CHAPTER 22.1 A steel rod is 2.2 m long and must not stretch more than 1.2 mm when a 8.5 kN load is applied to it. Knowing that £ = 200 GPa, determine (a) the smallest diameter rod which should be used, (6) the corresponding normal stress caused by the load, PROBLEM 2.1 SOLUTION = PE. = PL .(8Sxo*22) = mopar O35 KE * A= ES *GoonotKianosy) 7 17-72 x0 m erent d= [ER . [Borage = 4.96 x10* m = 9.96 mm 8.5x108% () © :-£ 7 —aageioze 7 (1O%1 IO. Pa = 109.) MPa = ft wire of + -in. diam wire is subj 750-1 PROBLEM 2.2 2.2 A 4.8-ft-long steel wire of { -in, diameter steel njected to a 750-Ib tensile load. Knowing that E = 29 x 10° psi, determine (a) the elongation of the wire, (b) the corresponding normal stress. SOLUTION (2) Lb = 48h = 5726 im A= Bats EY =49,087% 107 in? ae $= pe = SOMS7.6) 539. 3455 im = 0.0803 me © (49.087%10°> (29 x108)~ (be) @ = Be 8 = 16.28 x10 psi = 15.28 ksi - PROBLEM 2.3 2.3 Two gage marks are placed exactly 10 inches apart on a + -in~diameter aluminum rod with £ = 10.1 x 10° psi and an ultimate strength of 16 ksi. Knowing that the distance between the gage marks is 10.009 in. after a load is applied, SOLUTION determine (a) the stress in the rod, (8) the factor of safety. (@) $= 10.009 - 10.000 = 0.009 in 2-8 . 6. ss = Ue.1¥/0* (0.009) a 9 wi? psi L E o = 9.09 ksi -= . & 6 b) FS = 2 agg = 1.760 = 4A 1 rod made of yello. m 101 mi PROBLEM 2.4 tension te wie is 418. Knowing tit E08 Che ed Go nee allowable normal stress is 180 MPa, determine (@) the smallest diameter that can be SOLUTION selected for the rod, (B) the corresponding maximum length of the rod. a @mo-f. as pte = 22.222 x10 mm? Az Tare 4-7 = of CMR _ 522-10 m v = SBR mm ee &) s< Pb 2 Ls AES . Gaganio®)(los*10")C3 x10) AE P Fulos = 1,750 m =2.5 A 9-m length of 6-mm-diameter steel wire is to be used in a hanger. It is noted PROBLEM 2.5 that the wire stretches 18 mm when a tensile force P is applied. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the magnitude of the force P, (b) the corresponding normal stress SOLUTION in the wire. ca) R= Ed* = Elo.ooc)’ = 28.274 «10"% me =~ Pe. — AES _ (28.274%10% K200 410° (13%/0* ) sigs P= “oF 4 —— ~ AE = 1L.3Ie1o® N= W3I RN = ~ BL besikto® © < &) fe = Jazuxos = #00%!0 Pa 400 MPa ~ 2 Ae EF 2 SMe x10) Sap A es = “Saxe? 234.16 10" m Ax Fdt 2 d= JER = 0.546 10% m = 0.546 mm = &. « ) oF Taso = 263010" Fa = 36.3 MPa = 2.8 A cast-iron tube is used to support a compressive load. Knowing that E = 10 x CE en 10® psi and that the maximum allowable change in length is 0.025 percent, determine (q) the maximum normal stress in the tube, (6) the minimum wall thickness for a load SOLUTION of 1600 Ib if the outside diameter of the tube is 2.0 in. @ tho * 0, 00025 eo: Es = (JOxo* )(o..20a5) = 2.5 x10" pai = 2S ksi = (b) sf 2 At & = Hoe = o.6t0 int A = 9G. -d.*) ds=di-tAs- ao = BUBSI int ds = 1.7847 in t= k(do-dz) = £(2.0- 1.7847) = 0.1077 in. «2.9 A block of 10-in. length and 1.8%1.6 in. cross section is to support a centric PROBLEM 2.9 compressive load P. The material to be used is a bronze for which E =14 * 10° psi. Determine the largest load which can be applied, knowing that the normal stress must SOLUTION not exceed 18 ksi and that the decrease in length of the block should be at most 0.12 percent of its original length. Considering aPfowabte stress 6 = 18 ker = 187/0% psi A = (8 C16) = 2.88 in®™ 6=k P= GA = (18x/03 (2 88) 2 51.8 */0% Hb Considering abfowabte deformution $= O12 is Teo = ©0012 s= FE. Pe AEB = (2.58) 4e0*(0.002)= 48.4 «10° Sb = Ae tt . 14 0.0012) = - Smodler value govens — P= 48.4ml0* IL = 48.4 kips = 2.10 A.9-KN tensile load will be applied to a 50-m length of steel wire with E = 200 GPa. Determine the smallest diameter wire which can be used, knowing that the ‘normal stress must not exceed 150 MPa and that the increase in the length of the wire PROBLEM 2.10 SOLUTION should be at most 25 mm. Considering eMowable stress © = 150 x10 Pa =f. = kh. Te wok C= Re A S * Bows = Oxo" m Considering aMowable elongation § = 25%/0% m mehlen = PL _ (%dJ0*)( 50) = -¢ SKE A> FS 7 Gaomar\aseosy = 70x10 mt havger area governs A= qo K/0°§ m A=Edt d+ fe : | WiGene} = 10.70 #10" m = 10.70 mm =PROBLEM 2.11 ‘2.11 The 4-mm-diameter cable BC is made of a stee! with E = 200 GPa. Knowing : that the maximum stress in the cable must not exceed 190 MPa and that the elongation of the cable must not exceed 6 mm, find the maximum load P that can be applied as shown. SOLUTION Lee =y 6+ 4* = Till m | Use bar AB as a Pree bedy HX. we -40m—1 DIM,=° 3.SP- Own Fo)? © P= 0.9509 Fee Ay Considering atfowabte stress = 120% 10* Pa ln, © int A= Fat = E(O.004)* = 12-566 x/0~* m ee Be 2 Far 6A = 090 nto Vi2seexio®) = 2.88810" N Considering aMowebde elongation S= © x/O> m 5 + Fels. p_- ABS. (12.566m10*)(200 10° 6 HE) 2. 091 10° N Raut Smabher value governs Fer 2.09/x10° N P= 0.9509 Fy = (0.4507)(2. 04x10") = 1-783 x10°N © |.788 kN =< 2.12 Rod BD is made of steel (E = 29 * 10° psi) and is used to brace the axially 212 ener ‘compressed member ABC. The maximum force that can be developed in member BD . is 0.02P. Ifthe stress must not exceed 18 ksi and the maximum change in length of P= 130 Kips BD must not exceed 0.001 times the length of ABC, determine the smallest diameter rod that can be used for member BD. SOLUTION Foo = 0.02 P= (002M IZ0)= 2.6kps = 26 10° Ab Considering stress = 18 ksi = 18 */0* pai Feo oe Pe A= Be 28s od it Considering dePorwation S= (0.0014) = 0.144 in. = Fmobe. - Foleo _ (26103 (4) _ ak Sse’ A= TES" = Ganoeyco.may = 2709862 in Larger avea governs AF 0.14444 in® A>Edts d= fe : | Gene = 0.429 in, ~CAN) 2.13 A single axial load of magnitude P = 58 KN is applied at end C of the brass rod ena ABC. Knowing that E = 105 GPa, determine the diameter d of portion BC for which the deflection of point C will be 3 mm. > ${% + Fat 30 mm, d SOLUTION B Pr 1m SS aml le | ES Lb Gas x107)(3 x10) 1 _ aes - bw - er 18 wr Acumen Bn 58 «[02 FC.o30)" = 3-7334R10" wi Lac 0.3 . “6 a Aee* syesqeqos = Zrasaeios = 214.2Bx10% m a Aw ® t es = [Gr zone") d . 16.5200 m = 16.52mm <8 | 2.14 Both porti of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E = 73 GPa. Ee Knowing that the diameter of portion BC's d= 20 mm, determine the largest force P oe that can be applied if 0, ~ 160 MPa and the corresponding deflection at point Cis not to exceed 4 mm. SOLUTION wo = Ape = (0.030)" = 706.86 «107% mn® 4 ae = H(0.020)*= 314.16 «107% m* Considering aBowable stress 6 = /6o%/0* Pa 6+ E+ PAS Portion AB P= (706.86xIS* )(Iéexlo*) = 113.1 ¥/0" N Portion BC P= (Ble le * 10% )Cl6oxjo®) = S0.3%107 NV Consislering abPowabse dete S240 Ply a: 25 E(Ge+ Pe ES, (fae + + fey! = (73K/0%)G Ic (Set a8 706. 86 *[0° BIt4e X10" = 63.810" N SmafPest valve for P governs Pr 50.31 N~ 50.3kN =<2.15 The specimen shown is made from 1-in.-diameter cylindrical steel rod with two PROBLEM 2.15 1.5-in.-outer-diameter sleeves bonded to the rod as shown. Knowing that E=29 x 10° psi, determine (a) the load P so that the total deformation is 0,002 in., (6) the 1in, diameter corresponding deformation of the central portion BC. SOLUTION @ SF P= Ese) Arde Lyin] din | Agin® [LAA 5 inv! Aw a Ls 1.767) \.\318 eel 3 Lo 0.7354 | 3.8197 fois) 2 LS 1.767) 11318 sum P =Laaniot Xo. 002 (6.083) = 9.535107 fb. = = 453 Kips =a Pl Pp &) S= ee - F Fo = 2535x108 197) = 1254x107? i = Fae tae be (3.8197) = 1.254*IO” im = 2.16 Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa, PROBLEM 2.16 Knowing that the magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine (a) the value of Q so that the deflection at A is zero, (b) the corresponding deflection of B. P SOLUTION 2 on 2 - a) Ag = Fhe = ¥(0.020) = 314.16 yio* m™ 2 2 “3 pt 4 20-mm diameter Rac = Fdec = B(0.060)' = 2.8274 x10" m Force in member AB is P tension 3 EPangetion Sag = Pl . (4x%107)(0.4) EAs (Joxt0?\(319-16 x10 *) = 72.756 ¥(O-% m 60-mm diameter Force in member BC is Q-P coupression ~ (@=P) Le. (Q-PI(0.5) Shord em ing Sic E Re (70107) (2.827441) = 3.263107" (Q-P) For zero dehdection at A Sac = Sas 2.5263x10"(Q-P) = 72.756 10% “ Q- Pe 28.8x10° N Q= 28.3 %/o°+ 4xlo° = 32.g%lo N = 328 kN (6) Sia = See = Se = 7278610 m = 0.0728 mm b2.17 The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa. Kno M237 wi ._ Knowing that P EEOEL = 6KN and Q = 42 KN, determine the deflection of (a) point A, (6) point B. SOLUTION Mgt Fag = Ho.020) = 514.16 ¥/0% m* 4m 20-mm diameter Aucz Edgct = B(0.060)* = 2.8274 xi0"* m* p Pw = P= 6xION | Pec = P-Q= Gxl0*- 42x Ic = - 36x10" N osm |W goccammee baa # 0.4m Lae? OS m Sq Talon. (6x10 (0.4) le Ase Es (B14 1G )(J0x10' 7 = 109.135 los mw R. Se, = Peebsc. (-36x/0* (0.5) Ree (@82747Is X70 ro") = = 90.947 ¥ 10% im Sa = Sag + See 5 109. 186% 105 = 90.947 n/m = 1814 «IOS wm = 0.01819 mm = (b) Se = See = - 20.9 ¥ IOS = = 0.0909 mm =<PROBLEM 2.18 2.18 The 36-mm-diameter steel rod ABC and a brass rod CD of the same diameter are joined at point C to form the 7.5-m rod ABCD. For the loading shown, and neglecting the weight of the rod, determine the deflection of (a) point C, (b) point D. SOLUTION A= Ed? = ¥(0.03¢)* = 1.01787%/0% m* — Portion} P. Li E, P.L; /AE; —T AB J 150 kN | 2m | 200G6Pa| 1.474 x10°° m BC | joo kn | 3m | 200 GPal 1.474» IO m | co loo KN | 2.5m] 105 GPa| 2.334 %10° m 1.974 «10% + 1.474 10” = 2.448 x10%m = 2.95 mm 2 » = Sap * See (b) Spt Set Seg + 2.94BxO! + 2.339 rlo* = SLB rom = SAT mn me 2.19 The brass tube AB (E= 15 * 10° psi) has a cross-sectional area of 0.22 in® and is fitted with a plug at 4. The tube is attached at B to a rigid plate which is itself attached at Cto the bottom of an aluminum cylinder (E = 10.4 x 10° psi) with a cross-sectional area of 0.40 in’. The cylinder is then hung from a support at D. In order to close the cylinder, the plug must move down through @ in. Determine the force P that must bbe applied to the cylinder. 4 Shortening of brass tube AS Le IS+&s 15.087 in Ag 0.22 in® Eye [S10 ps 0 ~ Plea , PUSH) _ -t Din, Sa? Eky " UenoKemy 7 PSST” P Lengthening of atuminum cyfinder CD z 4 Y beet 18m, Ay = 0.40 in® a Plo _ P Cis? * Bs Aw (Jo.4¥10*)(0.40) Bug = 10,4410" psi = 3.6058 x10° 3 Total deflection Sg = Sus + Seo Z = Us8497 H15* 4 s.cosaxto VP + P= 5.74 «1o* Mb, = S.74Kps =e2.20 A 1.2-m section of aluminum pipe of cross-sectional area 1100 mm? rests on a PROBLEM 2.20 fixed support at 4. The 15-mm-diameter steel rod BC hangs from a rigid bar that rests othe top of the pipe at B. Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for steel and 72 GPa for aluminum, determine the deflection of point C when a 60 KN force is applied at C. SOLUTION Rod BC let 21m, Ee. = 200 107 Pa Aact Fd* = F(0.018)* = 176,715 «10§ we Sanz Pbse _ (Goro C2.) ce EeAse (200K107)( 16. 71510") = 3.565*10% m Pipe AB? Lagt 1.2m, Eyge 22410" Pa, Age? 100 mnt = 100%10 * m* ~ Pla . _(60*107)(1.2) i -c 2 San > Eran " U2xioT Koo rIGe) 7 709-1 X10 m Se = Sam + Seg = OGIO + 3.565 416° = 4.47 410° 2447 2.24 The stee! frame (E = 200 GPa) shown has a diagonal brace BD with an area of ene 1920 mm?. Determine the largest allowable load P if the change in length of member y — BDisnot to exceed 1.6 mm. SOLUTION Sec =lGx1O%m , Neg = 1420 mm = 1920 *10° m* Lact S*+ 6* = 7.810m , Eg.= 200x107 = Frelee Be Een s Fy, = BiceSee - (200%10")(19202168 IC. 6xx10") Lee 7.8! = 78.67% 0° N Use joint B as a Pree body: ZF. © Tie i. - P =e A == = (8.67 ¥io*) P > ae Fae * 7.8190 Fac = 50.410" N = 50.4 KN =2.22 For the steel tris (E = 200 GPa) and loading shown, determine the deformations PROBLEM 2.22 of members 4B and AD, knowing that their eoss-sectional areas are 2400 mm* and 1800 mm, respectively. 2s LN | SOLUTION a ZS Statics: Reactions are IIH kN upvard at Aa, A cy \ Member BD is a zero firce menber |-som—b-som—| Las = fc 425° = HTT mm Use joint Aas afvec body ERFO 4-2oR qa40 Fe Fre Fan = 215.10 KN 4 : - = Fro AZE, =O Fo “ag Fa = © Fe = Cheats te) = 182.4 kW Member AB! Seq = Funbos = (21Slonio* (4717) EAw —(200«1l07)(2400 x 107* ) Wa kN S UlilelOFm = 2Maw = Set Faby _ {isatxic de) 2.03 HIS *m = 2.03 mm = E Ay ~ (200 xio\(1800 x10") 2.23 Members AB and BC are made of steel (E = 29 x 10° psi) with cross-sectional PROBLEM 2.23 areas of 0.80 in’ and 0.64 in’, respectively. For the loading shown, determine the elongation of (a) member AB, (b) member BC. Shp 8h SOLUTION se (a) List [6 5S? =F, = 93.72 in Use joist A as a Free body NZE,=0 73s Fa- =o 28kips Fea = = 3 ph, Fro Fag = 43.74 Kip = 43.74 wid Sag = taolee, 3. 74x10*X98.72) _ 48 TE An | Gax10* 0.30) (bY Use joint B as a free body B Fe “ZF = 0 Cc & Fa -7a Fa = © Fie A Fae = SUBD - 38.60 kip = 93.60 lo" Sh Sec > Facbes . (23.coxto"(72) = 0.1804 in, < E Bec RAKIO“\(O. 6+) 0.1767 in, ae Y 28 hipsPROBLEM 2.24 2.24 Members AB and CD are 1} -in.-diameter steel rods, and members BC and AD are } -in.-diameter steel rods. When the tumbuckle is tightened, the diagonal member ACis put in tension. Knowing that E= 29 10° psi and h = 4 ft, determine the largest allowable tension in AC so that the deformations in members AB and CD do not exceed 0.04 in. h SOLUTION Se = Seo 0-04 in he 4FL = 4B in. = Lep Aes= Edt = F(i.iasy = 0.99402 m* 5. = Féples co © ER eo F, = EAseSee. (27x10°)(0.99402)(0.04) a Leo 43 = 24.022 x10% Db. Use joint Cas a Free body Fe ee +TZF,=0: Ro-gherO 2 Beth EAE F, = £lt0wrio’)= 30.0 1 & Fae H* 30.0 kips =2.24 Members AB and CD are | } -in.-diameter steel rods, and members BC and AD PROBLEM 2.25, are -in.