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THERMODYNAMICS

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E-MAIL

PO\VERLINEREVIE\V-CFNTER
MEZZANINE FLOOR, DONAAMPARO BUILDING
CORNER ESPANA & G. M. TOLENTINO STREETS
SAMPALOC, MANILA "

TEL NOS. 735--73-02 & 733-2:1.-:1.8

CEERS- PO\VERLINEREVIE'V{ENTER
TEL NOS. (032)261.;:2244 & (032)261.-8452
Thermodvnamics - The science thatdyals Sensible Heat - is the heat absorbed or given
with work and heat and ,those properties by a substance that changes
of substances that bear a relation to heat temperafure.
& work, such",as" PtessurevQlume Q ~T1Jc4T

W7;ereXQ ~Jiea~
Heat - a form
, m=;f:mass ;
across apoul}C1a~ 1).,$ys!efh at a c::~~pe9it!9pe~t ,

given temperature to' another system LiT= T2 - T) = change in temperature.

which may be the surrounding at a
lower temperature by' virtue of Heat units:
temperature' difference between the two l. calorie (cal)
systems. . 2. Kilocalorie (kcal)
3. joule (j) '<"
Calorie - is the quantity of heat required to 4. British Thermal Units (BTU)
change the temperature ofJgram W1).ter Ical=4.l9j .
l~. '

1 kCal = ] ,000 cal.

1 Calorie = 4.1868joutes
1.BTU = 252 cal
BTU (British Thermal Unit) - is the quantity of Change of State:
heat required to change the temperature
of lIb of water ]oF Latent Heat - is the heat that does not affect
IBTU= 252 cal temperature of the substance but
changes its states.
Specific Heat, C - is the amount of heat need to
change the temperature of a unit mass of A},!-atent heafo(fiision - is the heat per units
a substance one degree change. mass required to change solid to Jiquid
at its making point.
c=l. Q ;, mczH
Qf
ITl1:\T'
Lv=-
, m
Or Qv = m Lf
For H2Q:
, Btu
Farlce, Lf= 144- or 80~~
C=l BTU =l~=l~ lb g
Ibm -Fo g-CO g-KO
B) Latent Heat of Vaporization - is the heat
Farlee: unit
BTU ,cal cal nuissrequited to change a
C = 0.5- - =0.5~=0.5~
lb lTI -Fo form liquid to vapor at its boiling pt.
g -CO
'b a-Ko ,
Qv
Lv= -
For o(Steam: m
BTU cal -' cal Or Qv "'"mL v
C 0.48 -0.48 =O.48--=--,-
0 0 0 Btu
Ibm - F g- C g- K WATER, Lv= 970- or 540 ~a]
lb g

Or C",0.5 _BTU , 0 _cal Sublimaiton '. a cp,ange of state from soIid

o"':)~
Ibm - FO g-C g-KO to gaseous without passing the
state. Example:dlY ice
Standard temperature and Pressure (STP) is
taken as O°C (273°K) and 1 atm (760 Torr, after Example:
Torricclli Evangelista) . 1. How many calories areneeded 1:0change
100 g of ice at -lOGe to steam at 1
 ,
i By hot water
"oM
= cold water
= Q.
~f!ltltion: Se.nsible hear required to raise the
~~" temp of ICE to its melting pt. . (m Cf, T)M,;"III CL:.T" volume of water
~. . Density of water
I't'
Q m Cf,T
I
"
==

0.5cal
M ,== V:Y

V MYC [82-(20)] = V.c yC [20-5)

i
I~
;1
-
-] 0 Oa-
to
[ g
a
k ]
[o'-r-IOOCj]
4.133 VM
Vc + VM
= Vc ,
==V pool = 7.5m x 20m x 1.5m
==225 m3 . .
~ == 500 cal
~ . Combining I & 2
,\. Latent Heat of Fusion - is the required to 4.133Vc+VIvI =225
;. melt th.e ice watet at its melting point VM =43.8In3
~ Q == m Lr Vc == 4.133 (43.8111.1)
80cal Vc==181.2m3
: == JOOg-
. g
3. Two liquid of difference density -,/,=
", Qf == 8000 cal
1500kg/n1.Y2= 500 kg/m3 arc pourcd together
r. Sensible Heat required to warm water to its into a 100 liter tank fiIIing it. If the resulting
boiling pt. density of the mixture .y", = 800kg/m', find the
Q == m Cf,T resp,<ctive quantities liquids use. -
==IOOg(I call g°C) (100°C)
I
! QJ ==10,000 cal
Heat required to vaporize water to steam at 100 liter .ym2 I
~. its boiling pt. I
Q == mLv
r cal'
f
~ == IOOgIS40-,
l 111, + 1112= 111m
,
L . b"I -' V, .y; + V2.y, = Vm .yM
r Q\ ==54,000 cal V ,1113(1500kg/m3) +v 2m'(SOOkgl111i)=Vl11ym
t
f:

