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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

ME6401-KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY
UNIT-I
BASIC OF MECHANISMS
1. What is Kinematics?
Kinematics deals with the relative motions of different parts of a Mechanism without taking with
consideration, the forces producing the motions.
2. What is dynamics?
Dynamics involves the calculations of forces impressed upon different parts of a mechanism
3. What is Rigid body?
A body is said to be rigid if under the action of forces, it does not suffer any distortion (deflection) or
the distance between any two points on its remains constant.
4. What is Mechanism?
A number of bodies (usually Rigid) when assembled in such a way that the motion of one causes
constrained and predictable motions to the others, is known as Mechanism
5. Is the study of mechanism depends in the material strength.
No, it is independent of the bearing strength of the parts (or) it is immaterial if a machine part is
made of mild steels, cast iron. Wood etc.
6. What is a machine?
A machine is a mechanism or a combination of mechanisms which, apart from impairing definite
motions to the parts, also transmits and modifies the available mechanical energy into some kind of
desired work.
7. What is a link?
A resistant body or a group of resistant bodies with rigid connections preventing their relative
movement is known as a link.
A link is also known as Kinematics link (or) Element.
8. Classify joints.
Joints can be classified into binary, ternary and quaternary, etc., depending upon its ends on which
revolute or turning pairs can be placed.
9. What is Kinematics pair?
A kinematics pair or simply a pair is a joint of two links having relative motion between them.
10. What are the types of Kinematics pairs?
Kinematics pairs can be classified according to

a) Nature of contact

Lower pair Higher Pair

b) Nature of Mechanical Constraint

Closed Pair Unclosed Pair

c) Nature of relative motion
i) Sliding pair
ii) Turning pair
iii) Rolling pair
iv) Screw pair (Helical Pair)
v) Spherical pair
11. What is lower pair & Higher pair?
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 Lower pair Higher pair
1. A pair of links having surface (or) When a pair has a point or a line
area contact between the members is contact between the links, it is known
known a s a lower pair as higher pair
2. Example : Nut turning on a screw, Example : Wheel rolling on a surface,
shaft rotating in a bearing, all pairs of cam and follower pair, tooth gears, ball
slider crank mechanism, universal joint, and roller bearing etc.
etc.
3. Contact surface of the two links are Contact surfaces of the two links are
similar. dissimilar.
12. What is closed pair and unclosed pair?
Closed pair: When the Elements of a pair are held together mechanically, it is known as a closed
pair.
All the lower pair and some of the higher pairs are closed pairs.
Unclosed pair: When two links of a pairs are in contact either due to force of gravity or some spring
action, they constitute an unclosed pair.
E.g.: Cam and follower, because they are not held together mechanically.
13. Write about the kinematics pairs according to nature of relative motion.
a) Sliding pair: if two links have a sliding motion relative to each other, they form a sliding pair.

b) Turning pair: When one link has a turning or Revolving Motion relative to the other, they
constitute a turning or Revolving pair.
c) Rolling pair: When the links of a pair have a rolling motion relative to each other, they from a
rolling pair(e.g.) Ball Bearing.
d) Screw pair: If two links connected (or) combined to have a turning as well as sliding motion
between them, they from a screw pair.
E.g. the lead screw and the nut of a lathe is a screw pair.
e) Spherical pair: When one link in the form of a spheres turns inside a fixed link, it is said to be
spherical pair.
14. What is degree of freedom?
Degrees of freedom of a pair is defined as the number of independent parameter which must be
independently controlled to bring the mechanism in to useful work
15. What are the motions that a rigid body can have?
The Rigid body will have
i) Translation Motions along any three mutually perpendicular axes x,y, xz and
ii) Rotational Motions about these axes.
16. What is Linkage, Mechanism?
A linkage is obtained if one of the links of kinematics chain is fixed to the ground
If motion of each link results in defined motion of the other, the linkage is known as a mechanism.
17. What is kinematics chain?
A Kinematic chain is an assembly of links in which the relative motions of the links is possible and
the motion of each relative to the others is definite.