-diameter steel rods. When the turnbuckle is tightened, the diagonal member ACis putin tension. Knowing that E= 29 10* psi and h=4 ft, determine the largest allowable tension in AC so that the deformations in members AB and CD do not exceed 0.04 in, 2.25 For the structure in Prob. of 2.24, determine (a) the distance h so that the deformations in members AB, BC, CD and AD are all equal to 0.04 in., (b) the corresponding tension in member AC. SOLUTION (ay Statics: Use joint B as a tree body From similar trangdes L Fan = Te. Fe Y n = h Fas = ay Fee Force Fae aad a For equal deformations . b_A bo Sas Bik Gob ras Bf re Equting expressions for Fis te. bh A Al Aw, Ede. oe & Fee = Woe Fee GT Re” Eda * dat 2. de. 7-4 b = 3ft = 36 in h= $b = (3) = 3.86 = 46.3 in = (b) Setting Sep > See = 0-04 in so = Feb: py = EAwSe _ mot) F(3) (0.04) ? E Aw ‘ % 36 = 19.376x(0* fb, Fao = & Fag = F(ia.gze xto*) = 24.912 x10? A From the force twiangde Feo = Fe 7 Fa + Fae = Bln6 lO MH, =<PROBLEM 2.26 = ~ 44x N ISKN. [+240 mm —| ISKN DZ, = (0.440 18 Fee eee) = Faclee (AY See > ER (e) Se = Feber = 2.26 Members ABC and DEF are joined with stec! links (E=200 GPa). Each of the links is made of a pair of 25x35-mm plates. Determine the change in length of (a) ‘member BE, (b) member CF. SOLUTION Use member ABC as a Free bedy DIMg=0 (0.260 (13 x107) ~ (0.130) Fie = © Fo, = CMM B HI) ge sick N or 0.180 IB kN » 10°) + (0.180) Fee Area for Dink ade of two phoste: A = (40.0450. as) LISD wy - 44 x10* )(0.240) (200% 107 )(1.7541073) ~ 3 = {FEN Bee 12 $0015 Q.OES wn =730.2%10 Sm = -0.0802 mn2.27 Each of the links AB and CD is made of aluminum (£ = 75 GPa) and has a cross- sectional area of 125 mm", Knowing that they support the rigid member BC, PROBLEM 2.27 determine the deflection of point B. P SOLUTION osm Fs Fo = Use member BC as a Free ody Fa oun” . ere DEM. = 0 -(0.64) Fea t (O44 SHI =O Fas * 3.4375 3/0" N D ZMzg=0 (0.64) Fey - (0.20 )(SxI* )= 0 Fin = 5645 4/0" N For finks AB and CD A= 125 mm” = 125 x19" m™ Sig 2 rakes = (3.4325 s10* 00.36) _ 199.00 «of m = Se EA CIS*107 W125 x 10°F Y g, = tebe (9625 x0* (0-36) © EQ op x10 im = Se 2 TER Cisne Qas~(o~ Se- Se 72.00 ws® is c « 287s. SS 8 ; SJope O= le OSH F NRT %1OS ved Sez S+ 4.0 Deformation diagram = 60.00%10" + (0.44 (112.5 x10") F 109.5 (0° m = 0.1095 mm «=PROBLEM 2.28 Se = Sut Fefee S. = &.- ales amen ese [> Deformation Diagram Apely disphacemert Pimit p= —2.0l ~ Ussse P90) | (S10 VO.40y ~ (0.5656P )6.0) 3.9853 *tO~® 2.28 Link BD is made of brass (E= 15 * 10° psi) and has a cross-sectional area of 0.40 in?. Link CE is made of aluminum (£ = 10.4 x 10° psi) and has a cross-sectional area of 0.50 in?. Determine the maximum force P that can be applied vertically at point 4 if the deflection of 4 is not to exceed 0.014 in. SOLUTION Use memcer ABS os 2 tree bod. DIM+0, MP-9 Fes 0, Fep= 1.5956 P DZMg-0 5S P-TR+0, Ree 7 0.8556 P 2.3333 x10 PY we Clotxio*Ko.g0y 7 O-eHloxlo Pt From the deformation diagram SPope Q = oat , 2.978 r10'* P t feo 4 = 03305 x10 P Se = Se + Dg O 2.3333 x10 °P + (50. 3308 »/0°) P 3.9358 x1I0°° P Sa = 0.0/4 in = 3.9858xl0% P 3.51% 107 th = 3.51 kips _=pees 2.29 A homogeneous cable of length Land uniform cross section is suspended from cao ‘one end. (a) Denoting by p the density (mass per unit volume) of the cable and by E its modulus of elasticity, determine the elongation of the cable due to its own weight, SOLUTION (b) Assuming now the cable to be horizontal, determine the force that should be applied to each end of the cable to obtain the same elongation as in part a. Lh L (2) For efement ot point identified by coovdlinate y y P= weight a portion below tle peid P fu = pg A (L-y) = By . ppAtL-yy pally) 4, Ley | aS = ER EA E of +t S lo s= (eee, ~ AF (Ly -4y9] w pays ty. b pglt -Bu-L)= 2 = = fk - GAS Ly > uy et (o) For S=E_ PP AL = GA ppt > tpgl>4w aa PROBLEM 2.30 2.30 Determine the deflection of the apex 4 of a homogeneous circular cone of height hy, density 2, and modulus of elasticity £, due to its own weight. “ SOLUTION Let b = vadivs h of the bese and ye Madius ot element section with | coordinate y. zby Volume of portion above element Ve dry = are y? ., 2 P= pqy = meh : Acme > EB ys231 The volume of a tensile specimen is essentially constant while plastic Oe deformation occurs. If the initial diameter of the specimen is d,, show that when the diameter is d, the true strain is ¢ = 2 In(d, /d). SOLUTION If the vobome is constant Fat = Fa ; = (3) Sok = Mm(P = 2d 4 - PROBLEM 2.32 Se aniaat “engineering strain” in a tensile specimen, show that the true SOLUTION & = Ane = BS = 14 B) = W(ise) Thos &, = Pn (ite) =2.33 An axial force of 60 KN is applied to the assembly shown by means of rigid end PROBLEM 2.33 plates, Determine (a) the normal stress in the brass shell, (6) the corresponding, deformation of the assembly. Let PL = portion of axiad force carwed by brass shebp Er owors ay Bt portion taxied Ponce eavwied by steel cove RL ~ feAL$ ses Bi oo Be gs = BL Pp, = BASS AcEs L P+ PtP: (EAs EAE Sig c ror EA. Ag = (0.020.(0.020) = 400%/0"* m Ay = (0.080 (0.080) - (0.020(0.020) = 500 x/0™* m* 60 x10* s . a 2 =f = 4§2.83 «lo L (105 #10" (S00 x10) 4 (200x107 (400 x10 ) * (dl 6 = Bye = (losmio? X4s2.83lo%)= 47.5 10% Pa = YRS MPa — (b) § = Le = (Asom10°*\452.83 «of = 113.2 #10" m ©. 1132 x/o"8 mn = OO. 113% mm -_2.34 The length of the assembly decreases by 0.15 mm when an axial force is applied PROBLEM 2.34 by means of rigid end plates. Determine (a) the magnitude of the applied force, (b) the corresponding stress in the steel core. NOY , SOLUTION Let P= portion of axial Force caniel by brass shel. aoner Pe = portion of axiat force carnied by steeP core. Pl BAS > = mai Bq = 5 AB Ran gs > Be Re BAS AsEs L Ps Rah = (BAY BA) S As = (0,020X0.020) = Yoo «(07% m Ay = (0.080 (0.030 ) - (0.020)(0.020) = $00 %j07* m* Sx 17> (a) P® ](l0Sx107\(seox10*) + (200 #10" C400 x10 ) | ee eS = 79.5%10° N = 75.4 KM =< ®) 6& = Be = 8 - (aoowt0 (0.15 x10) = [20 x/0* Pa = 120 MPa ~<2.38. The 4.5-ft concrete post is reinforced with six steel bars, each with a 1}-in. PROBLEM 2.35 diameter. Knowing that E,= 29 10° psi and £, = 4.2 x 10° psi, determine the normal stresses in the steel and in the concrete when a 350-kip axial centric force P is applied to the post SOLUTION Let Pe = portion f axial Force canried by concrete = portion caved by the six stee? rods 5° ER Re SD = BL = BAS | BAS R= Se = PAR (EA + BADE ELA. + BA, Ag > GFR = Qlasy* = 5.964 in® Az = Fd -Ay = Flia)*- sae = = 248.5 in® Le 4s fre S4 in = 850 Ok iggy 7 wp* C (4.210% (A4B.S) + (29 «10% KS.964) 6s = Ee = (a1 «10% 6287-67215) = -8.34>10" psi =e -8.34 si =e Ge = Ele = (Uanio® Wasrerm lot) = - [208 WiC pore - 1.208 ksi —tPROBLEM 2.36 2.36 Anaxial centric force of magnitude P= 450 kN is applied to the composite block . shown by means ofa rigid end plate. Knowing that h= 10 mm, determine the normal ‘Brass core stress in (a) the brass core, (b) the aluminum plates. (e = 105.6?) Ak plate Rigid SOLUTION « cog Plate Let P= portion of amiak Force cavvied by brass core Pi = portion camied by to cluminun palates Bb . EMS sR PR SH = BL = BAS 5° BR P= GaAs Pe +R = (BAS BAe &= S.__P LE Ay+ Eada A, = (6a)(40) = 2400 mm = 2400% 10 m* Aa? (2\(60XI0)= 1200 mm” = 1200 x107om* = ont 3393 x10 (OS «107K 2400 x(0% ) + (TO X10" X1200 * to~* ) @) G6 = Be = Cosmo? (1.3393 x10) = 140.6%10° Pa = 140.6 MPa at (b) Oy = Ege = (Towlo)(|. 3898 15") © 98.2510 Fe = 93.75 MPa. 2.37 For the composite block shown in Prob. 2.36, determine (a) the value of ifthe PROBLEM 2.37 portion of the load carried by the aluminum plates is half the portion of the load FF carried by the brass core, (5) the total load if the stress in the brass is 80 MPa. (E = 105 GPa) SOLUTION Let P= portion of axiad Force carnied by brass core Ros peeal camtied hy the two ouinum pdadec ‘Aluminum plates fugit (E= T0GPa) end plate BRL EAS = 2S = Sees 3 EA AR is u 37 Be R= Shs @) Given PL th EAS . 1 EAS c ROL 218 An =a pr As Au = Yo eo) = 2400 mm” = R400 107° m? A, =p tSnee 2t0O = BOO wm = (AMEN = 130. he Bytey 7 IS mm 7 a OL = @ PL = AnS, = ( 24ooxo% X80 ~toS) = 192 «108 W Pur ZR= %%wiorNn Pe R+P = 288xl7N = 288 kNPROBLEM 2.38 2.38 The 4.5-ft concrete post is reinforced with six steel bars, each with a 1} in. diameter. Knowing that £,=29 * 10° psi and £. = 4.2 x 10° psi, determine the normal stresses in the steel and in the concrete when a 350-kip axial centric force P is applied to the post. 2.38 For the post of Prob. 2.35, determine the maximum centric force which may be applied if the allowable normal stress is 20 ksi in the steel and 2.4 ksi in the concrete, SOLUTION Determine allowable strain in each materia? Stee: Eg= @ + ue = 689.97 «10% - - & 2 24xI07 Conerete> E> E *qarioe = $71.43 10° Smabher valve govems & > B= E7148 x10% Let Pie portion oP Poud cavriad by concrete P= portion cavvied by six stee? rods = RL 5 . s= BE, mt BAP: BAS 8+ BE, Pex BAP = EAE P=Pe+ Po = (EA. + BASE Ag = 6 Fd7= E(u tasY = 62964 jn Ae = Fa*- Ag = FOSS - S964 = 248.5 in® P= [(yaxiotX 248.54 (29 108 (c.164)) (57)-43 x10 = 645 xjo* tbh = 69S keipsPROBLEM 2.39 2.39 Three steel rods (= 200 GPa) support a 36-KN load P. Each of the rods 4B and ‘ CD has a 200-mm? cross-sectional area and rod EF has a 625- mm? cross-sectional area, Determine the (a) the change in length of rod EF, (b) the stress in each rod. SOLUTION Use member BED as a tree beady By symmetyy, ov by ZMg =o Reo = Pre ZHrO Pas + Ro + Per - P to Pe Piet Per Faalas - Peo hen - _ Peeler Se = EAg- Se ERS > Ser > Be Since Lg = hep and Aue> Aco, See = Seo Since points A,C, and & ave fived Se = Sas, Sp = Sco Se * Ser Since member BED is ngid Se = Se = Se Paeloo . Peeler . Ase . Li — 200, Yo EA ~ EA * Past Rte is Por = ze" Sao Fee = 0.256 Per P= 2Pe + Pee = (20.256) Pop + Prp= 1-512 Pear --P_ . &xlo% _ s Pee = Teq = Peig > %3-8/0xl0* N Pro = Peo = (0.256 (28.8010) = 6.095 x10" N 3 -s (@) $+ Spt (23.310 x10 (400 x fo"8) -6 Goow10?)Ce2smioney EZ *IO mm a 2) +) = 0.0% 2mm at ; = (6.02¢%I9°) (S00 x10") -< S = Sie = (200 ¥10* )C200 *1O™ ) 7H AKIO m (b) Sag - Pe _ 6.095«10? _ AL Foovlo® 7 30.5 X10" Pa = 30.5: 4Pa me = 6, Per. 23.310 x108 ey Ser =-RE --Geepee = W381 KIO a= SRIMP me2.40 A brass bolt (E, = 15 x 10° psi) witha }-in. diameter is fitted inside a steel tube PROBLEM 2.40 (E,= 29 « 10° psi) witha ‘outer diameter and {- in wall thickness, After the nut has been fit snugly, itis tighened one quarter of a full turn. Knowing that the bolt is single-threaded with a 0.l-in. pitch, determine the normal stress (a) inthe bolt, (6) in the tube, SOLUTION The movement of the nut along the boSt after a quarter tun is equaP to 4 ™ pitch. S$ =(#)0.1) = 0.025 in Also = S = Sup + Store where Susp = efonqetion of tle bolt and Stee = shortening of the tube Let Pus = axial tensite force in the bolt Probe = axial compressive Force in the tube For equidibriom af each end plate Paw = Pre = P Aue = Bd* = B32) = 0.1045 int Aiste = ECde'- d*) = E(GY-@Y) = 0.29452 int® ~ Pek . (PCa) . zs Saat EAs (iswio*}o.10as) 22493110" P Siu. = Bat 2 (P02) = 1.4050 «10 P E Anu (2410* (0.29482) 0.025 = 7.243) x1IO°P + 1.4050xIO* P = 8.6481 x10° P P= 2.89708 x10" Jb 2 ) Gor = = BBOBHLOT ea rtctpsi > 26.2 kes - Aue 0.1104 =P. 2 2.8908 ¥l0* . @) Cie “RD Gaga 9, Balo%pei 2-97.32 ksi =2.41 Two cylindrical rods, CD made of steel (E = 29 = 10° psi) and AC made of PROBLEM 2.41 aluminum (E = 10.4 x 10° psi), are joined at B and restrained by rigid supports at A and D. Determine (a) the reactions at A and D, (6) the deflection of point C. Sin. 10in. |, 10in ey SOLUTION AG: Pt Ry, Lg 8in Aus = Fes = F125)" > 0.99402 in® Yin diameter —1f-in, dameter PL Sae= 4 Ra (3? = Ra (3) j : (la4xi0* XO.44402 ) . > = = 0.77386 «10% Ra BC: P= R,-18*10?, L=/0 in A = 0.99402 in* A 2 > ~ PL. (Ra-12x10* Mio) oe os See EA * dovisio*o.aaez) = 0.96732x1O Ry = 17.412 «10° CD: P= R-13xlo%- 14x10" = Ry - 32x10" Lelio Az Bd = E(easy = 2.0789 in® — PL _ (Ry - 32x10? U0) Seo= ER * (g4x10*)(2.0789 ) = 0.16627 *10* Ry - 5.321%107* Spo z Sao + Stet Sco = 1.7075 IO Ry - 22.733 x10™* Since point D cannot move relative to A Sp = O (a) 1.9078 «16° Ry - 22.7387 /6°= © Ror U.aa«io® fh <— Rp = 3210°- Ra = 20-08 x10° th = (bd) Se = Sap + Sco 3 ” 1.7412 10° Ry = 124/12 x10" C7412 #107 C92 #108) = 17.42 H1O* = 3.84K10% in me s, = Ble 20.08x10*XIO)_ 3. 34x10? in EyAeo (AT¥10*V(2.0739) ‘ ov2.42. A stoel tube (E = 200 GPa) with a 32-mm outer diameter and a 4-mm thickness PROBLEM 2.42 is placed in a vise that is adjusted so that its jaws just touch the ends of the tube ‘without exerting any pressure on them. The two forces shown are then applied to the tube. After these forces are applied, the vise is adjusted to decrease the distance SOLUTION between its jaws by 0.2 mm. Determine (a) the forces exerted by the vise on the tube at A and D, (b) the change in length of the portion BC of the tube. 80mm 80mm 80mm R A 8 c > Re, : —_ — — WKN 3OkN 4 Dy For the tube dz=d,-2t = 32 -(2)(4) = 24mm A= E(d.- di) = E(g2*- 24%) = 351.86 mm = 351.86 x10% m* AB: Pr Re b= 0.080 m EL _ Rn (0.080) - a Su? EX * Goouotiecceno® 7 (1868x107 Re BC: P= Rat 4axlO®, L= 0.080n = BE _ (Rat bano* C0) = gga io Re + 47. 746 x10 Sse * ER = Caeomo® Y@51.86 x10°%) CD: P= Rat /Q«lo®, L= 0.080 (Rat 1210" 1(0.080) “9 ae = he x + 13.642x%1l0° (200 %10* K3S1. 86x10 368 «10 R, c = PL Sco = EQ = TotaR: Spo = Sre+ Sect Sep © 3-4/04xI0" R, + 61.388 x/0"° Given jaw movement Sap =-O.2mm = 0, 2x10" wm (Q)-O.2"10*= 3.4104 IO R, + C1388 HI. Ry = 76.6 xO N = -76.6 kN -= R, = Ry + 12 «108 Rp =~ 64.6 x10° N = = 64.6 kN = -34.4 x10 om (kh) Spe = (LIZ 68 xIO E7656 HH") + 47.746 «10S - 0.0394 mm =PROBLEM 2.43 2.42 A steel tube (E= 200 GPa) with a 32-mm outer diameter and a 4mm thickness is placed in a vise that is adjusted so that its jaws just touch the ends of the tube without exerting any pressure on them. The two forces shown are then applied to the SOLUTION tube. After these forces are applied, the vise is adjusted to decrease the distance between its jaws by 0.2 mm. Determine (a) the forces exerted by the vise on the tube at d and D, (6) the change in length of the portion BC of the tube, 2.43 Solve Prob. 2.42, assuming that after the forces have been applied, the vise is adjusted to decrease the distance between its jaws by 0.1 mm. 0mm 60mm 80mm R A 8 oc 9 a, 2 eee 42kN 30kN For the tube dzzd.-2t = 32 (24) = 24mm B 7 Ae F(de-d?) = E(s2*- 24%) = 351.86 mm = 351.86 x10 m* Sa EE . Ra lo.og0) = 1.1868 0°? Ry * EA * Goowot\esi.8exio* BC: P= Rat 42xlO*, Ls 0.080m = BE _ (Rat Hato G0) es. 3¢8 IR + 47. 74C lot See" ER * Groowior V@51.86 x10) CD: P= Rat /2~lo*, L + 0.080 = x10* 20.080) - Sco = (Rat 12108 7 9 ~< o-E hove" VAS Benlow) = 1368 X10 Rut 13.642x/0 Bao = Stet Smet Sep © 3-4/04nI07 Ry + 61. 38Rx/07° Due to the movement of the jaws Sao = - Of mm = - Ob¥IO Mm ~O.px1OS = 3.410410 7 Ry + C/. 388 x10* Ry = - 473290" N (@) Ro = Rat 12x10* -35.3kN —« (b) See 2 (1368x107 ho 47.3220 BP) + 47. THE 10"PROBLEM 2.44 2.44 Three wires are used to suspend the plate shown. Aluminum wires are used at A and B with a diameter of in, anda steel wire is used at C witha diameter of ‘77 in. Knowing that the allowable stress for aluminum (E = 10.4 x 10* psi) is 14 ksi and that the allowable stress for steel (E~ 29 » 10* psi) is 18 ksi, determine the maximum load P that may be applied. SOLUTION By symmetry Pas Py, and Sqr Se Ai cote ONE Game EES) Strain in each wire Ex~ &a= 2, & 2 = 2& Determine aPfouable stra = DB, 1H _ = AeB a= oa “yuge = (13462 «10 fe = 2 Eg = 26924 xo” 3 Cc fc = GQ ~ 18xio® _ “5 EL = QGwioe = 0-207 «10 Ey, > se = FE = 6.3103 15% Alfouebte strain for wire C governs Gz = 18x10" psi = Ee Re Aneta * B(4)?