,
. Heat to raise the temp, or steam 1oooe to
150°C. . Vm=JOOliterx
3
111
IOOliters
tt Q = In Cf, T
r l
r .
k" l!
;. I cal i
'
Vm = O.lm' ,800~ I
; = )OOgI 0 5 -! [150 - 100 ] I
~ m" J
L gOkj .Vm==V!+V2
Q == 2500 cal Vi =0.03 m3
V2 = 0.1 - 0.03
V2 = 0.071113
TOTAL IlEA T REGUlRED FOR SUCH
TRANSFORMATION
"{ass third
Q,= (Q! +Q2 +Q.1 +Q~+Qs) I '
~ 1 I kg \, -
kg
= 75000 cal : Answer m 1 = V I '/1 = 0 . O"nl' I 1500 --:;- J = 4)
"Example: \ m")
~2: A small swimming pail 7.5m by 20 In is to be ( ka \
~fjlled with water at a temperature of 20°C to . 1112 ==Vl¥2 ==O.07mJ[ \ 500 m~ /
J = 35kg
~depth of 1.5m. Hot water at 82°C and cold watcr.
_~at5°e are available.How many cubic meter of mmix = 1m3x 800 k~" = 80kg~
~each should be used in filling the pool') (neglect 111
~ther'l1lalcapacity of the pool)
~Heatgiven of == heat absorbedby -l
-'\Ii
 ;;
~
A tank containing 200 liters()f \vater IDEAL GAS LAWS~!
!i
was used as a .yOllstanttemperature bath, How At sufficiently low pressures and hig5~
long would it 'take to heat it form 20°C to 25°C temperatures all gases have been found to obe)~
with a 250w immersion heater? Neglect the heat 3 simple laws. Their laws relate volume of ga;~;
capacity of the tank Jrallle and any heat losses to to the pressured temp. '
,~.
,

the air. Ans: 4.652hr or 16747.2 sees. .;;c,

BOYLE'S LAW
Volume: Il = specific
volume
volume m 3 ftJ ~ If the temperature of given quantity 6t
/1=- .-;- gas is held constant (T= C) the volume of gas1
mass. kg lb varies inversely proportional with absolUfe
pressure during the change- in state.~j
11
'1= I ] 1 - kg Va=-
Densi!J!.: . V -,3-m v m3 p
C
kg v= -
p "'i
v=c
Temperature - is the degree of hotness or C = PIV, = PlV1
coldness of a body.
CHARLE'S LAW
At latm pressure A) If the pressure on a given'quantity of gal
Centigrade Fahrenheit' Kelvin Rankine
°C of K oR is 'held constant then with any change in
state, the volume will vary directly
B.P. of 1-120 100 212 373 672 absolute temp,

F.P. of H2O 0 32 273 492 P = constant

Val'
Absolute -273 -460 0 0 <uV= CT
'v
CONVERSION hJRMULAS: -=C
T
.. . "K
...
C = VJ '" V2
K "C C 'F tL-R
1') 1'2
5 .
C=~.(F-32}
9
K = C -;- 273 R = F -",460
B) If the v()lume on a given quantity of a II
9 '
gas held constant, then with any chang.c,
f= -C+32 C = K - 273 F = R -460 is state, fhe pressure wil] vary directly i
5 with the absolute temperatur~. I
. Actual temperature may be expo In oK or °c,
but tempcrature in intervals or differences should Pal', V = constant
always be express_ed in B. . . P=CT
PI' essure
p
SPEcmc VOLUMES -=C
l'
, 1
V = Volume, fr' . m- PI - -PZ
mass' lb ' kg C = T) - T2
Density
II
~ mass Ib kg Combme~rPerfectGasLaw
Ie v-. .or
.
~