18. What is a structure?

If there is no relative motion between the links, it is known as structure
The degree of freedom of a structure is few (or) less. A structure with negative degree of freedom
is known as a super structure.
19. Write the expression for the degree of freedom of a mechanism in space?
Degree of freedom of a mechanism in space can be given by,
F = (6(N-1)-5p1-4p 2 –3p3-2p4 –p5
N = Total number of links in a mechanism
F = Degree of freedom
p1 = number of pairs having one degree of freedom
p2 = Number of pairs having two degree of freedom and so on
20. Write the expression for degree of freedom for a plane mechanism.
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 F =3(N-1) –2 p1 - p2
This is known as Grubler’s criterion for degree of freedom of plane Mechanism.
21. What is meant by Equivalent Mechanism?
It is possible to replace turning pairs of plane Mechanisms by other type of pairs having one or two
degree of freedom such as sliding pairs or cam pairs. This replaced Mechanism is called Equivalent
Mechanism.
22. What is Four bar Mechanism?
A four – link (Bar ) mechanism or linkage is the most fundamental of the plane kinematics linkages.
It consists of four rigid links which are connected in the form of a Quadrilateral by four pin
joints. A link that makes complete revolution is the crank; the link opposite to the fixed link is
the coupler and fourth link a lever (or) Rocker.
23. Write the characteristics of four –(bar) link Mechanism.
Based on the lengths of its links.
1. It is impossible to have a four – bar linkage if the length of one of the links is greater then the
sum of the three.
2. If the sum of the length of the largest and the shortest links are less the sum of the length of
the other two links, the linkage known as CLASS –I four –bar linkage.
3. When the sum of the length of the largest and the shortest linkage is more than the sum of
length of the other two links, the linkage is known as a CLASS –ii, four – bar linkage.
24. What is inversion mechanism?
Different mechanisms obtained by fixing different links of a kinematics chain are known as its
inversion.
25. What is slider crank mechanism?
If the smaller link (crank) is rotated, the longest link slides on the fixed link, this mechanism is
called slider crank mechanism. This diagram is also reciprocating compressor.
26. Write about whit worth quick return mechanism.
It is the second inversion of slider crank mechanism. It is used in workshop to cut metals. The
forward stroke takes a little longer and cuts the metal whereas the return stroke is idle and takes a
shorter period.
27. Define Grashoff’s law:
It states that for a planner four bar linkage, the sum of the shortest and longest link lengths cannot be
greater than the sum of the remaining two link lengths if there is to be continuous relative rotation
between two members.
(e.g.) Formation of 1. Crank Rocker Mechanism
2. Drag link Mechanism
3. Double rocker Mechanism
28. What is kutz batch criterion?
The expression to find the degrees of freedom (or) the movability of the devices is called Kutz batch criterion and it is
given by
M = 3 (n-1) – 2j1 – j2