(10.4 110% (0.31030 165°) = 13%6l Ab Pe = Ser tb 6. > Ef. P= ALB = E(LYCax10*) = 98.17 46. For equidibeium of the plate P= Pat Pe tPR = 1774 b2.45: The rigid bar AD is supported by two steel wires of 75-in. diameter (E = 29 x PROBLEM 2.45 10° psi) and a pin and bracket at D. Knowing that the wires were initially taught, determine (a) the additional tension in each wire when a 220-Ib load P is applied at vr , (6) the corresponding deflection of point D. SOLUTION Let 6 be the rotation of bar ABCD Then 9S, = 120 A & iS D So = 240 Sp Se 6 8B — Sez Pislet ba Pa: EA Sec = (ixi0*) Hak (26) Pec Re op ce Lee Jo Ay = 106.77xI0* 6 A & lc > og 2 Reber c= TEA omy p. = EAS . 22x10 year) Ge) ce 72 ef = 118.63*10°O Using Free body ABcD DIM=o 12 fe + Re - BP = 0 (aK 106.7710 6) + (24\(118.63»10* @) -(36 (220) = O 4.1283x10° @ = (36)(220) @ = 1.4185 10% vad ) Pag = (06.77 "103 Wi-a8s*1o® ) = 2048 tb «x PR = (118.63 «fo*)Ci-gasw(o® ) = 227.6 Ab = (be) $5 = 36 O = (36 Wes * IO?) = 641x107 in = O- O69! in, -_Re Re (a (b) Ke | Let © be tle rotation of bar ABC as shown Loa—L isa Then, Sez 60 and 8-100 Bet Sa = Shen ~ EE Drm, (6) (4.886 «IO - 593.16 «10* 8) — (10)01.23572 */0°) © = 54.316 x10" - 15.916 * 108 @ 2 O y= (1.23572 10 3.26810 ) = 4.6) x/08 2.46 The steel rods BE and CD each have a diameter of ¢ in. (E = 29 x 10* psi). The PROBLEM 2.46 ends are threaded with a pitch of 0.1 in. Knowing that after being snugly fit, the nut at B is tightened one full turn, determine (a) the tension in rod CD, (b) the deflection of point C of the rigid member ABC. SOLUTION Pee = (Esc Aue \Spm- Sa / Lee bee = TSF G0 wy Stim = On! in Ase = 3 d*= B(ZY = 0.3068 in* ~ (27 10% X0.3068)(0.1 - 60) Pas . qo a = 7.886 x10° - S93.15*10° 6 = Peo bk. : - EAS. 5 Fhe Fe Leo Pre Lest Gf = 7Zin, Ags 0.3068 in® © = (27 *10°) (0. 3068) (10 61 P. ee = 1.23572 x10% =O CPe -lOoRy = O =o OQ + 3. 7268 10"* pad = S61 kips = = 10 @ = (10)(3.7268% 157) = 37.3 ~ 0" in = 0.0373 in <PROBLEM 2.47 2.47 The rigid rod ABCD is suspended from three wires of the same material. The cross-sectional area of the wire at B is equal to half of the cross-sectional area of the wires 4 and C. Determine the tension in each wire caused by the load P. SOLUTION 4IM,20 ZLB +L4,- GLP =O bs Brod HMp-0 2k -LEgt ELP=O fat BP- He Ler 4 ag Te LENE TH OF THE wikes te Ce oye 7 #4 (fp-1e 5: 5 -& Gr- 28) - Fh _ RA B £(ea) =A B2.48 The rigid bar ABCD is suspended from four identical wires. Determine the PROBLEM 2.48 tension in each wire caused by the load P. SOLUTION Let © be the sSope of bar ABCD after AeFoomation Sa: S + LO R= As, Pex FAs, > EAs, , Silo phe F P= EAs. EAs, 4 26AL 9 2 # Zz P,: BAS, - EA 5, + StdL@ zee 0 PR +PetPR+Pp-P20 #64 5, +SEA jo = P 4S,+61L0 = Bf “ DIM=0 LP + 2LR+3LR-2LP-0 SEALS, 4 HEAL Lp = 2p CS + 4 Lo = 2 we Solving (1) and (2) simvdtuneousdy Le = iB Sb B Pe ae iP ay Re Pee EH bP - Pos EBL. gue = =P ~« Re BEM 1 3ALH + tp =2.49 A steel railroad track (E = 200 GPa, « = 11.7 x 10°/°C) was laid out at a PROBLEM 2.49 temperature of 6°C. Determine the normal stress in the rails when the temperature reaches 48 °C, assuming that the rails (a) are welded to form a continuous track, (b) SOLUTION are 10 m long with 3-mm gaps between them. (a) ®) Sp = (ATL = (117 10S 48-6 C10 = aE x1 > PL. LE _ (le . 12 Se* RE 7 -E 7 Boo xt 5OxIo” & St Sp+S = 4N4KIT® +SoxlO™O = © * C= -78.3x/0° fe 5 -98.3 MPa S = Spa Sp = 4.4 lo + Soni 7S = 3xjo* = Sxl = 4.9 10”. _ 39.3 0% Pe = - 383M me S Sox 38.3 */0° Pa fe,PROBLEM 2.50 2.50 The aluminum shell is fully bonded to the brass core, and the assembly is unstressed at a temperature of 78°F. Considering only axial deformations, determine the stress when the temperature reaches 180 °F (a) in the brass core, (b) in the eae aluminum shell. Brass core SOLUTION E= 15% 10°pat a= 116 x 10°7F ‘Aluminum shell AT? 180 -78= 102 F E = 106 X 10° psi Peep Let RR be the tensite Force develiped in the brass cove For equidibrive with zero totat forca , the compress ive force in the afuminum shelf is Pe ; - oe --m Strains Br eR tA, Bs HER + O(AT) Matching 84 Gy Bie + OAT) © - Pie 6 oar) it, = - (oat EK.) PL = (Oe- a, MAT) A, = Ed*= Eli's 0.7854 in? Ac = HO5- AY) = F(RS*- LO") = 4.1238 in® On - Me = 13x 10% JF t i o | Gexoncereny* Gacmeryarams] % = 0-310 Wea) PL 1.2305 x10* Pb oe p > WEBOG OES sg7a/Otpi = 1.567 ksi tot 6a = Waeb = - L2B2S HO" og 298% l0% psi =-0.278 ksi me Ae 4. 1233, pPROBLEM 2.51 2.81 The brass shell (a, = 20.9 x 10*/°C ) is fully bonded to the steel core (a, = 11.7 x 104/°C). Determine the largest allowable increase in temperature ifthe stress in the steel core is not to exceed 55 MPa. som Ay tan SOLUTION Let Py = axial force developed in the steed cove pe soer For equilibrium with zero totad force , the compressive force in the brass shed is Pe. Bas shel R RB = = Strains = fe aT) Poison 20 MS Es = Be fe + ff &F "Et (AT) Matehing &5 = & T: --32B EA. +04(ATY = EA * o,(AT) (Ek tem) = (-u (AT) Ag = (0.020)(0,020) = 400 ¥10° m* Av= ©.020X0.030) - (0.022Ya.oz0) = $00 ¥10% mt Ob - Ws 9,2 ¥1oS /°C Pez GAs = (5SuJ0* (400 x I) = 22108 N \ 1 * Goo x107 400 «10"*) * Gaswio* Xs00x10*) (31.55 10°" Wage to*) = (4.210 AT Y AT= 75.4 °% = a4 _ ate EA.’ BA = 31.5501"2.53. A rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both PROBLEM 2.53 ends. Portion AB is made of steel (E, = 29 10 psi, a, = 6.5 x 10°/°F) and portion BC is made of brass (E, = 15 x 10°psi, a, = 10.4 x 10°/°F), Knowing that the rod is initially unstressed, determine (a) the normal stresses induced in portions AB and BC by a temperature rise of 65°F, (b) the corresponding deflection of point B. SOLUTION Ana = Bodew = Easy 1.2272 in® Aus Bae = BQasyt= 3.976) in® Free thermal expansion Pp Sy = Lag&%s (AT) + Lee % (AT) = U2N6.F15* WES) 405K 10.410") (Es) = IS.21%10"% in Shortening clue te induced compressive Force P Spz Plas . Phee + EsAss Ee Ag =a Py Ss Ps ggg —s * Gaxioryat7a) * GSx1ot Kaan) 588. 69x10" P F For zero net deflection Sp = Sr (588.67%)07)P = 18.21%107° P= 25.8¢x/o* Ib (0) Syae- - = ~ B5BtxI0? = -2i/elo® pst == 2h isi = i . 3 Ose = -E a AS R4 HO oer = - 6.50 >J0° psi = -6.50 ksi < ee . Plas. tb) Sez Peel = Lye (AT) = + CAE. 8¥10>MIA) sxio’ \les) = os = *Garioe Naa) + (2YXG.Sxi0"* \(es) +3.64¢r0% mf jee 8.64108 int = 0.00364in tT -_2.54 A rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both | PROBLEM 2.54 ‘ends. Portion AB is made of brass (£, = 105 GPa, a, = 20.9 x 10*/°C) and portion BC is made of aluminum (£, = 72 GPa, a, = 23.9 x 10*/°C). Knowing that the rod is initially unstressed, determine (a) the normal stresses induced in portions AB and BC 7 by a temperature rise of 42°C, (b) the corresponding deflection of point B. 60-mm diameter SOLUTION ores Ne = Tas 2 E(60)* = 2.8274 x10 mm = 2.8274 X16 me ocean Recs Fda? Hho) = 1, 2566 KIO mm = 1 256C * [Sm aun inven Tis 13m i Free thermal expansion |r Set LpgOA(AT + Leo CATY = (IY 20.7 «10° X42) + 11.3 (3.94105 X42) = 4.2705 x /O-> m Shortening due t induced compressive Fovce St Plan . Pleo Ev Ana E.Aw . LP a L3P Pp © OS KONA BAMKIE?) " CTA). 2566 K10F = (8.074% 10°" P Fon zero net deflection Sp = Sr 18.074¢(0°7 P = 2.2705 xI0™* Pe I2S62 xIOy M @) Get -k, = - BS CARI 2 - yy emit Ras Hd MPa mt @=-£ -- 12§.t2xio° = = 100.0 (0° = -100.0 MPa =e ae : @) Set Ee = bag (AT? = CaS.e2MoVOLN 1) (20.9x16° (42) Qos xto® K2.B274 107) = -$00%/0% m = -0.500 mm i.e. 0.500 mm _Bee 2.55 The assembly shown consists of an aluminum shell (E, = 10.6 x 10° psi, a= PROBLEM 2. 12.9 x 10°/°F) fully bonded to a steel core (E, = 29 x 10° psi, «, = 6.5 x 10°/°F) and is unstressed. Determine (a) the largest allowable change in temperature if the stress in the aluminum shell is not to exceed 6 ksi, (6) the corresponding change in length ofthe assembly. SOLUTION Since Ole, > Oe, the shed is in compressionfor a. postive temperative vise Let Gi = -6 ksi = -6 «0% psi Aw Ede - do) = ECi.2s*- 0.78") = 0.78840 int As = Fd? = E28} = 0.44174 in® Pe -GAL= GA whee Pia He denside Rance in the steed cone, - - &A (6102 )(0.7 8546) Ge - Sde = 10.667 %/0% psi . 0.44179 10-6 (oP e= Srauary= S saan s En e. Cole - Us YCAT) = = aes . 1.66 x1o> z (6.4107) (AT) = ieee lara® Ape = 0.933 85K /0* (ay AT = 145.%h OF - (6) er OEIC 46.5 xts'* X45. 90) = 4,313 «tor? -6 x 10* 7é fs aa or gs HERIOT 402.41 * SIN) = 13163 to S = Le = (000.368 x07) = O.01053 inpEtena Tse 2.53 A rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both PROBLEM 2. ends, Portion AB is made of steel (E, = 29 * 10° psi, a, = 6.5 x 10°/°F) and portion BC is made of brass (E, = 15 x 10® psi, a= 10.4 x 104/°F). Knowing thatthe rod is initially unstressed, determine (a) the normal stresses induced in portions AB and BC T a by a temperature rise of 65°F, (6) the corresponding deflection of point B. in. diameter 12 2.56 For the rod of Prob. 2.53, determine the maximum allowable temperature change stead ifthe stress in the steel portion AB is not to exceed 18 ksi and if the stress in the brass 3 portion CB is not to exceed 7 ksi. 2t.in dameter sn SOLUTION brass | G AMouerte force in each portion AB + Gig triBke'= -isxictpes, Ane = Fag = F (u2s)" © 1.2272 in® P= GeAse = (- 18 x10%)0. 2272) = - 12,090 x10% Ab BC: Gar-7ks = -7/0%psi, Am= Ede > Easy = 3.9761 in® P= GaAs = (-7x)0°}3.776/) = - 27.333 “10% &, Smaller absofite value governs 2 P= - 22.0970 ~10° Db. DeFormation due ts P s, = Lbae , Phe =~ CROP KIO* VIZ) _ (22. 07x10" Kis) P” Eyg Aas EecAee §— (24RIONI.2272) (1S IOF)(3.9761) = - 13,00%x10° in Free thermal expansion Spt hyp&(AT) + La Q(AT) = (12 6.sx1d* XAT) + (1s 1010.4 x1 WAT) = (234 10% )(AT) Totod deformation is zero Ses Sp > (234x108 MAT )- 138.004x)0"> = © aT = 55.6°F2.57 Determine (a) the compressive force in the bars shown after a temperature rise PROBLEM 2.57 ‘of 96°C, (6) the corresponding change in length of the bronze bar. 03 mm SOLUTION F095 ap 0 mf aa _ a | Cabcudate Free thermad expansion Sp = Lya(4r) + Lad, AT = (0.35 Wald 15° X96) + (0.4523.2 «10° KIG) = 1.728% 10° m Bronze A= 1500 mm? E= 105 GPa @ = 216 x 10°C P ———_P Constrained expansion = ke S = 0.5 mm = 0.500%/5* Shortening due to induced compressive Force P Sp = l72x1o* - 0.800%)0* = 1.228%10*m But, in terms of P =~ Phe, Plea 2( Ley ba Ret Ae GRRE)? =( 0.35 + On4s” )p (500 «10% Y(1es x10") (| B00 x10" (73 x10") = £6496 xjo-7 P (a) Equeting 5.6496 -[0"° P= 1.228*10° =. P= 217.46 WO8N = QRITRN << PL (6) S,2 byaar) - Foe (217.46 x10* (0.35) £096) - SIAM AIO NNO. 385 (0.35)(21.6 «lo"* (46) (isoo x10 Kosi") 725.16 x1O"° = N83. KO = HAE KIO m = O-2425 mm = 4aa 2.58 Knowing that a 0.5-mam gap exists when the temperature is 20 °C, determine (a) PROBLEM 2. the temperature at which the normal stress in the aluminum bar will be equal to -90 MPa, (b) the corresponding exact length of the aluminum bar. 05mm {fom —f-— 045 m+ SOLUTION Gy = 90% 0% Pa. Aa= 1800*10° m~ Thoms? P= -GA, = (90x10%)(1800* 10S) = 162 v1 N Shortening due te P ap+ Pin y Pla P P EAL 7 ee _ (6 2x107)(0.35 (162x10° 00.45) (J0S*jO (ASoox1o*) (73 *10")(1B00x 1a“) = 14.79 *107 m = 0.91474 mm AvaiDabfe fength for thermal expansion Sp = 1S mm + OU H7F mm = 141479 mm = 1AINTI RIO my But S$; " Le ACAT)+ Lao (AT) = (0.35 MAI.6 H10* AT + (0,45) 23.2 x10"*) AT 12.00 x107* (AT) “ Equating 18.00%(0°* (AT) © L4479xI0* AT = 78.6 °C @) Tht > Tests + AT = 20+ 786 = 98.6°C — = mpelae (by) S, = Lea(ar) z 5 z 45) = (0.45% 23.210 )(78.6) - see es. = 820.5310 =~ S54, 79MlO™* = 265.78 x 10% mm Levct = hat So = O4Sm4 265.78%10% m = 0.450266 m = 450.0266 mm =PROnLEM aS) 2.59 Atroom temperature (70°F) a 0.02-in. gap exists between the ends of the rods a shown. Ata later time when the temperature has reached 320°F, determine (a) the on ‘normal stress in the aluminum rod, (b) the change in length of the aluminum rod. j+-——12in. af AT = 320-70 = 250 °F la Cll Free thermal expansion SOLUTION Aten, Seine el Sp= Lele (AT) + bso (AT) cruaxiehe Toes = (12)U3.3 «10 )Q@SO) + (10X46 * 10°* XA50) = 63.9107? in = 0.0639 in, P P Shortening due to P te meet coustrutat {ae Sp = 0.0689 - 0.02 = 0.0439 in > Plo, Pls L Se * Re RE “(KET RR)P | 12 [Oo _ = ‘(aaa 7 Cavaee7e7) ) P = 709.7110" P E queting 704.71 x10 P = 0.0439 P= 61.857x10° Lb . (a) Oz - & : - Sager = - 2.07 « 10" psi = = 22.0% ksi -= rc) Sa = bao(AT) - fle = xo — (61.857 105 (12) = (2)03.3x10%)@S50) Gains = 39.90 10% ~ 25.49KIOS = 14.4) x1O* iw = 0.0144! in =2.60 A brass link (E, = 15 = 10° psi, a = 10.4 « 10°/°F) and a steel rod (E, = 29 x PROBLEM Et 10° ksi, «,=6.5 x 10%/°F) have the dimensions shown at a temperature of 65°F. ‘The steel rod is cooled until it fits freely into the link. The temperature of the whole assembly is then raised to 100°F. Determine (a) the final normal stress in the steel r Qin, rod, (6) the final length of the steel rod. Brass “Leh 35 soLuTION et akon | 15m AT associated with difevence betveen Fined 0.005 in. +—10 in.—>} 1.25-in, diameter and initial dimensions = % nn AT = 100 ~ 6S = 35°F Free thermal expansion of each part Brass Link (Sz), = Og(ATYL) = (10.4 x10 K2S)(10) = 3.64 #107 im Steed rod — (Sr)s = Og (AT XL) = (6.Sx 10°F )(8S Mio) = 2.278 x10°* in Bt He Fined tenperctuve the Free Length of the stee? ved O.008 + 2.225 x1? = 3.64xIO7S = 3.635 10% in Donyer than the brass fink Add equal but opposite forces P to efongate the brass Pink and contract f the ‘stee? rod. Brass dink (Se= EE = Basie) —— oe = fll.ilxjot B Stef rod (= EPE= ao@ane) Ee F.asy (2ax10¢ = 290.94 10° P (Sp), +(S), = 3.635 rlon® (342.10x10")P = 3.635~l0* P= 9.2705 «10° th 3 (a) Fined stress in steed vod Gq ~£ oppress = — 7.55xl0* psi = - 255 ksi =O (bY Fined dength of steed vod Lz = [0,000 + 0,005 + (Sr).- (Sp )s = 10.005 + 2.275 “io ~ (280.99 «10 )(9.2705% 10") = 10.0046? in. ~=2.61 Two steel bars (E, = 200 GPa and @;= 11.7 x 10*/°C) are used to reinforce a PROBLEM 2.61 brass bar (E, = 105 GPa, a = 20.9 x 10°/°C) which is subjected toa load P=25 KN. When the stee! bars were fabricated, the distance between the centers of the holes : which were to fit on the pins was made 0.5 mm smaller than the 2 m needed. The steel a = bars were then placed in an oven to increase their length so that they would just fit on the pins. Following fabrication, the temperature in the steel bars dropped back to Smm room temperature. Determine (a) the increase in temperature that was required to fit the steel bars on the pins, (b) the stress in the hrass bar after the load is applied to it. SOLUTION 15mm Brass P @) Required temperature change for Fabnication TF OS mm = 0.5 x107* to Expand steed ber by this amourtt ‘om S (a) Tempevatuve change required Spt Log AT 0. wIO* = (ZOOM U.THOXAT), AT = O.Sx1o* = (AIC.7* 10S K aT) AT = 21.368 °C age (b) Once assembfed, a tensile force P” develops in the steed and a compressive Force P¥ develops in the brass, in onder te elongate the steeP and contract the brass. EDongation of steed: Ag=(2)(5)(40= 400 mm” = 400%/0"° wnt > EL .