~
I PYa l'
- volume' ft3' m3
1 1
PV = C1'
V = ~oro-'-
O. V
 PV PIVl = P2V2
C =-
T Tl T2
Pl Vl P2 V? .
-"7'~=C VI - Tl IPzl
h TZ' V2 ~ Tzl PIJ
Gas Equation 2. An automobile tire cbntai!! a.0,06 11m3 of air
.PV = mRT 220.6 kPa and 26.65°C (not Paa)
R = Gas constant A) What mass of air is in the tire
R B)Ifthe tireis inflexible, what is the
Also R=-
, M .resulting percent'ageil1trease,d in the gauge,
m~, pressure when. : T =6Z,75°C
pv = - RT C) What mass of air at 62.75°C must be hIed
M off to reduce pressure back to its onginal
But m = nM value.
n=m/M KJ
AirR = 0,287 ---,
hence Kg oK
PV = lY1R T ki
CP = 1.0047 ..
rJ71ere
kgOK
n = no, of moles 1"1= lOi,325N/m'
Ibm v n: ,2] "
' 1 ot
.. 1\ '
1- ( ,] ) m
.' I = A LV x 0 ,,) IT)
= mo 1ecu Iaf 'Nt; grams i mO..e - . 4
mole
Density of water Depth
R = universal gas constant
P2 = y . h + atm,pres
R~. \54532 ~~= 19858-~-- = 8314. ..1
.pmole- 0 R gmo1eK kgmoleK
,kg N .. N
lOOO-3x 981 =98jO~
t.'.,<:ample: m' Kg m~
, 1, 1f 100 [t3 of atmospheric air at zero of N ' 'vN
D 1013
temperature are compressed to a volume = 9810
.l 2ac ~ (0,'" -YJ m+. . L.) ~
m- m-
of 1ft3 m temperatUre of ZOOZOO°F .
What will be the pressure of air in Ib/m2 P2a= 109173 ~9810y
2
abs, '
V 2=! V ~ \I, w = ."v 1 - ,-n D Y
Mmj= m, 4
n' ,
PjVl = PZVZ = 0.002356 - (. 1)LmL(y)m
Tl TZ 4

- PIVITl V 2 =,002356 - 0O7854y

P 2 - --::-- P1V!=P2V2
VZ 1}
(. N'I '
P,-o 14 71b/in2 11o 13Z~ 1(0023561'11')
V', = 100 ft' \ m)
Tl = O.oF+ 460 = 460oR = (1 09173-9t: iOy)(.OO23.007885)
P2 = y=O, 02 104 111or y = Zll 04 em
V]= I n°
T2 =200°F + 460 = 600aR A bottle consisting of eyhnder 0,3m in
P2 ~ ]4.7 pSI abs, diameter and 0.3m high has a neek O,05m in
dJameter and 0.3m long. If this bottle, filled with
air under atmospheric pressure IS Inverted and
Pj VI, P2 V2
-- c=.mR = -~- submerge in' water until the neck is Just filled
Tj l'Z with water, find the depth to which the open' end
 is submerged Neglect vapor pressure. Thermal A) Determine .the heat removed
Eq. Exist at all times. nitrogen gas
Ails; T = ()5875m B) Calculate the final pressure
indicated in gauge.
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Nitrogen gas: <
R = 296.86J/kgOK
General Energy Equation Cy =O.744kJ/kg
P1 +k!+U1+Wn+Q =P2+K2+U2+W:f2~+W Cp = l.O14kJ/kg

Pj+KI+UI+Wn+Q =P2
A) Poteiitidl Ener<;i:v-:-
Ehergyposses by a Ui-Q =U2
body due toitseIevation U I- Q2 = Q
.P.E. = Wh= mgh
A) Q = UI -U2 = mCv[T]-T2J
B) Kinetic Energv K - Energy posses by
PIYl = mR
.~-
a body due to its speed velocity.
! . 2 Tl
K.E =-mY PIVl ,.
j
'

. 2 111=c-- .
RTll
C) internal Enerr;y U - Energyposses by a . Pi = 1.3 x 1O6n/m2 +101325 !
body by virtue of molecular activity or
vibration of atom w1th in a molecule. Cv = 0.7176,..-----
kgOK
D,I FiO\vwurk.- Energy required to move
the substaneeor out of the system or
across a given boundary.
Mass of air initially in the tire
rVr=PV N 1
f220('OO 10i 325! --. - xO06] lm~
PIYI . - 2
E)Heat- Energy in transit from one body or rlli=--= m
- RTj NM
system to another solely because of temp. 287 -- [2GG5C,.. 273]° K
kgK
difference between bodies Of system.

