acts as a software router.

Note: - when Router & Remote Access is enabled, we can enable ICS on same
computer.

Scenario 2 11.0.0.1

Router1 Router2

10.0.0.1 12.0.0.1

11.0.0.2
10.0.0.0 12.0.0.0
 IP 10.0.0.2 IP 12.0.0.2
SM 255.0.0.0 SM 255.0.0.0
GW 10.0.0.1 GW 10.0.0.1

Static Routing

Router1 configuration
(i) Directly Connected Networks
10.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
(ii) Remaining Networks
12.0.0.0
(iii) Route to be added
12.0.0.0
(iv) Static Route
Interface = 11.0.0.1
Destination = 12.0.0.0
Subnet Mask = 255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.2

Configuring Static Route

(1) Open Routing and Remote access. Make sure it will configure as a
software router.
(2) In the left pane expand IP routing option. You have a option static route.
(3) Right click on it then New Static Route.
(4) In the given dialog box, configure the Static Route.

Router2 configuration
(i) Directly Connected Networks
11.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
(ii) Remaining Networks
10.0.0.0
(iii) Route to be added
10.0.0.0
(iv) Static Route
Interface = 11.0.0.2
Destination = 10.0.0.0
Subnet Mask = 255.0.0.0
Gateway =11.0.0.1

Commands
C:\> Route Print
To view the route table of network.
C:\> arp –a
To view the MAC address of gateway.

Default Routing
A default route is also known as the gateway of last resort is the network route, used by a
router. When no other known route exist for a given IP packets destination address. All
the packets for destination not known by the router’s routing table are sent to the default
route. This route generally leads to another router, which treats the packet the same way.
If the router is known the packet will get forwarded to the known route. If not, the packet
is forwarded to the default route of that router, which generally leads to another router.
The default route in IPv4 is 0.0.0.0/0 often called the quad-0 route. Since the
subnet mask is given /0 is effectively specifies no network and is the shortest match
possible.

Static Route
Static routing describes a system in which default routing is not implemented. In these
system route through a data network are described by fixed paths means static. The
system administrator usually enters these routes into the router and the entire network can
be configured using static route. But this type of configuration is not fault tolerance.
When there is a changing in the network or failure occurs between two statically
defined nodes traffic will not be re routed. So in this situation, the effected path will
either have to wait for the failure to be repair or the static route to be updated by the
administrator.