__P aoe) 7 pt Ses* KE *Goomo gooey = 6 *IO" P Contraction of brass? Ay = (4o)(IS ) > 600 mm = 606 x/0% m* P*(2.00) PL. - 9p? (Se,* Re 7 Teonct Kerrey = 31-746 r10""P Bot (Spls + (Sp is-equal to the initial amount of mish (Sp)g4 (Sp), = O.SxIS%, 56.746 x19" P* = 0.8 x10™" Pe = 3.8ixiot N Stresses due to fabrication a 2 Sted: Gifs Se. BBO. ga.03ni0* Pa = 22.08 MPa s Brass? GF -£ : ~ Beaux? = -14.6810% Pa = 14.68 MPa. ie To these stresses must be added the stresses due to tha 25 KN toad. continuedProblem 2.61 continued | For the added toad, the additionad cleformation is the same for both the steed and the brass. Let S' be the additions displacement. Also, det Py ancl Py be the additionad forces developed in the steed ancl brass, respective). giz BO. BL AsEs Abt PL= Apbe si = Moons Goose”) 51 yosiot §' PL = Anke gi = Leoowior\(iosrio® g¢ 2 3i.gviot 5! U 2.00 Toted P= Pot R= 25x02 NM Yowjo® §' + 3/-S«10% §' = aSxjo* 349.65% 10% tn Pe = (4owlo* (349.65 10%) = 13,986 0 Poe (31.6l0*)(s4s.csxie? V5 ito lot N = 34.97%10% Pa = Lex 10% Ae €00%10"* = 18.36 xlo* Pa Add stress due te Fabrication Gq = 34.97 10% + 22.03 %)0% : 57,.0x10° Pa = 57.0 MPH G+ 18.36 -io°- wesxot= Beaxot& = 3¢8 MPa ae261 Two steel bars (E,=200 GPa and a, = 11.7 x 10*/°C) are used to reinforce a brass bar (E, = 105 GPa, a = 20.9 x 10°/°C) which is subjected to a load P= 25 KN. When the steel bars were fabricated, the distance between the centers of the holes which were tofit on the pins was made 0.5 mm smaller than the 2m needed. The ste! bars were then placed in an oven to increase their length so that they would just fit on the pins. Following fabrication, the temperature in the steel bars dropped back to room temperature. Determine (a) the increase in temperature that was required to fit the steel bars on the pins, (6) the stress in the brass bar after the load is applied to it. PROBLEM 2.62 2.62 Determine the maximum load P that may be applied to the brass bar of Prob. 2.61 if the allowable stress in the steel bars is 30 MPa and the allowable stress in the brass bar is 25 MPa. ‘mm SOLUTION See sSoduton to PROBLEM 3.6! to obtain He fabrication stvesses 65> 22.08 MPa GPF - 14.68 MPa AdPowalte stresses? Cyate= 30 MPa 5 Ghia 2 MPa Avaidabte stress increase From Load GS = 30-22.03 = 7.97 MPa 6 = as+l4.e3 = 397.68 MPa Corresponding available strains & 7.92 x108 “< Es" E * 260x107 * $%85*/0 4 BHCBHIOS -< eye St + FRB = 377.9 110 Siralfer value governs - € 39.85% /0"° Aveas: Ag= @ WSX40) = 400 mm = 4OO% IOS mo A= (1540) = 600 mm* = G00%10"% m* Ps = BAge = (200x107 (400 «1o* (39.85% 10) = 3.188 vio N PL = EA, e = Close 10%)(c00 xJo* (39.85% IO) = 25I x10" N Tota? ePowabbe additionad Force P= P+ Pos 3.18axlo% + 2S «/0%= S.70%10*N = 5.70 kN =PROBLEM 2.63 2,63 Ina standard tensile test a steel rod of ] -in. diameter is subjected to a tension force of 17 kips. Knowing that v= 0.3 and E = 29 x 10° psi, determine (a) the in, diameter elongation of the rod in an 8-in. gage length, (6) the change in diameter of the rod. —| SOLUTION V7 x18 Db. Ax ¥at= ag): 0.60182 in* on = 1702 3. & _ 28.27«103 _ -< Es 5 D.hOr3Q = 28.27 x10" psi Be E> SGauoe = 774.4x10 Sx = he = (8.04749 wIO) = T.80x1I0% in = 0.00780 inne Ey =~ VE= ~O3KI7HIMIOS) = = 292.5 «10% Sy > le, = (ZN - 292.5610) = - 256 115% in = -0.000256 im. met PROBLEM 2.64 P Llp L 2.64 A standard tension testis used to determine the properties of an experimental plastic. The test specimen is a 15-mm-diameter rod and it is subjected to a 3.5 KN tensile force. Knowing that an elongation of 11 mm and a decrease in diameter of 0.62 mm are observed in a 120-mm gage length, determine the modulus of elasticity, the modulus of rigidity, and Poisson’s ratio of the material SOLUTION Az Ba® = Es) = 126.115 me = P= eae Th o-R* es &- ‘S ex 126.1510" wr “ Tie poe 19.806 % 10° Pa 1K = 91.667*I0* 'a.t06 x1o%, ZIGx 10° Pa = 41.7 xo? 216 MPa = 41, 323 xlo* 7 41.383 jo 91.667 10> 0.45049 R16x 10% 5 « = ZA o.NG = 74.51 10° Pa = 74.5 MPa2.65 A 2-m length of an aluminum pipe of 240-mm outer diameter and 10-mm wall PROBLEM 2.65 thickness is used as a short column and carries a centric axial load of 640 KN. Knowing that E=73 GPa and v= 0.33, determine (a) the change in length ofthe pipe, \ kN (©) the change in its outer diameter, (c) the change in its wall thickness. SOLUTION do= 240 mm b=lOmm dz = ado-2E= BMOmm a, AF B(de-da*)= F (ato*-a20") = 7.228710" mm = L2257*10% m* P= GHoxlo* N 3 , oe PL, bed0 ti 102°) ya rot (8 =~ REF - @ gasp \73 010) ao = -243 mm - - SL. B4eKIO* LL 3 e= Tt: oo CO 1.2133 * lo Ege = - VE = —(0.38)C1L2133 10%) = 400.4 «Jo"% (oe) Ada = de Ene = (240K 400.4 x10 ) = 0.0961 nm = (cd At = Cex = (10) 4004x1% ) = 0.00400 mm «< 2.66 The change in diameter of a large steel bolt is carefully measured as the nut is PROBLEM 2.66 tightened. Knowing that = 200 GPa and y= 0.29, determine the internal force in the bolt, ifthe diameter is observed to decrease by 13 um. 60mm SOLUTION Sy = -13xI0o7S m d= 60xJo%m = Se, _ 13xlo* =¢ Ey = Ft = - Goxios 7 26-67 */0 ~- : 16.67 *107% vee: e.: - = 2 zB = Soka 7H. 13 xjor* GO, = Ee, = (200109 X 747.13%10°) = 149.43 «10% Pe A= Bat = Blco¥ = 2.827«10° mm = 2827210 im F = 6A = (149.43 wi0® (2.827*1IO* ) = 422103 ON = 422 kN =2.67 An aluminum plate (E = 74 GPa, v = 0.33) plate is subjected to a centric axial PROBLEM 2.67 load which causes a normal stress 0. Knowing that before loading, a line of slope 2:1 is scribed on the plate, determine the slope of the line when o = 125 MPa. SOLUTION The slope after deformation is tan @ = 2046) i iy aS x 10% 7 be Be = Se eaaaxiot a =- sty. 2 3 Acie) Ey = ~ VE, = - (0.331.6892 #10") = 0.5574 10 A = Biz o.0008s74) | ' = tan ® “Vy 0.00842 945: l+Ey 2.68 A 600 Ib tensile load is applied to a test coupon made from 7 in. flat steel plate LIES (E= 29 x 10° psi, v= 0.30). Determine the resulting change (a) in the 2.00-in. gage length, (4) in the width of portion 4B of the test coupon, (c) in the thickness of portion SOLUTION AB, (d) in the cross-sectional area of portion AB. Pree} A =(QMGE) = 0.03125 im”, af — 6= £- See 19.2 » |? psi - Sy Maxtor, =€ . Be" E ° aay 7 G62, 07x10 (a) Se = Ley = (RO NCR, OT ITS) F 1.324 KIO in. — By #8. 7- VE, ~(0.30\(662.07 x10) = - 198.62 10° Ib) Sects = Wok > CAV E.C2mJ0%) =~ 99.8 10° in = 4 LO) Sthinns = Coby 7 (7¢)(-198-62x10% = = 12.41 ICTS in. (a) A= wh = wio(l+eyyt, (+e) Wot, (1+ €y + & + & 82) AA = A-A, = Wot, (ty +&. + & £2) EY(d (198,62 yo" = 198.6210 + neyt F = 124 10% in =2.69. A L-in, square is scribed on the side of a large steel pressure vessel. ARer OEE 2 Se pressurization the biaxial stress condition at the square is as shown. Knowing that E =20 x 10'psi and v=0.30, determine the change in length of (a) side AB, (b) side BC, (0) diagonal AC. a7, = 6st SOLUTION FG - ¥G) = aire litre -00.20 Kone] 351.72 *1O-* & > EG - eG) rae [S71 -(o- 20K] = 82.76 “1O"* CQ) Syq = (ABLE = 00 10 857.72 10%) = 351.7 KIO in, « (oY See = (BE Jey = (00 ( 82.74 x/0°° ) = B2.3%10% in, «= (ey Ge )= fier + (Bey = iB, + Sy) + (ae, 4 sy)" ee afr + 352xiot) + (14 828 10°) = Lanse _ (AC), = Wa AC -(AC), = 307%10% in -= or use eadevdus as FobPous: B hable sides using a,b, and c as shown c cts a+b Pa Obtain differentials 26 de = 2ada+ Zbde From which de = Sda + Bae But a= L0om, be leo ing = 4a im daz Sug = BSn72x(0* in, b> See = 28x10 in Set de = BP (asi «07S )4 1B? (52.8. 1o*) = B07 KIS im, ~2.69. A |-in, square is scribed on the side of a large steel pressure vessel. After PROBLEM 2.70 pressurization the biaxial stress condition at the square is as shown, Knowing that E =29 x 10° psi and v=0.30, determine the change in length of (a) side AB, (8) side BC, (© diagonal AC. 2.10 For the square of Prob. 2.69, determine the percent change in the slope of diagonal DB duc to the pressurization of the vessel. 2, = 12 ksi SOLUTION & habeD sides a ane b as shown b The sfope is $F 2 a The shanae in sdope is Do ¢ eee ed from Pbterent - cadeu Sus _ adb-bda as _ Qadb-bda _ db_ da ds = a* oe Se EMG “bp a To change in stope = 48 100% de = Be = LG - Gy) ane [raxic® = (0.24\(6 x103)] = 351.72*10°% ab . & > ECSy- ve )> ae spit [ 6 xi - (0.20902 « 107] = 82.76 x10 * ds = 35).72«(0°¢- 82.76 «10% = 268.96 «lo Je change in shpe = 268.96 x10" + 0.0267 % -PROBLEM 2.71 .71 A fabric used in ar-inflated structures is subjected to a biaxial loading that results in normal stresses a, = 120 MPa and a, = 160 MPa. ng that the properties of the fabric can be approximated as £ = 87 GPa and v= 0.34, determine the change in length of (a) side AB, (b) side BC, (c) diagonal AC. SOLUTION 6, = 20x10 Pa, G = 0, 6 = Komlo* Pa & = EUG *G - ve) = Re? [iaomet - (0.34 Xicox0")] = 754.02 x10"¢ & = B(-26-v - +G)e aaioal swterl- (084X120 x10") + 160 «)0* ] = 13701 x1o® (a) Sy= (AB YE, = 100 mn) (754.02 «10° ) = 0.0754 mm - (bh) Spe = (BE) Ex = (TS mm C13 TON ITS Y= 0.1028 mam = (c) A *— 8 babed sides of vight triangle ABC as a,b, ande 2 b c= afta bt Obtain differentials by cadevtus 2e de = 2ada + 2b ab de= £da+Bdb But == 100 mm , da = Syq = 0.0754 mm Sue 2 ole = b= 100mm c= 100% 76>) = 125 mm ab = Sg = 0.1370 mm 1 (0.0784) + 1S. (0.1028) = 0.1220 mm mePROBLEM 2.72 2.72 The brass rod AD is fitted with a jacket that is used to apply an hydrostatic mike pressure of 48 MPa to the 250-mm portion BC of the rod. Knowing that E= 105 GPa, and v= 0.33, determine (a) the change in the total length AD, (6) the change in diameter of portion BC of the rod. SOLUTION 8 = £6, - Gy - v6) = joel 43x jo - ©.38\(0)-(0.33%48 x/0*)] = = 306.29 10° Ele +G -vG) 2 Teenie ]-G.as\eyes0c8) +O - (6,33. 43 «icF)] = = 801.71 x 10% (0) Change in demgth: — Onky portion BE is stvained. L= 240 mm Sys bey = (QUo X- 301.7] «Jo~) = - 0.0724 mm - (2) Change in diameter + A= SO mm Sez Sp = A & = (SOX: 306.29 K/0%) = — 0.0153) mm = 2.73 The homogeneous plate ABCD is subjected to a biaxial loading as shown. It is, PROBLEM 2.73 known that ¢; = g and that the change in length of the plate in the x direction must be F zero, thatis, ¢, = 0. Denoting by F the modulus of elasticity and by vPoisson’s ratio, determine (a) the required magnitude of 2, (b) the ratio @ / 4. 6, 8, G20, &0 62 FCS - VG - v6) = BG, -6,) () 6. = v& = nyt & 82> B(-2G% - 7G +6)= E(-2*G-0+6,)= ospaoereiea 2.74 For a member under axial loading, express the normal strain ¢ in a direction 7 : forming an angle of 45° with the axis of the load in terms of the axial strain ¢, by (a) comparing the hypothenuses of the triangles shown in Fig. 2.54, which represent respectively an element before and after deformation, (6) using the values of the corresponding stresses a ‘and g, shown in Fig. 1.40, and the generalized Hooke’s law. @ Fig 254 SOLUTION Fig 140. 0) 7 x~S 1 I-ve,| 1 V+ex (a) Before deformation After deformation (4eQeen]? = Cee C- ve)" 2Cl4 2ese)* 14 28, 4h al - 20k + r°e Yea ze = 2, +B - 2vee + ve” NegPect squares as smelt 4e' = 28 -2v& 7 ~~ 6 ; o eo) ‘Yy o 02.75 In many situations it is known that the normal stress in a given direction is zero, PROBLEM 2.75, for example ¢; = 0 in the case of the thin plate shown. For this case, which is known as plane stress, show that ifthe strains 4, and e, have been determined experimentally, ‘we can express 2, 0, and 4, as follows: pitts 8,4 ¥6, 0,2 bate o,= ; e+ = EG y= ES (e,+ 6) SOLUTION 6&=0 B= EUG -v6y) 82 EC-V On + G) Q@) MDtipPying a) by v and adding to (\) = Eye Vey = ET or Gy = Moltiplying (1) by v and adteling to (2) - ip 5 G =< B+ ve, = ER or & = Tayi By + VEx) = 4(- = = -2.£ @, x v6,- YG) oe Kale + vey +8y + Ey? = - LU+v) = < Clee) (Ey + &) ay Ce + By) 2.76 In many situations physical constraints prevent strain from occurring in a given PROBLEM 2.76 direction, for example ¢, = 0 in the case shown, where longitudinal movement of the rf long prism is prevented at every point. Plane sections perpendicular to the longitudinal axis remain plane and the same distance apart. Show that for the this situation, which is known as plane strain, we can express 0, &, and 6, as follows: o,=V(0,+0,) 1 1 ~~ 4,2 Bl-)e,- v4 )0,) = ZlA-¥)0,- 04 Ye.) @ 5, - vier oy] = 8 = Ev Grey - 6, )= E] 6, +6y - 2° GG )] =p Ld-2V6, - rev oy ] =2.77 Two blocks of rubber, each of width w= 60 mm, are bonded to rigid supports PROBLEM 2.77 and to the movable plate AB. Knowing that a force of magnitude P = 19 kN causes ‘deflection 6=3 mm, determine the modulus of rigidity of the rubber used. Consider upper bdock of rubber. The force carried ic EP, , rs iP h The sheanng : stress is awa wo - ts ‘4P Ser A (180 wm )(GOmen) = 10-8 41% wim = 10.8 1S m™ a where A = Pz IFx1Os N re Gan iot 2 0.87963x10% Pa 8 107 yr 2: AM = ooss7 =. he 2.873 *IOe = fo: G > ¥ > G03s74 = 10,26%108 Pa = 10.26 MPa «= 2.78 Two blocks of rubber, for which G= 7.5 MPa, are bonded to rigid supports and ee to the movable plate AB. Knowing that the width of each block is w = 80 mm, determine the effective spring constant, k = P/d, of the system. SOLUTION Consider the upper black of rubber. The force caveied is £P ALIS __ap Zz The shearing stress is le nes ap P w- Kk” a From whieh Pz 2A The shearing stratn is Yr. 2 from which $2 hY Effective spring constant — k= = : 2at Noting tht T= GT, ke 2aS = ano.1se Moote)(7.6+/0*) = GITxI0° N/m 6.179.108 kN/m =2.79 The plastic block shown is bonded toa fixed base and to.a horizontal rigid plate PROBLEM 2.79 to which a force P is applied. Knowing that for the plastic used G= 55 ksi, determine sul the deflection of the plate when P = 9 kips. 38K Consider the plastic block. The shearing Force caveied is Pe Fe10% Db, The avea is At (3.5)(5.5)= 19.25 in* Sheanng strain Y= = HEZ8% = 0, 0085006 -S- Bot Y= Ps S=hV= (22 V(0,008F006) = 0.0187 in, = PROBLEM 2.80 2.80 A vibration isolation unit consists of two blocks of hard rubber bonded to plate ‘AB and to rigid supports as shown. For the type and grade of rubber used fy = 220 psi and G= 1800 psi. Knowing that a centric vertical force of magnitude P= 3.2 kips must cause a 0.1 in. vertical deflection of the plate 4B, determine the smallest allowable dimensions a and b of the block. SOLUTION Consider the vobber block on the vight. It carries a Shearing force equal te ZP- The shearing stress is T= HE or required A= Bs SARIS - 7.2727 int But A =GoO)b Hence b = 4& 2 2.42 in ~ Use b= 242m ond VF 220 psi Shearing strain Y= € = BZ = 0.12222 * Bt 7-8 $ 0. ~S Ot . . Hence GQ = = = Saag 7 (0.BIB im, =< BatePROBLEM 2.81 2.81 An elastomeric bearing (G = 0.9 MPa) is used to support a bridge girder as shown to provide flexibility during earthquakes. The beam must not displace more than 10 mm when a 22 KN lateral load is applied as shown. Determine (a) the smallest allowable dimension b, (6) the smallest required thickness a if the maximum allowable shearing stress is 420 kPa. SOLUTION Shearing Force PF 22x10" N Shearing stress T > 420 v10" Pa rs ao a oto CE Ax Ee PRO 252,38) 115% m 5 52.38) *[(0* mm” A = (200 mm Cb) 3 b = AL = SABRE S262 wy 200 ‘goo Sn) reds ize = 466.67 10° But v2 nae & - ee = ae = PROELEMT Tar 2.82 For the elastomeric bearing in Prob. 2.81 with b = 220 mm and a = 30 mm, determine the shearing modulus G and the shear stress rfor a maximum lateral load P= 19 kN and a maximum displacement d= 12 mm, SOLUTION Shearing force P= 19 x10° N Area A = (200 mm )(220 mm) = YX IO" mene = 44x 1O$ ee EB. WHO. 431,81 x 10% Pa A Yaxie = 431 kPo = Shearing strain Vs & = 42 = 0.400 Shearing modulus ~ 2%, HB8txio* _ . Gra Sa = |.080«(o° Pa = 1.080 MR =PROBLEM 2.83 2.83 Determine the dilatation ¢ and the change in volume of the 200-mm length of the rod shown if (a) the rod is made of steel with £'=200 GPa and v= 0.30, (6) the rod.is made of aluminum with E = 70 GPa and v= 0.35. 