Q(+) when heat is supplied to the system Constant volume change in swte
Q(-) when heat is rejected by the sy~tem -PlYl P2V2
--
TJ T2
'

vI/ark TV product of component of P2a=

, ~

, component of force and distance

j: T2
- rPi} = .
[G2+273]ok
xI220GOO+ i 0 i 325
,I General Energy Equation TI' [2605 + 27J}o K

Gauge Pr~s = Abs Pres - atm. Pres

Pi+KI+Ui+Wn+Q =P2 +K2+U2+Wj2+W
%increased in gauge pres.
Example: 259383 - 220600
1. NItrogen is pumped into a 283 liter tank 220300
until the gage pressure reads 1.3 Mpa = 17.58%
and gas temperature of 9YC. The tank is Amount of air bled off
27()C Assume atmosphencpressure at
m2=m] m3
lO1235N!m
m2 =2287kg O.204kg
m2 = 0.0247kg
ml-m~=m3
 \
p}v~ :, ~~~rg;:.,,;pet~1TI1incthe work on the
---2- == m}
RT] aii Bfu/miri and Hp. ,
I PV 3. An air compressor receives 272 kg!
m1,=~ 3 3 Win of air at 99.29. kPaaandspecific
1
t- RT} '

.' volume of 0.O26m3!kg.The air flows

i (220600 + 101325)N / m2xtQ.O<Jllm3 ) steady through the compressor and
~'r ., discharge at, 689.5kPaa and
r "287 N~11.(62.750C + 2730K) 0.0051m3fkg. The initial internal of
! kg -K air is 1594J/kg at discharge the
.
[m} = 0.204kg ,
~,
i§
internaL energy is 6241 J/kg. The
cooling water circulated around the
~' 2. Two vessels A & B different sizes cylinder takes away 4383 J/kg, of
are connected by a pipe with a value,
i
;,
!>
Vessel A containsJ421iter of air at,
2.7 Mpaa, 93.3 °c Vessel B of
heat. The change in kinetic energy is
869 J/kg Compute the work done to
the system.
~ unknown volume contains air at 68.9
~ 4. Compressed oxygen is contained in'
Ii kPaa at 45°C. The value is opened, a cylindrical. tank 200mm inside
~ and when the properties have been it diameter and 1.2m long. The initial
~ is found thatthe pressure is 1378 temperature is 48°C. How long can
~
kPaa & mixture temperature is '
this tank supply oxygen to a welding
~
~. 43.3°C. What is 'the volume of vessel , seuhat consumes 500 liters per hI'. if
t B.
VA+VO=Vm
the gas is initial at 5.5 Mpaa and not
to faJl below 0.45 Mpaa at 26uC. The
~, PA = 2,7 x206N/m2 welding set is at atmospheric
2
~.

g~
- pressure and 28°C.
VA = 146 Liters x ~ 5,- An empty opened can is 80 cm high
~ 1000liters
= a.142m3 and 10 c;rnin diameter. The can with
TA = 93.3°C + 273 = 366.3°K opened end down is pushed under
water with a density of 1000 kgfm3
Pp= 68900N/m2 "

Find the water level in the can when

TB =4.5°C +273 = 277joK
VB=?m3 top of the can is 50 cm below water
surface. Thermal equiiibrium exists
,

Pm = 1378000N/m2
at all times.
Tm= 43.3°C + 273 ~ 316~
V".,= VA.+VB = O.142+VR
A group of 30 lIEE regular
N ~
2.710-.:.;,-( 0.142 )m j
member a attend a meeting in a room
'k
m ,. - which is 20 ft wide, 16ft long and
366.3K ceiling height of 8 ft. The room is
completely sealed ofrand insulated,
Each person gives off 140 kcal/ hr of
2. A compressor draws 500 cfm of air
heat and occupies a volume of 0.2
whose density is 0.079Ib/fr3 and the
em. The room has an air initiaJly aT
discharge it with a density of 0.304
Ib!ftJat the suction PI = 15psia, at the
105 Kpaa pres. And temp. of 18°C.
Calculate the room temperature after
discharge P2 = 80 psia. The increase a mIn.
in specific internal energy is 33.8
Btu/lb and the heat transfe1Ted from
SECOND LAW THERiYlODYNAMICS
air cooling is 13 Btulbhp'. Neglecting
the cbanges in potential of kinetic
 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. What isaheatengine and what isthe effic;iencyqfa heat engine? '.

.A heat 'engine is a device or system that converts heat into work.Heat engines operate by
(]bsotbing heat from a reseNoir at a high temperature, performing work, and giving off heat to
a reserVoirat a lowerternperature.The efficiencyof a heatengine, Yj

HEAT ENGINE

QH
w

QL

W=QH-QL

Q H "'"heat absorbed per cyCle from the hi9her temperature reseNoir

Q l = heat rejected per cycle to the lowertemperature reseNoir
'IV = Workcarriedout peicycle .

2. What is a refrigeratorand what is coefficient of performance?

Ar(3frigerator(orheat pump) isa heat engine operated backward; it takes heat from a low
temperature reseNoir, is supplied work,and rejects tJeat at a high temperature reservoir.