22mm diameter 46KN 46kN SOLUTION [200 mm —| Az Rab= Eza} = 380-13 wm = 380.13 x) P= 46xi0*N &=Fs 121.01 «10% Pa 6 G20 &e2 FGx- 2G - EL)» & By 7 -ve, > - ve €= & +e + e.= HG, -1-vE,) =» EPS Vodume Ue AL = (380.13 mm (200 mn = 76.026 x10" mm? Aw: Ve © = (0-4 )Ci2i.o1 jot) _ 242 «10° @) steef: © = {0-4 C2101 AV = (16.026 «/0% (292 «10° ) = 1840. emm® lb) afminum? e€ = Losin onic") = SI9Kjo* AV = (76.026 w10* \(S19 «10% ) = 394 mm b AasPROELEM Za +#2.84 Determine the change in volume of the 2-in. gage length segment 4B in Prob. “ 2.68 (a) by computing the dilatation of the material, (b) by subtracting the original volume of portion 4B from its final volume. From PROBLEM 2.68 friekness = & in 20m E = 29x10* pac 00 i) y= 0.30 SOLUTION (2) A=(A)Ge)* 0.08125 in (b) Volume? Vey = Abe = (0.03/25)(2.00) = 0.0625 in® _ 2B . 600 Se KR * Dros . Be = ECG - 16, - VE) = Gee BH G62.07 x10" = 19.2 x12 psi 6 = 6, = 0 f= Fp 2 Vey = - (0.30)(662.07x10~ ) = - 198.62 *I0"% @ = Ey ty + BF 264.83 10% AY = Ure =(0,0625 (264.83 ¥10%) = 16.55 #1* in? = From the solution fe PROBLEM 2.68 Se = 1 B24 xIO* in, Sy = = 99. SHIT in By = IZM IO in The dimensions when under a 600 fb peusite foad ave! Aength Lz Lo+S, > 2+ 1.324 vO = 2.001324 in. width we Wet$,> b- 99.3K10% = 0.4999007 in, thickness t= totS,2 B-IZ4/*lO* = 6.06248754 in volume U2 Lwt= 0.06251653% in? AV = U-Uz = 0.062516539 - 0.0625 = 16.5410 jn =e*2.85 A 6-in. diameter solid steel sphere is lowered into the ocean to a point where PROBLEM 2.85, the pressure is 7.1 ksi (about 3 miles below the surface). Knowing that = 29 x 10° psiand v= 0.30, determine (a) the decrease in diameter of the sphere, (b) the decrease SOLUTION in volume of the sphere, (c) the percent increase in the density of the sphere. Fore solid sphere Us=E 4S = EF (6.00) = 113.097 ind Gy = Gy = 6 = -p = - hI 10” psi Eee EG. -v - 6) = = Wedel p = (0-4 VG.) 297.48 x10 ZA x10* Likewise € = &2 = ~ 97.98 xjo* CO &et e+e, = = 293.79 x10°° (a -Ad =-de &y = -(6.001( 97,973 10%) = 588 x1O~* ine Qe) -AV=-We = -(113.0470(-293.79% 10%) = 33.2v/0°% in? A b 2) het m= mass of sphere in = constants m= PV = PY = PU lire) = eoe™ GH) 2 ee) ope. Ll satay we! Te =s(leerse*-e74..-)- 1 = -@4e* 274... #%-e = 293.797«107% P7 fx 100% = (293.79 10°) (Joo %) = 0.0294 % =PROBLEM 2.86 ay ry = 58 MPa B= 105CPa 0 = 033 15mm V2 Ache? 766.06x 10" mm = 766.06 x/6°* m® (a) = 0 , Gy=-S8xKF Pa, GL =O & = £ (vy +S - 9G) = & < 7-25, = = 552.38 "15° Bh = heey = (13S mm )(- 552.38x10° ) = = 0.0746 mm -_ ~ Jezv = Udy Sy _ (0.34)-53 xIK) e (6, + 6y +6) = Py 165 *10% = = 187.81 x1O7° AV = Vee = (766.06(0% mn? CE 187.81x 10° o (b) 6 = ‘ aye Ble + Gy - 9G, ) = EEG _ (0.34\(-70x10*) -e = oro? ~ 226.6710 Ah = hoy = (185 mm \C 226.67%10°S ) = - 0.0306 mm ~ = l:’v ~ ©.34)(- 210x105) 7 e = (a+ y+ &) = NC 210 onl. ~ 80 x00 AV = Ue = (166.06 xl07 mm? (-6Z0K10° ) = - SZ mm? ~< > & = - 70%10% Pow 2,86 (a) For the axial loading shown, determine the change in height and the change in volume of the brass cylinder shown. (b) Solve part a assuming that the loading is hydrostatic with g, = @,= ¢, =~ 70 MPa. SOLUTION h,= 185 mm = 0.135 m Bor Fda = Blass 5.6745 x10 mm = STS HIS? mt 5 A-INS.9 wn met 6+ 6 + Op = - 210 10% PaPROBLEM 2.87 *2.87 A vibration isolation support consists ofa rod 4 of radius R, = }-in. anda tube B of inner radius R, = 1 in. bonded to a . 3-in.-long hollow rubber cylinder with a modulus of rigidity G= 1.8 ksi. Determine the largest allowable force P which may be applied to rod A if its deflection is not to exceed 0.1 in. SOLUTION let v be a rediad coordinate. Over the hoifow vubber cyfinder Rie VSR P Shearing stvess T achug on a cytindricad surface B oF radiusr is -2 22 Tex L The sheaning strain is v>& * aEhr Shearing deformation over vadiad bength dv : ae d8= Yar = ae, * Total deFormetion Ra P 2 dn 3= \ aS “ine { r ca hee - dn B) ~ 2nGh ane | ° mon P.- dn =f ® pe 2mGh$ “3G ze on ~ Qa (RR) Detat R= Zin = 6.8 in, R= hou, ht 30 in GF 184 psi, 3 = Ol in : Pe Ne IGG. eee = 3.46 to Me a4ekipsPROBLEM 2.88 SOLUTION Let v be o vadiad coordinate. vubber cylinder exp (1.8076) = 2.88 A vibration isolation support consists of a rod A of radius R, and a tube B of inner radius R, bonded to 2 3-in-long hollow rubber cylinder with a modulus of rigidity G= 1.6 ksi. Determine the required value of the ratio R/R, if if a 2-kip force Piis to cause a 0.12-in. deflection of rod A. Over the hotfow < Rover Shearing stress T aching on a tyDindnicad suvbace oF radsust is = anrh eg The shearing strain is -Z2_P v" © * gnéhe Shearing deformation over vadiad bensth dv as. ane aS: Yar Total dePormatior e, s= (“as Rk Ry | Pa ate dar le * iG (tn R= In BR) = —2_ anGh -—f 9p, 2 = aan Oo — CAmIIB.*Jo? 3.0 WO.12) © 7 Zxto> 1.8096 Teh P 6.11*2.89 A composite cube with 40-mm sides and the properties shown is made with PROBLEM 2.89 glass polymer fibers aligned in the x direction. The cube is constrained against deformations in the y and z directions and is subjected toa tensile load of 65 KN in the x direction. Determine (a) the change in the length of the cube in the x direction, (8) the stresses 0,, 0, and , Me, = 0.254 My = 0.954 Vay = 0.428 SOLUTION Stvess- fo - strain equations ave MseFy Vass The constraint conditions ave =O and & = g, Dsing (2) end (8) with the constraint conditions gives EG Bes BE isa ®y S24, on Gy - 0.4286, = 0.077216 O “BG + 225t 6 on -O.42BE, + ©, = 0.077816 6; Solving simoLtaneous dy Sy = 6, > 0.134993 6y Using CY ond GV in f= EO - BG - BE mK I 1 - Co. asa Yo.134993) - (0. 254 Yo. isis) 6 & 0.93142 S& A = (40)(40) = 1600 mm* = 1600 ~107* m* Sx 10% x= x . ieee = 40.625 x0" Pa continuedProblem 284 comhnved &= (0.93142 \yo.625 17) _ 256 a9 u0"* 50 «07 @) Sy= Lye = (Ho nm X756.78%10°) = 0.0303 mm = (6) 6) = 40.625410°Pa = 40.6 MPa =< 6y = S. = ©.134993 4.625 "10%) = 5.48 x10" Pa = 5.48 MPa =< *2.90 The composite cube of Prob. 2.89 is constrained against deformation in the z direction and elongated in the x direction by 0.035 mm due to a tensile load in the x direction... Determine (a) the stresses a, ¢,, and @, (b) the change in the dimension in the y direction. E,=S50CPa typ 0.254 E,=152GPa y= 0.2954 E,=152GPa vy = 0428 PROBLEM 2.90 SOLUTION wo @) Constraint condition Load conti tion Fi tien ¢ -= z rom equation (3) Orme & +E So a ® 6): De Ex. &, = (o.2s1\Cs.2) = 0.077216 6y Ex continuedProblem 2.90 cortinued From equation (1) with aye &= EG - = A - Ee, z le,- 0.2546, | = éli- (ve. 254 Co. 077216)] Ox 0.98084 & Ex * = Ex x Sy = 0. 98034 Bot & = = = 2.085 mm -¢ Yomm = 87510 0.480349 6 =o , ~ Be £ - Frow (@) ys B46, +E Oy - HO = -€SH)(44.625 10°) 4G — (0-42B)(3.446x109) SO x1O* IS.Q¥*104 = — 323.73 xJo* Sy = Ly & = Womn- 323.78 410°) = ~ 0.0129 mm @) 6s (s0ri0% Mars x 108) _ uy eas «10% Pa = 44.6 MPa B0- my 3k-Ckv = 264 26v 3K-26 = 26+¢K yp = 3k = 26 - Ck+ 262.93 Two holes have been drilled through a long steel bar that is subjected to a centric axial load as shown. For P= 6.5 kips, determine the maximum value of the stress (a) at A, (b) at B. PROBLEM 2.93 SOLUTION @) Athode A w= gd = hin a= 3-k = 2.50 Ant = dt = (250UZ) = 1-25 inX 72 6S - Shon * Fae Pas FSR kei Ee ea = 0.10 From Fig 2640 K= 2.70 Bre = Kim = (2-7005.2) > 14.04 ksi = (ey Al hole B r= F(S)= 0.75, d= 3-15 = 1.5 is Ane = dt = SNE) = 0.5 ie Ge BE = 8.067 ksi © Aut 0.75 ~ OS . = . te 2B sas Fron Fig 64a Ke 2/0 Snax? KGnm = (210X867) = 18.2 dest < 2.94 Knowing that 4 = 16 ksi, determine the maximum allowable value of the centric axial load P. PROBLEM 2.94 SOLUTION At hode A vedk= az 3-4 = 250 in Dnct = dt = (250K) = 125 im* Bett 20.10 Fron Fig %C4a, K=270 in fe) a “250 -kKe. : Coe .25)06) _ . Cuan KE pe AgGen, (2516) Z4l kips At hole B r= 4(lS)= 0.7Sin, d= 3-15 = 1.5 in Ant = dt = (5 4) = 0.75 in, G+ 2-08 Fron Fig 2.64a K= 2.10 LIV) = 5.41 kips = Ant Soar P= K - le Smabber value for P contvods P= S11 kips =2.95. Knowing that, for the plate shown, the allowable stress is 125 MPa, determine the maximum allowable value of P when (a) r= 12 mm, (6) r= 18 mm. PROBLEM 2.95 { SOLUTION A= (GOS) = 900 me = 400 «107% m™ Dy. ow _ dimcoes 2.00 LL inn (a) WIZZ OE + OR eS Fron Ferg. 2.64 b Ka 192 Cay a KE pz AG. (200 wo Varro) se 6 viotw K TZ 15 mm = $8.3 KN =< fe Jom 2 0.30, Fron Fig 2.646 Ke 1.75 = (bY VF (8mm, a> Comm (12x 10% = Capoxio* 12s) cy got = C43 KN - AGu, Pe ee = ras 2.96 Knowing that P = 38 KN, determine the maximum stress when (a) r= 10 mm, (r= 16mm, (c)r=18 mm. PROBLEM 2.96 SOLUTION A = (GoXIS) = 900 wm™ = 100 X10% m* D = 120mm _ gq 7 Gan = 200 Women = ) Pe10mm B= Wer = 0.1667 . From Fig 204% = K = 206 Come = SE (2.06)(38x108) op Crags = qo 710 87.0x10° Pa = 87.0MPa =e OY Pe lem Fs BE 2 0.2667 From Fig 2.64 b = 1.78 = (0.783818). tp Snes ® “S50 x 1O* TS.2x10° Pa = IS2MPa SBE = 0.0517 Te ‘ Ant = dt = Ca. 625X %) = I 3544 int dk Fron Fig 2G4a Kiwe = 2-82 = Kee P Gna Anet @. (1.3894 KIS) _ . (ey Pz AptGae = (BSHKIS) 27.25 ips = (a) For lie D=4in, d= 25in B= £2 = 1.60 =z dt = (25X)= 0.9375 in® Cnc = eat P s Keset = Aas, Sue Lome ie) = 144s From Fig 2048 Beary: te 017A =(0.171(25)* 0.48 in 2.98 For P = 85 kips, determine the minimum plate thickness ¢ required if the PROBLEM 2.98 allowable stress is 18 ksi. SOLUTION At the hofe: Wt din a= BZ-1O =1Z in , he tee oun From Fig 264 a K = 2.22 -KP . KP. = KE Smwc? Ree 7 QE 7 bt ee ~ (2.22 (8-5 . t+ 2G. 0.87 in M He fifet D=22im, ape ein Ds 2h 2 1.375 fa= ¥ = 0.876 in B- GIS = 0.2344 : - KE _ Ke Fron Fig 2.64b K = 1-70 Gun? KE = HE 2 KP L aoa) ; > eG Ue TOS The Jarger vadue is the vequived mini mum plate thickness t= O.87 in2.99 (a) Knowing thatthe allowable stress is 140 MPa, determine the maximin “llowable magnitude of the centric load P. (6) Determine the percent change in the a vcimumn allowable magnitude of P if the raised portions are removed at the ends of the specimen, PROBLEM 2.99 SOLUTION D. 7 = . Gr. Q 7 Soon * 1s G > Som ~ Coie From Fig 2.64 & Ke 210 Ben = Ed # USMGOY F750 mw = 750 x1 m™ @ Char SE pe Aspe 2 (ISRHIC WON) «Sonic? " - = 50 kN —_ (b) Without yaised section = 1.00 P= Mein Seac? (750%18* Vito 110°) = 1oS¥|O* = 105 kN Jo change = (LES) x loom = 110% =< : 2.100 A centric axial force is applied to the steel bar shown. Knowing that Oa is PROBLEM 2.100 135 MPa, determine the maximum allowable load P. ~ 15mm SOLUTION At the hoe: We Tmm d= FO-1B= TR mm $20.25 From Pig2cta K= 2.65 Mee 2 tal = US VCR 1,08 1107 mm = 1.08 x07 180m Sue « KE y= 10mm Ana ss Pp: Act Soe = (LOBE MUSED - 55x10" N - SS kN At the Siffet Ds: 120 wm, d= 9 me, 2 = #2 = 1.333 rz Jom = f= go = 21M Fron Fig 264b Kz 202 Ram 2 Ea = USV40) #1. BSHIO wee = 1.35 *107* m™ = Ain Orme _ Ge r* “) p= Asi Gee - 1.85 x1o° IBS x10 = 9o¥ldN * 90 kW SmeaMer vale for P controds P= SS kN =PROBLEM 2.101 2.101 The 30-mm square bar AB has a length = 2.2 m; itis made ofa mild steel that IT is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and a, = 345 MPa. A force P is applied to the bar until end 4 has moved down by an amount d,. Determine the ‘maximum value of the force P and the permanent set of the bar after the force has been removed, knowing that (2) 4,= 4.5 mm, (b) 4,= 8 mm. SOLUTION A = (800(30) = 900 mm = 900 x/0"% . = b& . YE3¥S x108) _ 2 ras Sy = hey = SF s 700 13" = 3.795% 10° = 3.195 mm IF Sn > Sy Pr = AG, = (400 x10 X345v10') = B10. onto N Undodting S' = Fel St = Sy 3.795 mm S = S.-S' @) Sn2 4.5mm > Sy P= 3/0.5*/0°N = 810.5 kN = Spon = 45am — B.79S mer = 0.705 mm _ tb) 3.2 Ban > Sy Pat BlO.S ION = BIOS kw = Sp = 8.0mm ~ 3.795 mm = h20T mm i PROBLEM 2,102 2.102 The 30-mm square bar AB has a length L = 2.5 m; it is made of mild steel that IT > is assumed to be elastoplastic with £ = 200 GPa and ay = 345 MPa. A force P is applied to the bar and then removed to give it a permanent set , Determine the ‘maximum value of the force P and the maximum amount , by which the bar should be stretched if the desired value of 4, is (a) 3.5 mm, (6) 6.5 mm. SOLUTION A = (o)(30) = %oO mm™ = Joox107% m* Sy= Le, = Se = svaueao) FWRI wm = 4.8125 mm ls When | Sn exceeds Se, thus producing a permanent stretch of Sp, the maximum force "W's , P= AGY = (900 “10° V(ads¥ 0%) © 310.S¥ION = Blo. kN = Spr Sa-S' = S,- 9 2 Sn = Spt Sy @) Spt 3.5 mm Sm? SS mm + 4.3125mm = 78) mm — (b) Sp = 6.5 mm Sat E.Smnt 4312S mm = 10.81 min =PROBLEM 2.103 2.103 Rod AB is made of a mild stee! that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 29 X 10° ksi and a = 36 ksi. After the rod has been attached 10 a rigid lever CD, it is found that end C is }-in. too high. A vertical force Q is then applied at C until this point has moved to position C’. Determine ‘the required magnitude of Q and the Ueflection 4; ifthe lever is to snap back to a horizontal position after Q is removed. SOLUTION Since the ‘rod AB is to be stretched permanently, the peak force inthe rod is P= Py, whens Py» Aby= HE) (sc) = 3.976 Kips Referring the Free body Avaqvan of fever CD IM,= 0 a3Q-2P=0 Q: Hp BQgA = 265 kp =e Doving ondoading, the springheck at B is Se= Las&y = bar = (goXsss@) 0.0746 vin From the deformation diagram Shpe 6= S82 fee B= FB Sq= ONT ine 2,103 Rod AB is made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 29 % 10° ksi and a = 36 ksi. After the rod has been attached to a rigid lever CD, it is found that end Cis }-in. too high. A vertical force Q is then applied at C until this point has moved to position C’. Determine the required magnitude of Q and the deflection 6, if the lever is to snap back to a horizontal position after Q is removed. 