HEAT PUMP

QH w

QL

W=QH-QL

COP = Q L = TL
W TH-TL

PRACTICEPROBLEMS:
1. 50 grams of ice at O'C isadded to 200 gm 0f water at 40oC contained in a 100 gm calorimeter
of specific heat of 0.093 cal/goC. ifthe final temperature of the mixture is 16oC,find the heat of
fusion of ice,
A)83,5cal/g C)78,8cal/g
8)80 col/g ([2)84.5 cal/g
~

7
 2. How much heat is required to change 30 kg of 20oe water into 100oe steam at one
atmosphere?
A 88,858 kJ C. 55,556kJ
@) 77, 757 Kj ... D.,44,454 kJ
3.
Heat is supplied to 20 Ibm of ice (Cf?, = 0.5 BTUllbm-OF) at OaFat the rate 160 BTU/sec.
How long will it take to convert the.i'ce to steam (Cp= 05 BTU/lbm-OF) at 213°F?
A 173.78sec e. 183.78see f

(~;' 163.78 see D. 153.78 sec

~N:4. 2 Ibm of 200°F iron (Cp = 0.1 BTU/lbm-OF) are dropped into a gallon of 40°F water. What
is the final temperature of the mixture? -Exclusively Distributed by Powerline Review
Center .

A 43.74°F C 33.77°F .
B. 34.47°F D. 53.77°F

5. 500 kcal of heat is added to 2 kg of water at 80°C. How much steam is produce? take latent
heat of vaporization as 540 kcal/kg. ,
. : A 0.58 kg '.9. 0.68 kg
B. 0.78 kg (,..Q;JO85 kg

6. A287.5 cm3 of vaporat 10Qoeand 100 kPa has a mass of 0.725 gr. What is the molecular
weighfofthe vapor? -Exclusively Distributed by Powerline Review Center-
A 77.94 g/mole C. 55.94 g/r1'lOle
B. 6694g/mole D. 88.94 g/mole

7. A tank whose capacity is 0.1 m3 contajns helium at an absolute pressure of 10 atm and a
temperature o'f 20°C. A rubber balloon is inflated with this helium. The gas cools as it
expands, and when the pressureafthe helium in the balloon is 1 atm, its temperature is-
40°C Find the volume of the balloon.
A 0.8 m3 c. O.7 m3
B. 0.1 m3 D. 1.0 m3

8. An automobile tire is inflated to 220.6' kPa gage pressure at 16°C. After the car has been
driven, the temperature rises to 24°e. Assuming that the volume remains constant. What is '
the final gage pressure?
A. 230 kPa gage C. 331 kPa gage
,B. 433 kPagage D. 322 kPagage

9. Ajr is considered to be an ideal gas with a value of R= 0.287 kJ/kg_°K. If there are 2 kg of air
in a piston-cylinder at a temperature of 280oK, a volume of 0.2 m3, find the pressure
A. 80.36 kPa C. 36.08 kPa
B. 803.6 kPa D. 360.8 kPa

How much energy is required to just vaporized 0.5 kg of water which is originally at 24°C
and one atmosphere? -
A. 1287,57 kJ C. 1345.57 kJ
B. 1234.57 kJ D. 1456.57 kJ
1
1i

i ) 1. A 0.71 m3tank contains 4.5 kgofan ideal gas. The gashas a molecular weight of44
1

I;' is at 21°C. Whatis the pressure of the gas?

'I
i
A. 452.2 kPa e. 152.2 kPa
ii
,-
B. 352.2kPa 0: 252.2 kPa
)

j' 12. Itis planned to lift and move I()gs from almost inaccessible for$st areas by means of
I balloons. Helium at atmospheric pressure (101,325 N/mZ) and temperature 21.1°C is
"
;:'

to be used in theballobns. Whatniinimum balloon diameter- (asslJmespherical shape)

.1

1 will be required for a gross lifting force of 30,000 kg? Gas constant for air and Helium are
287.08 and 2077.67 J/kg-9K respectively.
I A 29.0007 m e. 10.343 m
B.38.121 m 0.43.645 m
t
1'; 1,3,.A s,ealed tankcontains 27°C a19 pressure of 2 atm. If the temperature increases to1 oooe
the pressure inside the tank will be... ..
A. 1.49 Pa C. 3.49 atm
B. 2.49 atm D. 5.49 Pa

14. A ,motorist equips his automobile tires with a relief type valve so thafthe pressure inside
the tire wit! neverexceed 240 kPa (gauge). He started his trip with the tire pressure of
200 kPa (gauge) and a temperature of 23 ac. Dur~ngthe long drive the air ten}perature of
the tire reaches 83°C. Each tires contains 0.11 kg of air. Determinethe mass of air escaping
each tire. .
A E).00x10to th~ positive 3 kg e. 7.00x10 to the negCltive 3 kg
B. 6.5Dx10 to the positive 3 kg D. 6.37x10 to the negative,S kg