2.104 Solve Prob. 2.103, assuming that the yield point of the mild stee! used is 50 ksi. SOLUTION Since the vod AB is to be stretehed permanently, The peak Force ca the vod is Pe Py, where R= AGE HRV S0)= 5.522 kips, Referring to the Free body ctiag ram oF fever CD EM,2o B8Q-22P =O a: Pe = Ga \S5z2) . 3.cRkps =a Dering unfoading, the speing back ot B is Se = Lae fy = ban. A60\(Soni8) = 9.1034 in 49 x 10 From the deformahion fiagram Sloe © = B= EH . SL= HB Ser O.15Ain —ePROBLEM 2.105 2.105 Rods AB and BC are made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and a = 345 MPa. The rods are stretched until end has moved down 9 mm. Neglecting stress concentrations, determine (a) the maximum value of the force P, (b) the permanent set measured at points A and B after the force has been removed. SOLUTION em [Emenee Ay t Flo.oasl*® ge2inc“et Age Blaoust = 1.stoves tt QD) Pree = AnnSy = (962.1 15*) (345 "10") = 881.93 %/O7N = 332 kN Sd “ 7 ~ B Pl L L atm |f-ssmaimeer (6) Spring back §"= Pat + Eg > E(t + be) gi 331.98 108 0.8 + 12 ) 200 «10% Fe2.1 xjore 1.$ 904 x 1o°$ = 263 xIsm = 268 At pot A Spt Su-S' = Gmm- 263mm = 6.37 me =a At pent B: Mo yielding in BCS hence Spero -_ PROBLEM 2,106 2.108 Rods AB and BC are made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and a = 345 MPa. The rods are stretched until end has moved down 9 mm. Neglecting stress concentrations, determine (a) the maximum value of the force P, (6) the permanent set measured at points 4 and B after the force has been removed, 2.106 Solve Prob. 2.105, assuming that the yield point of the mild stee! used is 250 45-mm diameter MPa, SOLUTION Ara > F (0.085)"= 9621x106 m, Age = HO.018) = 1.590410 m (2) Prue = Ann OF = (462.1 x0" )(a50x)0*) = 240.53xIN = 24) KN - (> Sprrgbece $'= Ep Bit «Fla +h) wa E Rk gi = 249.53%107/_0.8 ROOKIO% \ Fer. 1 xjO-* io 733) = 1.908 x (0% m = 1-908 mm At point A Sp= Sy-S' = Fmm= 908 mm * 7.09 mm = At pont 1, no yielding in BCs hence Sp =O =PROBLEM 2.107 2.107 Each of the three 6-mm-diameter steel cables is made of an elastoplastic . Taterial for which d= 345 MPa and E= 200 GPa. “A force P is applied to the rigid tar ABC until the bar has moved downward a distance 62mm. Knowing that the cables were initially taut, determine (a) the maximum value of P, (6) the maximum Stress that ocours in cable AD, (c) the final displacement of the bar after the load is removed. (Hint: In part c, cable BE is not taut.) SOLUTION For each cable A= E(0.006)' = 28.274%10° pw Strain od initio yielding &, 34s x 10% 7 ey = B= goonies 7 LAS” Stvein in cables AD and CFE fay = Eee (2 = SSeS NEI Stearn im coble BES Ege? & = 2 = 250x107 Since So < Ey, Sao FEam = (700 wlOMM1ASHIS®) = 25011 Pa Since Eee 7 Ey, See= Or * B4S*10° Pa. Forces! Pao = Pee = A Sto = (28,274«10*)( ASO x1O*) = 7.0685 »IO" N Pac = AGze = (28.274 x10 \(s4sxio®)= 9. 154Sx10° N For equidibrion of bar ABC Part Pact Pe -P = 0 (@) P= Pat Part Pee = (7.06854 7.7545 + 7.0685 )xl0* N = 23.9 ¥lo? N = 43.9 UN (be) Sip = 25OK10% Pa = ASO MPA « After unfoading P=0o Coble BE is not tet Pee =O By symmetry Pao = Re For equidibriom Pao = Re = © ©) — Finad disphacemed § is combroDled by the Final Jengths of cobfes AD and CE. Since thesecables were never permanently deformed, the Final displacement is S= Sw = Sep 7 O <PROBLEM 2.108 2.107 Each of the three 6-mm-diameter stee! cables is made of an elastoplastic ” ‘material for which oy = 345 MPa and E=200 GPa. A force P is applied to the rigid bar ABC until the bar has moved downward a distance 6= 2 mm. Knowing that the cables were initially taut, determine (a) the maximum value of P, (5) the maximum stress that occurs in cable AD, (c) the final displacement of the bar after the load is removed. (Hint: In part c, cable BE is not taut.) 2.108 Solve Prob. 2.107, assuming that the cables are replaced by rods of the same cross-sectional area and material. Further assume that the rods are braced so that they can carry compressive forces. SOLUTION For each rod A = B(0.006)" = 28.274 xIO* mt ‘ Strain at initial yielding By = Se= BS. 1725 x10 Strain in rods AD and CF: & = Ey = B= 2m 2 ae io? Les O0nm Strain in vod BES fe= B= BPs 2.5010? Since Ex < & , Gi = Elm = (200KI0M I. 25x10%) = 250 «10° Pa Since Ege > Ey » See = Sy = 345x105 Po Forces: Pro = Pee = AGno = (28.2040 )(250x10°) = 7.0685 x Ic* N Poe = AGae = (28. 274x10°S (34S x10%) = 9.7545% /0°N For equidibriom of bar ABC Prot Peet Pe- P= 0 @) P= Pot Pe t Re = (20685 + 9.7545 + 7.068S)xIOM = 23.9kN oe ) Gy = 250 «10° Pa = 250 MPa = het S'= change in displacement during unloading . 7 a + . ’ Pos EAs = Uoeno"IG8-IMWO) 5+. 5 seuss 5’ = Ry . - Ri = EA gi = (200%10" (28.274 xI0 ds = 7.0685 x Jo® §* B00 xto- For equifiheium P's Po + Pal + Pl = 14.137 «108 §! Bot =O Pl= P= 23.8¢«I0? 1413) x0" 1.690 x07" wm Permanent displacemert oP baw Srinet > Swag S'= Zxlo™ - 1.690xI5* = 0.810 x07 mn = 0.310 mm —_2.109 Rod AB consists of two cylindrical portions AC and BC, each with a cross- sectional area of 1750 mm?. Portion AC is made ofa mild steel with £ = 200 GPa and @=250 MPa, and portion ge is made of a high-strength steel with E = 200 GPa and @, = 345 MPa. A load P is applied at C as shown. Assuming both steels to be a elastoplastic, determine (a) the maximum deflection of C if P is gradually increased from zero to 975 kN and then reduced back to zero, (b) the maximum stress in each 190mm portion of the rod, (c) the permanent deflection of C. PROBLEM 2.109 SOLUTION Displacement ot C te cause yielding of AC 190 mm Lee OF (0. 190)(250x/0") 3° : See L, Eyre = amen 5 Joo «107 = 0.2375*IO om L Es Corresponding Force Fre = A Oye = (1750%10° JQsox io") = 437.5 “108 N Fy 2- EAS: (200 w10* X1750 #10 10.2315 IS") _ ce = = 437.5 *10" N Leo 0.190 Fe oe equidibeion of element at C ¢ Te Fro -CRigtR)2O 9 R= F~ Faye 875 10° N feat P Since applied Dead P= 97S xION > B2SxIO WM, portion AC” yields. Fog = Pe - P= 437,510" - 97S *10°N-= - $37.5 18M _ - Bales, (537.5x)0°)(0.N90) . 3 (a) = ER? * aver 50 +10") = 0.29179 %1O m = 0.2972 mm = (bo) Mayimun stresses Gag? Oyen = 280 MPa = 5 - mo? 2 8 ie ae Sat GE +> GREE! = - so7. wi" Pye 307 HPa me (c) DeSdection and Forces For unfoading 1 Faclne _ _ Rg - -giie .-g! P= 978x107 = Pl- Poo = 2Pe Pl = 487.510" N 1, (487.8 10% ONO) 3 * (Goo x10 (ITSO x10™ 7 = O26 GH x JO Om Spt Sn - 8! = 0.28I7I MO ~ O.2CNGIS® = 0.02715 x10 m = D.O27 mm —=2109 Rod AB consists of two cylindrical portions AC and BC, each with a cross- PROBLEM 2.110 sectional area of 1750 mm’. Portion AC is made of a mild steel with E= 200 GPa and = 250 MPa, and portion 8¢ is made of a high-strength steel with £ = 200 GPa and % = 345 MPa, A load P is applied at C as shown. Assuming both stecls to be elastoplastic, determine (a) the maximum deflection of C if P is gradually increased T me from zero to 975 KN and then reduced back to zero, (b) the maximum stress in each 190mm portion of the rod, (c) the permanent deflection of C. 2.110 For the composite rod of Prob. 2.109, if P is gradually increased from zero Until the deflection of point C reaches a maximum value of 3, = 0.3m and then decreased back to zero, determine, (a) the maximum value of P, (8) the maximum 190 mm stress in each portion of the rod, (c) the permanent deflection of C after the load is |i removed. SOLUTION Displacement af C is Sm= 0.30mm. The corves poncling styrene are = Se . 0.30mm -3 Ee = PE = S80" = 1. 5789 x10 ~ Sm 2 _ 0.80 mm _ _ -3 Ece* ~ ES = ~ (G22 2" = - 1.5789 x10 Strains ot intial yiefaling Sere _ _250x10% : . -s ay Eyac = SB = SRO F125 x10 (yiekdiing) ‘ 2 Byen + Saw. BUSHIOE - r25Hjo* — (elastic) (a) Forces: = AG, = (1780 w10™* Masdxio*) = uazex)o% Fg = EAE, = (200x10°)(17S0 x10 (= 1.578410" ) ~552.6 «10! For equi dibvion oF efement at C Fie- Fee- P= 0 Pe Fe - Feo = 432.5 «10% 562.6x/02 = 990.1 x 108 N= T9OKN we (b) Stresses? AC Cu = Sure = 250 MPa = Fe. 2.6 108 CB Ga > a e - FER CHE! = 310x108 Pa. = ~816 MPa a (C) DeFDection and Forces for onfouel na Pelac . Plgles . pl. _ pile _ at le Ren eon Pre Pop Re = APL 990.1 NM = Pls uarosmoty ©. UISosx10") (0,190) -2 5 (200 lOTNNCIISO xJO™) = O° LBM HL" m = 0.26874 men -_= se Sp = Sm- 5! = 0.30 mm - 0.26874 mm = 0.08) mm =<2.411 Two tempered-stee! bars, each %;-in. thick, are bonded to a + ~in. mild-steel bar. This composite bar is subjected as shown to centric axial load of magnitude P. Both steels are elastoplastic with E = 29 * 10° psi and with yield strengths equal to 100 ksi and 50 ksi, respectively, for the tempered and mild steel. The load P is gradually increased from zero until the deformation of the bar reaches @ maximum value d, = 10.04 in, and then decreased back to zero, Determine (a) the maximum value of P, (b) the maximum stress in the tempered-stec! bars, (c) the permanent set after the load is isin. removed. PROBLEM 2.111 SOLUTION For the midd steed A, AX2) = 1.00 mS 5, = -& - Q4Gsoxio?) a) E = a . = = Toe 0.024138 in. For the tempered ste? A, > 2(% a) = O.7S int 6. - bre _ WYG00x~tH) - 9.043276 in E 24 ¥10% Tate eee een Ne ees Skin Sa < Su < Sn The mild steed yields. Tempered steed & elastics (@) Forces P, = A, Sy = (.00)(Soxlo*) = SO x10? db. p, = EAB - Genito . ¢2.14 r10* P= Pa PRe U2iyxlo* te = 2.1 kps «< e) Stresses 6, = BL = Gy = Sows! psi = SD kes o> B= £2.14 nie? 22.86210% psi = 8286 ksi Lo PL _ Cao 04) _ . EK "Ge IS) > 0.03094 in UnDoadi ng s' (C) Permanent set Spt Sm-S' = 0.04 - 0.03044 = 0,00906 iw2.111 Two tempered-steel bars, each in. thick, are bonded to a }--in. mild-steel PROBLEM 2.112 bar. This composite bar is subjected as shown to a centric axial load of ‘magnitude P. Both steels are elastoplastic wit th £=29 x 10° psi and with yield strengths equal to 100 ksi and 50 ksi, respectively, for the tempered and mild steel 2.112 For the composite bar of Prob, 2.111, ifP is gradually increased from zero to ‘98 kips and then decreased back to zero, determine (a) the maximum deformation of is the bar, (6) the maximum stress in the tempered-steel bars, (c) the permanent set after a the load is removed. SOLUTION Areas? Mild stee? A, = YR) = J.00 int Tempeveci steed A.= 2(% (2) = 0.75 int ToteRt A= A +AL = 175 iat Total Force to yield the mid steed Cate gE = Pee AGy, = U75 60-10%) = £7.50 x10" db, P> Pr, tHerefure mtd steed yields. het P,= force carnted by mild steel P2 = Fore cared by tempered steer P= A,G, = U00)(S0x10%) = Soxio* Db. PeR= Pl, Re PR 9x0 Sonic? = usrjo* A, @ SS, BL _ Gaxio?) (4) : — .0. in, = EAs *(a4vjor (0.75) * 2-09090 =~ BL 48x? _ 3 . . (6 = Se Bes eyyid = 64 kei ~ . 1. PL. G@exot Ga) _ Uefouting S's ER * Gawio® C176) = 0.02703 i, a Se = S.- S' = 0.03070 ~ 0.02708 = 6.00387 in =PROBLEM 2.113 2,113 Bar AB has a cross-sectional area of 1200 mm* and is made of a steel that is ries assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and a = 250 MPa. Knowing that the force F increases from 0 to 520 KN and then decreases to zero, determine (a) the permanent deflection of point C, (b) the residual stress in the bar. i SOLUTION le = 120 mm | 2 we a ye A = 1200 mm? = 1200%xIO m Farce te yield portion AC + Phe AS, = (1200 x10 )Gso x108) = 300 x1039N Pre 2, <| SF ~ For equifibvun F + Pog Pa 7 © Py = Pen- Fe 300xi0- 520%” = - 220x10" N ge = - Eiger - (Oxi onto -0.120) = 0.293338 15* m EA (200 110 *)(03200 x10-*) = fe, 220x108 2 < 6a = K-* ig00 mo 183. 383 X10" Pa Unfoading giz Pale 2 Pale = (F> PA dbes ° ER EA EA b (oe Vk = Flee fe (eR * ea) “ERT Pre = Fles . (520x103 )(ow4o 20.120) _ 378.1824" N Lac + lea O.4tO Rel = Pad F = 878.1810 S20nto® = =141. 818 x10" N ‘ 3 Gre = tee 7 STB AIe = 3IS.1S2 xJo® Fa. Sue = fe a 41 Bia x(or = 118,182 x/0° Pa + _ (378.182 )(0.120) _ 8409] x]O"> m Se Al (Roo x10) 200 x108) ~ ee ' = = Ste 0.293288 x1 = 0.139091 xIT™ = 0.1042 x10" m cee " = 0.1042 mm N Fov equilibrium F + Pax - Pac = © a “LF Pea = Fe F = B00xl0*- S20 x10 - 220 x10* N Se - Pog bea _ (220%109(0.440 - 0.180) _ -s - 0. 238333 *107* m EA (200 x109)(1200 x1o“*) 6, = Be = -_220x/0% goer os 7 7 123.383 x10° Pa Un toad ing t 2 Prellac ._ PRalles _ (F-Prcdles | "(bee , bee) = Fb SF “ERS FER ER: Fre +) ER tl Flee (S20 «to? (0.440 - 0.180) 3 Pa tag 7 RS = 307.278 x10" H Pea = PL-F = 302.273 «10°- S20 10> = -212.727*18 N 4 = {307.273 x/0? )(0.180) Pe = 53 Qoox10*)(iz00 Kio*) ~ 0.230455 xI0* m Gad = Fae! = 307.273 xl0 * = 256.061 x)0° Pa 1200 *jO7e +. Be _ ~212.727«107 ee o Sea A goo ore 7 7 'ITT-R73 x10 P CQ) Sip = So- Se) = 0.232333 x15 0,230456K/07 = 0.00788 x10! in = 0.00788 mm =a oY Gms = Se-Gl = 250«10*- 256.06/n10*= = 6.06x/0% Pa = -6.06 MPq —< Gare = Sig> Sig = ~ 132288 x10 + 177.273 KIS = = 6.06 x10 Pa = 76.06 MPa =e2,111 Two tempered-steel bars, each %-in. thick, are bonded to a + -in. mild-steel PROBLEM 2.115 bar. This composite bar is subjected as shown to a centric axial load of magnitude P. Both steels are elastoplastic with = 29 10° psi and with yield strengths equal to 100 ksi and 50 ksi, respectively, for the tempered and mild steel 2,115 For the composite bar of Prob. 2.111, determine the residual stresses in the ‘tempered-stee! bars if Pis gradually ‘increased from zero to 98 kips and then decreased Bin back to zero. SOLUTION Areas? Midd steed Ay= (RCA) = 100 Tempered steed Ag ® (XiXa) = 0.75 in* Toteh: A= A, +A, = 175 in® Toted force te yield the midd steed 6y = Pe Be AGy = G.isXSonc) = 37,5010" Hb, P> Rs therefore mild steed yiedels het Bot force convied by mild steel PL force carried by tempered stee/ P= A, &%, = (00050 10%) = 50108 Ab. R+iReP, P= PB = axIS- Sono” = 4gxjo° bb. 3 s 6, = BH - He 2 G4xlo® pst 2" Rk 0.1 e 3 UnJoading 6'= = = “ele = S6v10" psi Residual stresses mild steed Syren = OF - OF SO KUO - SEX1O* = -6 x10" par 2-6 ke tempered steed Siw, = 1-8 = 64 xJo*- SEKlO* = Bxitpsi = B ket ~=2.111 Two tempered-steel bars, each 7 -in. thick, are bonded to a $-in. mild-steel bar. This composite bar is subjected as shown to a centric axial load of magnitude P. Both steels are elastoplastic with £=29 10° psi and with yield strengths equal to 100 ksi and 50 ksi, respectively, for the tempered and mild steel PROBLEM 2.116 “2.116 For the composite bar in Prob. 2.111, determine the residual stresses in the tempered-stee! bars if P is gradually increased from zero until the deformation of the bar reaches a maximum value 6, = 0.04 in. and is then decreased back to zero. SOLUTION For the mild steed A, = 4X2) = 1.00 nt a (4)(50x107) SE * 3axtoe Zaxioe = O-OR4138 in For the tempered stee? A, = 2682) = 0.75 in® Sv = LGn F {oo 10") > 0.048276 in Tota) area: A= Av+ Al = 1.95 in* Sn < Sn< Sr The miSd steed yields. Tempered steel is eiastic. Forces Pi = AGy = U.00XSoxJo*) = SOx10° Ab P= EAS. = (B4105V(0.75)(0.04) _ 62.14 «Io? dk ‘4 Stresses S = f = Gy = 50x10 psi * 6 & = SEN x10" ~ 82.2610" psi UnDoading 6'= a > Rt 64.08 r10% ps: Residual stresses Gunes = 6 - 6' = Soxjo*-64.08%/0° = - 14. 