15. A 12 V battery receives 20 min charging during which time it receives a steady current of
50 amp. In this period it experiences a heat loss of 127 kJ. Find the change in internal
. energy in the' battery during this period.
A. 593 kJ C. - 593 kJ
B. 847kJ I D. - 847kJ

> 16. A piston cylinder containing 0.25kg helium .of278°K receives heat at constant temp. until
the pressure is one-half its initial value.Find the heat added & work.
A. W = 120 kJ C. W = 100 kJ
B. W=153kJ D.W=167kJ

17. A closed constant volume system receives 10.5 kJ of paddle work. The system contains
oX'1genat 344 kPa, 278°K and occupies O.06m3.Find the heat loss iffinal temp. is 400 oK.
A. Q = 22.89 kJ C. Q = 33.39 kJ
C. Q = 12.39 kJ 0. Q = 10.5 kJ

18. Air flows steadily through an engine a'constant temp. 4000 K. Find the work per kilogram
if the' exit pressure is one third the inlet pressure and the inlet pressurE! is 207kPa. Assume
. that the kineticand potentialenergyvariation is negligible. .
A. 274.32 kJ/kg C. 515.41 kJ/kg
B.71.54kJ/kg , D.126.12kJ/Kg
 - -
19. Deterrninethe theoreti~al hors~P9wer require9 forthei90thermal compression of 800 fP/
minbfairfrom 14.7to 120 psia. - -
A. Ws =103 hp C. Ws =108 hp
B.Ws=110hp D.Ws=113hp

20. I-jelium( R = 0.46~BTULlbm-RO) is c(Jmpressed isothermally from 14.7 psi a and 68°F-
The compression ratio is 4. Calculate. the work done by the gas. '
, A. -1454 BTU/lbm ,- C. - 364 BTU/lbm
C. -187 BTU/lbm D. - 363 BTU/lbm
21. When thetemperatLfre of an .ideal gas is doubled, while the absolute pressure is halved,
the volume is
A. qUadrupled , C. doubled
C. quartered D. halved

22. Work of a polytropic (n =

1.21) compression of air (Cp/Cv = 1.4) in a system with
moving boundery from Pj = 15 psia, V1 = 1.0 fP to P2= 150 psia, V2 = 0.15 fP is:
A. 35.5ft-lb C. 324 ft~lb
B. 1080ft-lb O.2700ft-lb E.5150ft-Ib

23,Calculate the volume of cooling air in cubic meters per second required for a 20 MVA,
turbo-alternator running at full load. 0.8 p.r. with an efficiency of 96 percent. The inlet and
outlettemperaturf3s are 15°C and 35°C, respectively.
A) 16.72 m3fs C) 15.91 m3/s
" B) 33.15 m3/s D) 27.03 m3/s

24. A refrigeration system produces 150 BTU/lbm of cooling. In order to have a rating of 1 ton
Df refrigeration, what must be therrass flow rate ofthevapor? (1 ton of refrigeration =
12,000 BTUfhr, approximately the rate required to freeze 1 tonof ice in a day.)
(144BTU/lb)(2000Ip/ton) = 288,000 BTU/day
A. 2.2 Ibm/hrc. 151bm/hr
B. 80 Ibm/hr D) 360 Ibm/hr

25 Ton of refrigeration is a unitequivalentto ... -.

. A. 12,660kN-m/hr C 3413kW-hr
B. 504 kcal/sec D. 2545 BTU/hr

26. Therm024. ~OOOcfm of 65°F air iSJequired to maintain a house at 76°F. 25% wt of air
entering the air conditioner is from the outside at 90°F,and the remainder is reqycled from
the inside at 76°F. Required: Deter.mine the rating in tons of the air conditioner. (Assume
sensible heat changes only, ignore any dehumidification).
A 1.94 tons C. 3.95 tons
B. 5.27 tons 0 7.92 tons

27. Find the change in internal energy of 10 atm oxygen gas when the temperature changes
from 100°F fa 120°F, Cv = 0.157 BTU/lbm-oR
A. 25.55 BTU C. 14.63 BTU
B. 16.7 BTU D. 10.23 BTU
 28. ~lnterl1'ls&Q~(heatf?dmfjigfi ternpetaturesdUrce) arid'q~(hea'tt619VY
te'm'~,e(atur,.e
sink),
the networkofthe Carnotcycleis: ,'. ' ,