08x07 ps = - 14.08 Ks: Sires = OL- O's 82.8618 - C4.08x%l0* = 18.78 x(0? er = 18.73 kst =Of 2.117 A uniform steel rod of cross-sectional area 4 is attached to rigid supports and is unstressed at a temperature of 8°C. The steel is assumed to be elastoplastic with a = 250 MPa and G=200 GPa. Knowing that a= 11.7 x 104/°C, determine the stress A B in the bar (a) when the temperature is raised to 165°C, (6) after the temperature has returned to 8°C, = SOLUTION PROBLEM 2.117 Determine temperature change to cause yielding 8 =~ Fe + Lala) = -S + LadT)= 0 (AT)y = & = aes es = 106.838°C Bot AT = 165-8 = 187°C @) Yielding occurs = 6 =-G, = - 250 MPa —_ Cooking (aT)! = 187°C siz spesps -Eb +loury = 0 6’ = 2 = ~ Ea(aT)’ = —(200 w107 11.7 x10 C157) = - 367,38 x10° Pa (b) Bry 2 - Sy ~6! =~ 250xI0% + 367.38 x10% = 117.38 *10° Pa = 17.4 MPa -_=2.118 A narrow bar of aluminum is bonded to the side of a thick steel plate as PROBLEM 2.118 shown. Initially, at 7, = 20°C, all stresses are zero. Knowing that the temperature will be slowly raised to 7; and then reduced to 7,, determine (a) the highest temperature 7, that does ot result in residual stresses, (b) the temperature T, that will result in a residual stress in the aluminum equal to 100 MPa. Assume a, = 23.6 * 10°C for the aluminum and a= 11.7 * 104/°C for the steel. Further assume that the aluminum is elastoplastic, with E = 70 GPa and a= 100 MPa. (Hint: Neglect the small stresses in the plate.) SOLUTION Determine tempersture change 4e cause yielding Ss E& + LoaT), = Las(AT), Er © = -E@.-&) AT = -6 &y 100 «Joe 2) - Se os . OT) = Fea ey = Gon see) eR IiS (a) Tay = T,+AT)y= 20 + 120.68 = 140.082 = After yiedding s = Ss loyar) = Lalar) Cooling sis Fe bar) = La cary The vesrduat stress is Ga = S- Es 6 ~ Ela-as) (AT) Set Gr = ~ 6 ~6y = 67 - Elda We AT) ~ 2&8 - oo x10*) - ° AT = Fad)" GoworGar ia yey = 290.1"C ) T. = T+ AT = 20+ 20. = 260,1°C = Tf 7, > 260.87°C ) te afuminum bar will most Fikedy yield in compression.2119 The steel rod ABC is attached to rigid supports and is unstressed at a PROBLEM 2.119 temperature of 38°F. The steel is assumed elastoplastic, with oy =36 ksi and E=29 x 10° psi. The temperature of both portions of the rod is then raised to 250 °F. A=0.10in? = A= 1L0in? Knowing that @ = 6.5 * 10°/°F, determine (a) the stress in portion AC, (6) the deflection of point C. SOLUTION \eTin-r}-— 14 in. —-| Sem = Seap + Sear = O Ceonstvaint) Determine AT to cause yiedaing in AG. P ~ Pla - Ples + L,,0(AT) = 0 E Ane E Rew = L ie n= Seg le + 2) At yielding Po Ane Sy + Ane Sy (Lb, lee) - (0.70 36x10") 7 + (AT Lre E (% : ra) Fe a ee +) 192.785 °F Actua? AT = 250 - 38 = 212°F w > (AT), 2 yiedding occurs. Gre = - Gy = 736 ksi P= & = Ape = (864109 0.70) = 25.2 x10" th on ° u ~ Sen = aa ~ Lee HAT) 2 eee — (14 (4.510% )(aia) O.OIQITE - 0.01F29Q2 =-O.00TIIE in Se 0.007!2ine’ =e2.119 The steel rod ABC is attached to rigid supports and is unstressed at a PROBLEM 2.120 temperature of 38°F, The steel is assumed elastoplastic, with a = 36 ksi and F = 29 x 10° psi. The temperature of both portions of the rod is then raised to 250 °F. A=070@ A= Lot Knowing that a= 6.5 x 10*/°F, determine (a) the stress in portion AC, (6) the deflection of point C. 32.120 Solve Prob. 2.119, assuming that the temperature of the rod is raised to 250 [4 °F and then retuned to 38 °F. betta —14in—f SOLUTION e p Sea Semye + Same = © (constraint) =k Determine AT te cavse yieleling in AC. — Pl — Pl : FE. EA, +lasl(AT) = 0 — . _P te les\ _ Pp 7 4 AT = ea (z ‘ a) = Gamneneenes (as + is} = 6.0629 x0 P Ab yiedding Pee Oy Au = (36/08 (07) = 25:2x10 Mh (AT )y = (6.0629 x10 Was.2xiot) = 152. 786° Actual AT = 250-38 = 212°F > (AT), 2 yiedding pceor ss Gre = - BY = -36~10% pe =- = Plee ear) = (25:2x10" 4) 8014 Be =~ Sere = EAS - LecollAr) BRIOicoy MES «10°F M212) F 0.012176 ~ 0.019292 = - 0.007116 in . Te aig ° 1. _4T ~ 2 GooBing ATS ante pte = ols . AT“ _ BIZ _ P'S Goctmos = Coemvies = 34.967 10° Mh, (©) Residual stress in AC ’ 3 Srejres =~ & > = = Bend + Sterno = 18.98 vio" psi = 13.95 ksi = 827-8. =-Bbe sy Logan “3 = ~ 4.962 x18 KY) Pa * ~ GoCroe* (HVGasxe QR) = = 0.016881 + 0.019292 = 0.00241) in Sap = Se +8 = ~ 0.0076 + 0.002411 = ~ 0.00471 tn 0.0047] in < =2.121 The rigid bar ABC is supported by two links, AD and BE, of uniform 37.5x6- PROBLEM 2.121 am rectangular cross section and made of a mild stec! that is assumed to be elastoplastic with E = 200 GPa and a, = 250 MPa. The magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 260 KN. Knowing that a= 0.640 m, determine (a) the value of the normal stress in each link, (b) the maximum deflection of point B. SOLUTION q Statics: EFM, 2O 0.640(Q-Pe)- 2.64 Pig =O Deformation = $42 2.640, Sp=20= 0.640 O R Pp. Elastic Analysis: AFio 4G x (37.5 )(6) = 205 mm” = RUEKIO ms Py = EAs 5, = Boones Maas aos 226.47 11S, ete Q a GenniotXa0e 6) = 67.88x/0° © 6 She = Se + 310.6 x10" © 5L¥ E (q000"Y(225"10%) 5 ‘ Pre = Eas: ie Sp = 45x10" Sy = (450% )(0.640 ©) = 28.80 xI0° See = fm = 123 %/076 From Stabies Qt Peet 2S Pro = Pret 4125 Pao = [28.30 «108 + (4.1251(69.88%108) 16 = 317-06 «10% 8 Q at yielding of Pink AD Bap > Sys 250mIO' = 310.6 +107 O Q, = 804.89 x10 ~6 = (317.06 x10° (804.89 10"*) = 255.2 x10% N Sine @z 260x107 > Qe, Pink AD yields. Sy = 250 MPa =a Pit ASy = (22510 Masoxto*) = 56.25 %10°N From Sttics Pee? Qu 4125 Pao = 260 x10 4.125 (56.25% 10") : Proc = 27.97 *10°N Gaz = Be. 22ari? = 124.3 r1o* Pq = 124.3 MPa = Pecbee (27.97 xI08 (io) 6 Si PHC tS? = 621.53 "10° m Se “ER © (200 10 \(Q25*10-* ) oa UZ 0.622 mm ~2.121 The rigid bar ABC is supported by two links, AD and BE, of uniform 37.5%6- Jp PROBLEM 2122 Fy rectangular cross section and made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with £ = 200 GPa and a = 250 MPa. The magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 260 kN. Knowing that a = 0.640 m, determine (a) the value ofthe normal stress in each link, (6) the maximum deflection of point B. 2.122 Solve Prob. 2.121, knowing that a = 1.76 m and that the magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 135 KN. Q SOLUTION Stohes! ZMe=O 1.76(Q~R-Z.04P,, =o Deformehion? S,= 2640, Sg= 1.78 d ta Edastic Analy sis 6 A = (37.5)(6) = 225 mm™ = 225K107° m* s_ == Pe 54 = CsEagne2s 0) 5, «zc 5 = (QC.H47xJ0* )Q.646) = 67.88 xJ06 O Go = Be + 310.6 x/0" 6 Pre = EAs, = {00 «10*)(za5 110") Sq = HSH Se = (4SwI0 01.76 6) = 79.210 6 See = ‘e = 352/078 From Statics @= Pact $42 Py = Pas + 1.500..Pro = [73.8 «108 + (e500 Xor.88 108) JO = 178.62 ~/0% 6 Oy ot yiebdling oF Pink BE Gee = Sy = 250 “lO = 352x)J0" Oy = 710.23 x/0"* Qy = (178.6210 \(710.23 10") = 126,86 %/0% N Since Q* I3Sx10°N > Qy, Rink BE yields 6gp 2.6, = 250 MP, Pee = A Gy = (225x10)(250 xJo8) = 56.25 x105 N From Statics Pro = Tes (Q- Par) = 525x103 N Srp = Re 2 S&S*I 2 293.3yl0f = 233 MPa From elastic onely sis of AD @- aa = 781.24x107* rad Ser 1.76 6 = 1.322 «lo% m = 1.322 mm =2.121 The rigid bar ABC is supported by two links, AD and BE, of uniform 37.5%6- PROBLEM 2.123 mm rectangular cross section and made of a mild steel that is assumed to be elastoplastic with £ = 200 GPa and a = 250 MPa. The magnitude of the force Q applied at B is gradually increased from zero to 260 KN. Knowing that a = 0.640 m, determine (a) the value of the normal stress in each link, (6) the spextememn deflection of point B. Fined 42,123 Solve Prob. 2.121, assuming that the magnitude of the force Q applied at Bis, gradually increased from zero to 260 kN and then decreased back to zero. Knowing that a= 0.640 m, determine (a) the residual stress in each link, (b) the final deflection of point B the residual stress in each link. Assume that the links are braced so that they can carry compressive forees without buckling, SOLUTION See soJubion to PROBLEM 2.121 for the normed stresses in each fink and the deflection of pomt B after Loading Sap = 2590 «10° Pa Gee = 124.3 «10° Pa Se = G&l.$3 «Io %m The elastic anabysis given in the sedition to PROBLEM 2.121 apphies to the vnfouding Q= 3/7.06xj0* 8 3 o! = —S__, = 260i = 820.08 10°F * 317.06 *lo* ~ 317.06 ~lo* Gyn = 310.6 x10" @ = (310.6 x107)(820. 03 «10% ) = 254.70 x10 Pa Sge = 128x107 @ = (123x10)(320,08%10°) = 104.96%10% Pa Se 0.640 8' = 524.82 x/O%m (@) Residucd stresses Groen = S10 ~ Sto = 250 "10% 254.70 xO = ~ 4.70 x10 Pa. = 4.70 MPa = Gees = Soe See = 124.8 10% ~ 104. 96 *10° 19.34 ¥10% Pe = 19.34 MPa = (b) Sap = Se- Sp = GAUS2>107~ 524.82 x10 J = 9.7) ¥lO% Mm = 0.0967 mm —2.124 The aluminum rod ABC (E = 10.1 * 10° psi), which consists of two cylindrical portions AB and BC, is to be replaced with a cylindrical steel rod DE (E = 29 x 10° psi) of the same overall length. Determine the minimum required diameter d of the 28 hips 28kipe steel rod if its vertical deformation is not to exceed the deformation of the aluminum, rod under the same load and if the allowable stress in the steel rod is not to exceed 24 ksi. PROBLEM 2,124 SOLUTION Deformation oF aluminum vad 2 Ph PL P/L. L a = ta oe 2 LB ( Loe , Lee Seo Ree tee ECR + GE) S 28x10" (2 1g tole \AGse * QI z } = 0.031376 in Steed rod S = 0.031376 im L = PL _ (22x 10%)(30) _ 5 EA * APES? Gre10*\o.081a7e) ~~ O° 72317 im* FP ~ 28x1e _ wk © 7 Rxiot 7 |+1C67 im =P 2. pe Required avea is tle Pavger value A = 1.1667 in® a= th ~ [OMe 2 119 in -=2.125 A 250-mm-long aluminum tube (E = 70 GPa) of 36-mm outer diameter and 28- ‘mm inner diameter may be closed at both ends by means of single-threaded screw-on covers of I.5-mm pitch. With one cover screwed on tight, a solid brass rod (E = 105 oa ae GPa) of 25-mm diameter is placed inside the tube and the second cover is screwed on, Since the rod is slightly longer than the tube, itis observed that the cover must be forced against the rod by rotating it one-quarter of a tun before it can be tightly closed. Determine (a) the average normal stress in the tube and in the rod, (6) the 25mm deformations of the tube and of the rod. _— SOLUTION Rave = BOA = at) = Blac = 28°) = 402.12 we = HORA WIC tn” At = Ga = F(RS) = 490,87 mm® = 490.87 %10° me = PL. P(ozso) _s “1 Shute = Exe Ante — (70x07 K 402.12 x10"*) 3.8815 X10" P = Pb =_P(o.2so) =-4,3505« JO" 7 P Brod = ER 7 (es eioe yao ses BSS PROBLEM 2.125 St = Fen «LS mm = 0,87S mm = BISKIO™® m Serre rar rne tre aera 8.8815 x10" P + 4,8505xI07P = 375 xJo"* P 0.875 «lo s = Tpasiss aasoF Vom) * 27-308%10 NK 27.308 -10° eae : oP, = @) Ske" EO “Hoznaxio~ ~ 67.9 «lO® Pa = 67.4 MPo = RP __ 27.30Bx10" | “ — Good * Ira 7 7 490,37 10* SECRIOS Pa > -S5.6 MPa < WY Spube = (BBBIS 17K A7.BOBHIS) = 242.5 ¥10%m = 0.2425 mm Spot =~ 4.8805 x 17 )(27, BOB FIO) =-182. S10" mm =-0.1325 mn “~~2.125 A.250-mm-long aluminum tube (E = 70 GPa) of 36-mm outer diameter and 28- PROBLEM 2.126 ‘mm inner diameter may be closed at both ends by means of single-threaded screw-on covers of 1.5-mm pitch. With one cover screwed on tight, a solid brass rod (E = 105 GPa) of 25-mm diameter is placed inside the tube and the second cover is screwed on. Since the rod is slightly longer than the tube, itis observed that the cover must be 7 forced against the rod by rotating it one-quarter of a turn before it can be tightly 36 mm 28mm closed. Determine (a) the average normal stress in the tube and in the rod, (6) the deformations of the tube and of the rod. 25 inn {oer 250 mm ———-| 2.126 In Prob. 2.125, determine the average normal stress in the tube and the rod, assuming thatthe temperature was 15° C when the nuts were snugly fitted and that the final temperature is 55° C. (For aluminum, a = 23.6 x 10°/°C; for brass, a = 20.9 SOLUTION lore) Ave = 2 (ag - AP) = F(36*- 28°) = 40212 wm = YOR. 12 xJO% m* Deed = Belt = (ask = 490.87 mm = 490.8 7%10* on™ AT= 55-15 = 40°C P (0.250) -< Stobe = fenit Logue (AT) = Toxo" gona 70") + (0.250)(23.6 10° )(40) = 8,88ISvIOo TP + 236 x10~% Pb . P(o.aS0) v 5 C40) = (AT) = - ——- 28 25 110 ‘40, Seed = Ea Aay + bend BD = ~ Gee srow igo redo) * OPM a0A™ = ~4.8508 x10" P 4 209 lore tpt LS mn = O.387S mm = BIS *1O~ m She = Srt + S* B.BBIS KIO” P + 286 vIO® = - 4.8805%15"P 4 20TH + 375 *10~ 13.732 410 P= 348x10° P= 25,342 wiotN 3 = PB. 25.342 xIQ 2 G20 rio’ fe = 63.0 MPa = Sone Ante Yor, 12 w10-* rod = : ~ Aeon = -S1.6 «IO Pa = -SLG MPa =<2.127 The block shown is made of a magnesium alloy for which E = 6.5 x 10° psi and PROBLEM 2.127 ¥=0.35. Knowing that 0, = -20 ksi, determine (a) the magnitude of g, for which the change in the height of the block will be zero, (8) the corresponding change in the area 7 of the face ABCD, (c) the corresponding change in the volume of the block. SOLUTION Sy =o &=0 > ES, - vGd = 0 @) 6) + YOK = (0.35 \- 20 «Jo®) = -7*IOpsi = -Tkei =e ye, = EC vER- YR - 2G G) = fe =20 1G ~ 710") - 14533 x jo" ~ GS “lo® 2 _ = Roxic*® - (0.35 X-7*10%) Et FOG - VG) = G.5 ¥1O* = 2.7 “0% Ag AA = Lbylie edb (ise) = bebe (+8 + Ee + Bee) Bt Age Lyle AA= Lyla les + &2 + Even) (4,0 1.0) (1.483810 = 2.7015 + small tem) 2 = 4.98 x1O7 int = = 0.00498 int = (C) Sisee Ly is constant Av = Ly (AA Y= (1.375 )(= 98x10) = - 6.85 <10% in? vi = -0,00685 in® =2.128 The uniform rods AB and BC are made of steel and are loaded as shown. PROBLEM 2.128 Knowing that E = 29 x 10° psi, determine the magnitude and direction of the rT deflection of point B when = 22° IB c SOLUTION T 25in, Fee 7 Pees @ = (250 )cos 42° = 23.18 410% Mh, “Area = 1.2in? cs = Polee _ {23.13 «10% YX 45) = . Pe Bhue 7 Gans SGmy = O- O46 in O-ONK og Pag= Pin = (25x10?) sin QQ° 2 9.365018 Dh Sea Pag laa (9.365 r/0° (a5) Se = 4s = 4d =0.0 in 8 Sea = E Re * Gaia Wea) > 0-00673 i 0.00673 . tan 9 = Goqqae 7 01496 P= 8.519 = = S = 4 0, 04496"+ 0.00673* = 0.0455 in, = 2.129 Knowing that E = 29 x 10° psi, determine (a) the value of @ for which the Cee 4eflection of point B is down and othe left along a line forming an angle of 36" with the horizontal, (6) the corresponding magnitude of the deflection of B. — a a SOLUTION ships Bn See = 8 cos 36° wacentset | P= EAsc Ste - Q2x10°)(0.8) § cos 36° e Tee 4s Al = 417.09 xj? § 417,091 S o 8 Sag? S sin 36° % Pe = Ate Se (RIM 08.2) $ sin 36° = we ae 3 = 313.20"107 § rd = BIB.20KmF S _ = ° tan @ > Faso 2 = 1.9617 @= 63.0 = P= 25w10® ={@r7 044107 S)" + (88, WHIOPS)™ = 912.3808 S a g = 28K = 0.0272 ine = F1B,38 x 10>2.130 The uniform wire ABC, of unstretched length 21, is attached to the supports Oe shown and a vertical load P is applied at the midpoint 8. Denoting by A the cross- sectional area of the wire and by E the modulus of elasticity, show that, for 3< P Stties ZF, 20 2Pag sin - P =O = PL feslena a Tenheme oe Efongetion Sag = Bagh = EE AE 2AES Deflection From the wight tangle (2+ Sig) = 24 S* gp *S) B= A+ WS + Sac -f* = 228y_ (14 2 Bt) % 20 Sig % 3 ABS six PL 2 ce pg JZ - AR *PROBLEM 2.13: 2.131 The steel bars BE and AD each have a 6«18-mm cross section. Knowing that ad 5=200 GPa, determine the deflections of points A, B, and C of the rigid bar ABC. 32k SOLUTION Use wigid bar ABC as aFree body DIMe=O (IS) Pap —G00H(3-2)= 0 Pao = 12.8 kN HIRO - Pac +8247, =O Poe = 1G KN Deformations A= (6918) = 108mm = 108% 10° wm” Pholso _ (12.8%10% Y 400 x10” EA Qoo x07 )(108 x107* ) = 237.04 x10 m = 0.237 mms = Fiele . (16 x10*)(400 215°) EA C200 HE \C108 * 10°*) 296.30 *10%m = 0.296 mm eb = & 2 St " + Se* See & O- Sa +Se _ (Q37.04. + 296.30 10%) L Le 7S x14 8 = WIN2 ¥10%* Se S = Se+ Lee & = 296.30 #104 (800 x fo (7.111. 