A W= QH - Q~ C. W = QH + QL
C W = QH/ QL , D. W = QH -QL
29. The maximum thermal efficiency thatcanqe'obtafnedinanideal reve(9ipleheatengine
operating'between 1540Wand340°F'is CloseStto' . ~ ' " '

A 100% . C. 60%
B,78% D. 40%

30. A steam enginec5perating between theboiler'temperature 220°C arIda cordenser

temperature 35°C delivers 8 hp. Itjts efficiency is 30% ofthat of,a Carnot E:!hgineoperating
between these temperature linlits,how many calories absorbed each second by the boiler
? How many calories are exhausted to the condenser each second?
A 63,063 C. 12,(352
B.11;228 D. 71,063

31. A3 HP refrigerator or heat pump,operates between O°Fto 100OF.The maximumtheoretical

heat that can be transferred fromthe cold reservoir is nearest to: '

A 7,620 BTU/hr C. 13,540 BTU/hr

B. 23,830BTU/hr' 0 35,120 BTU/hr

32. Second Law of Limitation on the maximum horsepower output from any unitburning
1,000,000 BTU/hroffuel with high and lowtemperature extremes of 1540°F and 40°F is:
A.98 C,295
B.'1140 0.3830

33. Three (3) designs are prqposed for an engine which is to operate between 500K and 300
K: DesignedA is claimed to produce 3000 J of work per Kcal of ht;;atinput; 8 is claimed to
produce 2000 J, and C is claimed to produce 1000J Which desjgnlNould you choose?
A C alone C. A alone
B. B alone D. Both Aand B

34. What is the maximum amount 9fwork that a Carn~t engine can perform perkilocalorie of
heat inputifitabsorbs heat at 427°Cand exhausts heat at 177°C? Ans.0.357

35. How many kilograms of water at DoCcan freezer with a coefficient of performance 5 make
into ice cubes atO°C with a working input of3,6 MJ (one kilowatt-hour)? Use Table 17~1
'for data. Ans. 53.699 kg

36. A freezer has a coefficient of performance of 5. If the temperature inside the freezer is-
20°C, what is the temperature at which it rejected heat? Assume an ideal system. Ans
30,6aC

,37. In an eJdiabatic,isentropic process, P, = 200 psia, P2= 300 psia, and T1=700 oR. Find
T2' Using g = 1.4
A. 576 oR C. 680 oR
B. 5SJOoR D. 786 oR
 38.' Purewater is boilingin aDopenpa~a1 atW9sPt1<:;ricpres.suce.. $?It?t a tecnperattJre equal.
to that ofthe boiling water-is acJd~d.:In:imediatelyafter the salt dissolves, which of the'
following will mostlikely to occur.? h ., . " '. ..'." .

A The IJQilingceases. C. The water ionizes ..

,s. The temperature of the solution drops by iDec D. 'The salt vaporizes.

39. A refrigerator removes heat from C\freezing chamber at -seF and discharges itat 95eF.
What is its maximum coefficient ofperformanc:e? Ans. 4.59 .

40. The heat transfer during adiabatic pr.ocess is

A. reversible . C. irreversible
E. zero
B. dependent on temperature. D. dependent on pressure

41. Apump is used to increase the pressure of the water entering the boiler of a steam power
. powercycle.Whichstatement istrue concerningthe pump?
A. The pump produces the work
B. The pump has no.effect on the cycle
C. The enthalpy of the water leaving the pump is lower than the enthalpy of water
entering.. .
D. The enthalpyofth~waterleavingthe pumpis higher than the enthalpyofwater
entering. .

42. Enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function only of:

A. internal energy C entropy
B. the product of pressure and specific volume D. temperature

43. Entropyis the measure of '.

A. the change in the enthalpy of a system C. the heat capacity of a substance

B. the total heat content of a ~ystem D. 'randomness or disorder

44. An isentropic process is one which

A. is adiabatic but not reversible c. i~:freversible but not adiabatic
S. is adiabatic and reversible .. D. occurs at constant pressure but not
constant temperature E. occurs at constant pressure and
temperature

45. Name, the process that has no heat transfer.

. A. Isentropic C. !sothermal
B. Reversible D. Polytropic E quasistatic

46. Which of the followingthermodynamic'cycles is the most efficient?

A. Brayton B. Rankine
C. Carnot D. combined Brayton-Rankine
E. Rankine with reheat

47. AcompressioJl ignition cycle is modelled by which ideal cycle?

A. Otto Cycle C. Diesel Cycle
B. Rankine Cycle D. Brayton Cycle E. Ericsson Cycle
 ". .V.." "" ".,- :"'-",'."" "", ",'
48. lJI.I~e6 cQ,ol~9JO~'t~rnti~t~tq{~'~pprbaching
apsolutezero,ma'hy'materialshavea sudden.~
drop in thelreleCtriCafl~sistivltY'tocivalLieoUifmostzero. This phenomenon is known as
A. the Meissner.~ff!i!ct . C. the Curie transition' .
!3. PC1ralTlagnE!tr~m'
, ,," D. ferroelectricity E.sLlperconductivity
, '