2% 107°) = 2.42972 KIO m= 2S mm —= =<2.131 The steel bars BE and AD each have a 618-mm cross section. Knowing that PROBLEM 2.132 E= 200 GPa, determine the deflections of points 4, B, and C of the rigid bar ABC. 2.132 In Prob. 2.131, the 3.2-KN force caused point C to deflect tothe right. Using a =11.7* 10°/°C, determine the (a) the overall change in temperature that causes point C to retum to its original position, (4) the corresponding total deflection of points A and B. SOLUTION Dse rigid ABC as a free body D=EMg=O 25 Pho- Goo (3.2) = O a Pao = 12.8 kN teDRe to - Pee + 3-2 + Po =O = BE . aD Pee = 16 kN se Deformations: Poe | | Sa = Set tele LygotlAT) = (2.84108 (400) (Yoo 115°)(11.7 10° MAT) z (200 «10* (\oax10) Se ve ( Pro = 237.04«Ilo~% + 4.68%/0°°(AT) -S,* Se Seette 4 Lyeot (aT _ (IG x10®)(4oox10*) Yoo 16° .9 «16° YAT) = “(200 x10*X108 10°) + Hoo »16* 11.715" XAT) \eo = 296.30 107% + 4.6810 °C) Se =O Sg z03000 -S, += 0.375 6 Sy . 87. ° -5,2 SEE 5, = 1.25 & Ph (237.04 eos 468 1d“ CAT) =(1.25)[ 296.30 1S" + 4.68 UTI] =10.530 (AT) = GO7.4IS x10" AT=-57.684 ¢ = -57.7°C —_ Sa = 287,04 10S = (4.68 x15° 57.684) = - 32.92 010° m Sp = 0.0324 mm — = Set 296.30%10° - (4.68%15° 52684) = + 26.34% 107° m Sp 7 O-O263 mm — bd2.133 A hole is to be drilled in the plate at A. The diameters of the bits available to drill the hole range from £02? mm ind-mm increments. (a) Determine the diameter d of the largest bit that can be used if the allowable load at the hole is not to exceed that at the fillets. (6) If the allowable stress in the plate is 145 MPa, what is the corresponding allowable load P? PROBLEM 2.133, SOLUTION 112.5 mm At the Bilets 5 P= Fm AE TS mm = B_ las _ D= 12.5 mm ate Ff ips He BO From Fy 204 K= 210 Aavin = (25 Y0Z) = 700 mm™ = 900 mm = FODX(O™ ma” = K Paw . = AninE _ (F009 «107 )LI4S * 106) Grmax = K a Se * Paap = Asie Seu . Coo x10" MCN #108) 7 ELIn107 No = 621KN At the hole? Awe = (D- 2r)t, f= 5 where D> 125 mm = vadius of cinete Lele K is token From Fig 2.64 0 : Ans Gi Sime = KEL = Cy Py = Set See ode dian] | a=D-%] r/o | K | Ane _ Pa FT mmm | 45 mm) 103.Smm | 00485 2.87] 129KI5° wi | 62.7¥107 N 1S mm | 2Smm} F7Smm | 0.077 | 2.25 | M70 m | Cll N Bl mm 10.5 mm] A. Simm JOS | 2.67 [10981 | 54.6 «io N AI mm | 13S mm) BSS mm | O.1SB | 2.57 | 1026x10°m™ | $7.9 % 10° N hargest hole with Pay > GAKN is the Tan Avaneter hobo, & Yielding occurs im portion BC 2in Sin 4 See> 6, = SO x10" psi > Permanent strain in BC Eee = Ene — & = 0.0025 - 0.001724 = 0.000776 See = Lec Eg = (4#)(0.000776) = 0.00310 in. =< Qe) ce In reversed Douding , ot point E on stress-strain pict & = - 0,.00z%0 L ~0,0020 as given. During removal of the veversed toad, the change in strain is 6 /E = 0.001724. ne The permanent strain in BC is Ege = ~ 0.0020 + O.001724= 0.000276 See = Lee = (4)(- 0.000276) = - 0.001104 in. — Note thet portions AB and CD are always efastic, thes thei deformations during foad ing and ondoaching do not contwbute fo uny permanent deformation,PROBLEM 2.C1 2.C1_A rod consisting of n elements, each of which is homogeneous and. of uniform cross section, is subjected to the loading shown. The length of el- Element Element 1 cement i is denoted by L,. its cross-sectional area by A,. its modulus of elastic- ity by E,, and the load applied to its right end by P,, the magnitude P; of this Py load being assumed to be ps , is directed to the right and negative oth- cewise. (a) Write a computer program that can be used to determine the aver- ‘age normal stress in each element, the deformation of each element, and the total deformation of the rod. (b) Use this program to solve Probs. 2.17 and 2.18. SOLUTION FOR EACH ELEMENT, ENTER Li, Ac, Fr COMPUT DEFORMATION UPPATE AXIAL LOAD P=P+P; COMPUTE FOR FACH ELEMENT Ta P/AM §; = PLi/ AE; TOTAL DEFORMATION: UPDATE THROUGH mn ELEMENTS 5-645; PROGRAM OUTPUT Problem 2.17 Element Stress (MPa) Deformation (mm) 1 19.0986 -1091 2 12.7324 =.0909 Total Deformation = .0182 mm Problem 2.18 Element Stress (MPa) Deformation (mm) 1 98.2438 2.3391 2 98.2438 1.4737 3 147.3657 1.4737 Total Deformation = 5.2865 mmPROBLEM 2.C2 2.C2 Rod AB is horizontal with both ends fixed: it consists of n ele- ments, each of which is homogeneous and of uniform cross section, and is sub- jected to the loading shown. The length of element iis denoted by L,, its cross~ sectional area by A,, its modulus of elasticity by E,, and the load applied to its right end by P,. the magnitude P, of this load being assumed to be positive if P,is directed to the right and negative otherwise. (Note that Py = 0.) (a) Write ‘@ computer program that can be used to determine the reactions at A and B, the average normal stress in each element, and the deformation of each ele- ment. (6) Use this program to solve Prob. 2.41 Element n Element 1 SOLUTION WE CONSIDER THE REACTION AT B REDUNDANT AND RELEASE THE ROD AT B ComPUTE Sp WITH Rg =0 FoR EACH ELEMENT, ENTER Li, ALE UPDATE AXIAL LOAD paPrPh; ComPuTE FOR EACH ELEMENT gq = p/a; 6 = PLACE UPDATE TOTAL DEFORMATION 6° 5a t 5 COMPUTE Jp DUE TO UNIT LOAD AT B uMIT oT; = I) Re umiT §; = bi /Ac Ec UPDATE TOTAL UNIT DEFORMATION UNIT fg = UNIT Jy + UNIT a SUPERPOSITION c n FOR TOTAL DISPLACEMENT AT B= 2ER0 4, + Ry wit 5, = 0 SOLVING: Rae - Sp/ unr Se THEN: Ry = £P, + Re CONTINUEDPROBLEM 2.C2 CONTINUED FOR EACH ELEMENT oT T, + Rg unit G § = &; + Ry unit & PROGRAM QuTPUT Problem 2.41 RA = -11.909 kips RB = 20.091 kips Element Stress (ksi) Deformation (in.) 1 12.002 ~.00923 2 ~6.128 100589 3 -9.687 -.00334PROBLEM 2.C3 Element n ~ 1 _—| Fig. P2.C3 2.€3 Rod AB consists of m elements. each of which is homogeneous and of uniform cross section, End A is fixed, while initially there is a gap 3p be~ tween end B and the fixed vertical surface on the right. The length of element iis denoted by L,. its cross-sectional area by A,, its modulus of elasticity by E,, and its coefficiem of thermal expansion by ay, After the temperature of the rod has been increased by AT. the gap at B is closed and the vertical surfaces exert equal and opposite forces on the rod. (a) Write a computer program that can be used 10 determine the magnitude of the reactions at and B, the nor- ‘mal stress in each element. and the deformation of each element. (b) Use this program to solve Probs. 2.53. 2.54, 2.57, and 2.59, SOLUTION WE COMPUTE THE DISPLACEMENTS AT B ASSUMING THERE tS NO SUPPORT AT B: FNTER Li, Aj, Ei, 8% ENTER TEMPERATURE CHANGE J COMPUTE FoR EACH ELEMENT Gi = LT UPDATE TOTAL DEFORMATION ba = ber FF bp DUE TO UNIT LOAD AT B uMIT & = Li/ Ac Ee UPDATE TOTAL UNIT DEFORMATION UNIT Sp = UNIT Ss + UNIT & Compure REACTIONS FROM SUPE Rg = THEN R,=- Re FOR EACH ELEMENT Te = Re/Ai Geo LET + Roli/ AE; CONTINUEDPROBLEM 2.C3 CONTINUED PROGRAM 3 2TPUT Problem 2.53 R 25.837 kips Element Stress (ksi) 1 -21.054 2 =6.498 Problem 2.54 R 125.628 kN Blement Stress (MPa) 1 44.432 2 -99.972 Problem 2.57 R= 217.465 kN Element Stress (MPa) 1 -144.977 2 -120.814 Problem 2.59 R= 61.857 kips Element Stress (ksi) 1 -22.092 2 ~51.547 Deform. (10*-3 in.) -3.642 3.642 Deform. (microm) 500.104 -500.104 Deform. (microm) 242.504 257.496 Deform. (10*-3 in.) 14.410 5.590PROBLEM 2.C4 Ay Ey. (oy), Fin 2.C4 Bar AB has a length L and is made of two different materials of given cross-sectional area, modulus of elasticity, and yield strength. The bar is subjected as shown to a load P which is gradually increased from zero until the deformation of the bar has reached a maximum value 6 and then decreased back to zero. (a) Write a computer program that, for each of 25 values of 8, equally spaced over a range extending from 0 to a value equal to 120% of the deformation causing both materials to yield, can be used to determine the max- imum value P,, of the load, the maximum normal stress in each material, the Permanent deformation 6, of the bar, and the residual stress in each material. (©) Use this program to solve Probs. 2.109, 2.111, and 2.112. SOLUTION NOTE: THE FOLLOWING ASSUMES (G), <(%), DISPLACEMENT INCREMENT Spy = 0.05 (Ty), L/e. DISPLACEMENTS AT YIELOING 7 OLE 5g (%), L/ Fe FOR EACH DISPLACEMENT IF 5m < GF G2 Sm eft 0, # Sy Ft B= (F/LI(AE, +A & ) IF 5, < 5m < Set T= (Ty), + Sm Fal Pre AiG, + (Sm/t) Ares \F 5m > OR? gq, =(%) 0 = (Ty )2 Pm= AT, t ALT, PERMANENT DEFORNATIONS , RESIDUAL STRESSES SLOPE OF Fifst (ELASTIC) SEGMENT SLOPE = (A,E, Ar Ez Yt Sp= Em - (Pm [SLOPE ) (Gres = G = (E; Pm /(L store) ) (reg = Mo (Ex Pm (store )) CONTINUEDPROBLEM 2.C4 CONTINUED PROGRAM GYTPUT Problem 2.1 DM Mum +000 16.387 32.775, 49.162 65.550 81.938 98.325 114.713 131.100 147.487 163.875 180.262 196.650 213.037 229.425 245.812 262.200 278.587 294.975 311.362 327.750 344.137 360.525 376.912 393.300 Problems 2. DM 10**-3 in. 000 2.414 4.828 7,241 9.655 12.069 14.483 16.897 19.310 21.724 24.138 26.552 28.966 31.379 33.793 36.207 38.621 41.034 43.448 45.862 48.276 50.690 53.103 55.517 87,931 09 PM KN -000 60.375, 120.750 181.125 241.500 301.875 362.250 422.625 483.000 543.375 603.750 664.125 724.500 784.875 845.250 890.312 920.500 950.687 980.875 1011.062 1041.250 1041.250 1041.250 1041.250 1042.250 sTGM(1) MPa 000 17.250 34.500 51.750 69.000 86.250 103.500 120.750 138.000 155.250 172.500 189.750 207.000 224.250 241.500 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 111 and 2.112 PM kips +000 8.750 17.500 26.250 35.000 43.750 52.500 61.250 70.000 78.750 87.500 91.250, 95.000 98.750 102.500 106.250 110.000 113.750 117.500 121.250 125.000 125.000 125.000 125.000 125.000 SIGM(1) ksi +000 5.000 10.000 15.000, 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000, 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 SIGM(2) MPa 000 17.250 34.500 51.750 69.000 86.250 103.500 120.750 138.000 155.250 172.500 189.750 207.000 224.250 241.500 258.750 276.000 293.250 310.500 327.750 345.000 345.000 345.000 345.000 345.000 STGM (2) ksi +000 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000 55.000 60.000 65.000 70.000 75.000 80.000 85.000 90.000 95.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 DP Mom -000 +000 £000 2000 +000 2000 +000 1000 +000 1000 +000 +000 1000 +000 +000 4.156 12.350 20.544 28.737 36.931 45.125 61.512 77.900 94.287 110.675 DP o**-3 in. +000 1000 +000 2000 000 2000 1000 +000 1000 +000 +000 1.379 2.759 4.138 5.517 6.897 8.276 9.655 11.034 12.414 13.793 16.207 18.621, 21.034 23.448 SIGR(1) MPa 000 +000 1000 +000 7000 +000 2000 +000 +000 +000 7000 7000 +000 +000 1000 4.375 -13.000 -21.625 -30.250 -38.875 -47.500 47.500 -47.500 -47.500 -47.500 SIGR(1) +000 +000 +000 £000 +000 7000 +000 000 1000 000 +000 -2.143 -4.286 6.429 -8.571 -10.714 -12.857 15.000 -17.143 19.286 21,429 21.429 -21.429 -21.429 -21.429 SIG(2 MPa 000 +000 1000 +000 2000 000 2000 +000 +000 000 1000 7000 +000 +000 1000 4.375 13.000 21.625 30.250 38.875 47.500 47.500 47.500 47.500 7.500 SIG(2} ksi 000 1000 +000 +000 +000 £000 +000 £000 +000 +000 +000 2.857 5.714 8.571 21.429 14.286 17.143 20.000 22.857 25.714 28.571 28.571 28.571 28.571 28.571PROBLEM 2.C5 2.C5 The stress concentration factor for a flat bar with a centric hole under axial loading can be expressed as: ~ 153(2) «= 300 ~313(2) ~ s6e(2) where r isthe radius of the hole and D is the width of the bar. (a1 Write a com- puter program that can be used to determine the allowable load P tor given values of r D. the thickness f of the bar. and the allowable stress ory of the material, (D) Use this program to solve Prob. 2.94 SOLUTION ENTER 1,9) ts ou COMPUTE K RD = 2.0 r/D kK = 3.00 -3.13 RD + 3.66 RD -1L53 RD” COMPUTE AVERAGE STRESS Taye = Ton/K ALLOWABLE LOAD Po = Tyye (D= 2.00) t ou PROGRAM QUTPUT Problem 2.94 Hole at A: K= 2.573 P= 7.773 Kips Hole at B: K= 2.159 PB 5.559 KipsPROBLEM 2.C6 2.C6 A solid truncated cone is subjected to an axial force P as shown.Write a computer program that can be used to obtain an approxima- tion of the elongation of the cone by replacing it by m circular cylinders of ‘equal thickness and of radius equal to the mean radius of the portion of cone they replace. Knowing that the exact value of the elongation of the cone is (PL\/(2 cE) and using for P, L. c. and E values of your choice, determine the percentage error involved when the program is used with (a) n= 6,(b)n = 12.(c)n = 60. SOLUTION FOR (=1TOn: Ly = (+05) (L/n) r= 20-6 (L/L) AREA: A Aer, DISPLACEMENT: fe 6+ Pib[n)/(ae) EXACT DISPLACENENT; a Sexner = PL /(2ome F) PERCENTAGE ERROR: PERCENT = 100( 5 Seyner)/ Seunet PROGRAM QUTPUT n Approximate Exact 6 0.15852 0.15915 22 0.15899 0.15915 60 0.15915 0.15915