49. ,AninvEtnt()rpropos~§ tOPJopela ship I;>ywithdrawingheat from seawater and converting

it all into Work.Since the thermar~ne-rgy onlle sea!s essentially unlimited, the ship could
almost runforeverwithoutany fue(Tf-i'isscheme failsbecause '"

A. it violates the first law of thermodynamics

B. itviolates the second I~wof thermodynamics
C. it violates the mechanicCiIenergy balance
D. the tem perature of sea water is too low
E. there is too much friction between the ship's hulland the water

50. Equilibrium conditions exists in all except which ofthe following:

A. in reversible processes
B.in processes where driving forces are infinitesihlals.
C. along idealfrictionless, non-dissipative paths where forward and reverse processes
occur at equal rate~.' . -

D. in a steadyflowsystem process
F. where nothing can occur without an effect on the system's surroundings

51. A Carnot engirie absorbs 1000 kJ of heat from a reservoir at 300°C and exhausts heat
to a reservoir at 150°C. Find thework it does.
A 162 kJ C. 26.2 kJ
B. 262 kJ D. 16,2 kJ

52. Isentropic' compression of 0:0283 m3 of air, k = C/Cv = 1.40, a~ 137:86 kPaa to a

pressure of 689.29 kPaa gives a final volume of ..-.....
A. 0,037 m3 . C. 0.006 m3
B. 0,009 m3 . D. 0.073 m3

53. Energy changes are represented by all EXCEPT which one of the following.
A-, 'C. TdS ~ PdV
B. TdS + VdP O.

54. An economizer is used to...

. A. heat the fuel oil
"' B. heat the feedwater before it enters the boiler
C. desuperheatthe steam
D.heat air before it enters the furnace'

55. Two liquids .enter a mixing chamber and are discharged at 80°F at the rate of 50 gal/min.
Liquid A enters at 140°F with specific heat of 10 BTU/gal-°F. Liquid B enters at 86°F with
specific heat of 8.33 BTU/gal-°F. What is the volume flow for liquid A?
A. 6.62 gal/min . .' C. 5.26 gal/min
B. 6.26 gal/min D. 7.62 gal/min
 56. . Whichofthe followingis a safetydevice on compressor?
A.' StrainerC. Over speed shutdown.
B. Reliefvalve D.lntercoolerreliefvalve

57. The presence ofoilor scale on boilertubes causes ... .

A. Oxidation C. Electrolysis
B. Overheating D. Galvanic action

58. Allof the followingstatements about the Carnot cycle are true EXCEPT
A. Itis the most efficient cycle between any two temperatures.
B.lt is irreversible
C.lt operates between two constant temperature reserVoirs
D. Itis a cycle in which the heat is transferred isothermally
E.lt is a cycle in which the efficiency is independent bf the working substance.

59. During a process in which 20 joules of positive work is done by a closed stationary
syster:n, the internal energy increases by 50 joules. The heat transfer is more nearly:
A. 70 J extracted C. 30 J added
D. 70 J added B. 30 J extracted

60. Cooling air in intercoolers between compression stages in a multi-stage air compressor...
A. keeps the moisture in the air from evaporating.
B. allows a slightly lower volume of free air to be handled for a constant speed
compressor .
C. decreases substantially the volumetric efficiency
r. D. requires less horsepower for compressor than without intercoolers.

61. Determine the change in enthalpy per Ib of nitrogen gas as its temperature changes from
600°F, Cp= 0.2483 BTU/lbm-°R. '
. A. -74.49 BTU/lbm C. -65.49 BTU/lbm
.B. - 49.66 BTU/lbm D. - 55.56 BTU/lbm

62. Whic!) of the following is a safety device on compressor? .

~ A Relief valve C. Overspeed shutdown

B. Strainer D. Intercooler relief valve'
E>
",:
~ 63. What is the color code of steam pipe lines?
"
r" A. Si/vergray C. Red
B. Green D. Yellow

64. The specific heat capacity is an S.I. derived unit described as :.

" A J/kg C. J/m3 .
B. W/m-K D. J/kg-K

65.ln the deep well installation or operation, the difference between static water level and
"'
operating water level is called: .
A suction lift C. priming level
B. drawdown D. clogging