Where m = movability
n = no. of links
j1 = No of pairs having 1 degree of freedom
j2 = No of pairs having 2 degree of freedom
29. What is snap action mechanism?
It is used as clamps, clips and even it finds application circuit breakers to engage and disengage (ie .,
close or open circuit) the circuits by lever action.
30. What are linear actuators?
Linear Actuators include
1. Stationary screws with traveling nuts.
2. Stationary nuts with traveling screws
3. Single and double acting hydraulic and pneumatic cylinder.
31. Write about five adjustments.
The mechanism used to adjust any part of the mechanism to get specific application out of the
original mechanism.
This may be obtained with screws, including the differential screw, worm gearing, wedges,
levers and levers in series.
32. Write about clamping mechanism.
It finds application in work holding devices. It is generally used to fix an object rigidly during
operation. Typical clamping mechanisms are the C- clamp vises presses such as the toggle press.
33. Write about indexing mechanism.
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 When cyclic change of position of an object (tools) by regular time internal is needed, indexing can
be used (e.g.) Geneva mechanism.
34. What is Rocking Mechanism?
The class of swinging or rocking mechanism is often termed as oscillators, in each case the output
member rocks or swings through angles which are generally less than 360˚
35. Define ‘degrees of freedom’.
It is defined as the number of input parameters which must be controlled independently in order
to bring the device into a particular position.
The degrees of freedom of a mechanism (n) is given by
n = 3(L-1)-2j-h
where L = Number of links
j = Number of joints
h = Number of higher pairs.
36. What is meant by spatial mechanism?
Spatial mechanism have special geometric characteristics in that all revolute axes are parallel and
perpendicular to the plane of motion and all prism axes lie in the plane of motion.
37. Classify the constrained motion.
There are three types.
1) Completely constrained motion (eg. Square bar moving in a square hole)
2) In completely constrained motion (eg. Circular shaft in a hole)
3) Successfully constrained motion (eg. Piston and cylinder)
38. What is meant by number synthesis?
Expressing mobility or degree of freedom of a mechanism in terms of the number of links and
the number of pair connections of a given type is known as number synthesis.
39. What are the important inversions of four chain mechanism?
1) Crank-rocker mechanism.
2) Crank-crank mechanism.
3) Rocker-rocker mechanism.
40. What is toggle position?
It is the position of a mechanism at which the mechanical advantage is infinite and the sine of
angle between the coupler and driving link is zero.
41. What is pantograph?
Pantograph is a device which is used to reproduce a displacement exactly in an enlarged or
reduced scale. It is used in drawing offices, for duplicating the drawings, maps, plans, etc. It works
on the principle of 4 bar chain mechanism.
42. What are the applications of single slider crank mechanism?
1) Rotary or Grome engines.
2) Crank and slotted lever mechanism.
3) Oscillating cylinder engine.
4) Bull engine
5) Hand pump.
43. Give some examples for kinematics pairs.
1) Crank and connecting rod
2) Connecting and piston rod
3) Piston and engine cylinder.
44. Discuss Elliptical trammel
Elliptical trammel is an instrument used for drawing ellipses. It is the best example for first inversion
of double slider crank chain.
45. What is movability?
It includes the 6 degree of freedom of the device as a whole, as though the ground link were not
fixed, and this applies to a kinematic chain.
46. What is mobility?
It neglects these and considers only the internal relative motions, thus applying a mechanism.
47. What is meant by transmission angle?
In a four bar chain mechanism the angle between the coupler and the follower link is called as
the transmission angle.
48. What is meant by Ackermann steering?
Ackermann steering is the one of the mechanism used in vehicles. It is obtained by inversion of
four bar chain.
49. Write down the Grashof’s Law for a four bar mechanism?
Grashof’s law states that the sum of the shortest and longest links cannot be greater than the sum
of the remaining two links lengths if there is to be continuous relative motion between two members.
50. Explain the working principle of bicycle bells.
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 Bicycle bells are working on the principle of snap action mechanism or toggle mechanism or flip
flop mechanism.
51. What is meant by motion adjustment mechanism?
The mechanism used to adjust or modify the motion of the link are known as motion adjustment
mechanism. Motion adjustment is obtained by wedges, levers and rack and pinion.
52. Whether a cycle chain is kinematic chain or not?
A cycle chain is a combination of several links with turning pair. Hence it is not a kinematic
chain.
53. Define instantaneous centre.
Instantaneous centre of a moving body may be defined as that centre which goes on changing
from one instant to another.
54. What is instantaneous axis?
Instantaneous axis is a line drawn through an instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane
of motion.
55. What is resistant body?
A body is said to be resistant if it is capable of transmitting the required force with negligible
deformation. A link need not necessarily be a rigid body, but it must be a resistant body.
56. What is link?
A link or an element is defined as that part of a machine which has motion relative to some other
part. A link need not to be a single unit, but it may consist of several parts which are manufactured as
separate units.
57. What are the different types of links?
1) Rigid link.
2) Flexible link.
3) Fluid link.
58. What is meant by spatial mechanism?
Spatial mechanism have special geometric characteristics in that all revolute axes are parallel and
perpendicular to the plane of motion and all prism axes lie in the plane of motion.
59. What is the use of oldham’s coupling?
It is used for transmitting motion between two shafts which are parallel but not coaxial.

UNIT – II
KINEMATICS
1. What are the properties of instantaneous center?
i) A rigid link rotates instantaneously relative to one another link at the instantaneous center
for the confutation of the mechanism.
ii) The two rigid link has no linear velocity relative to each instantaneous center.
(ie)., the velocity of instantaneous center relative to any third link will be the same,
whether the instantaneous center is regarded as point on any of first or second rigid link.
2. When the coriolis component of acceleration has to be included?
When a point one link, is sliding along one another link which is rotating then the curio’s component
of acceleration (relative to another) has to be calculated.
Eg., slider on crank in quick return mechanism
3. Give an expression for corioli’s component of acceleration?
ά =2 v ά
Where ά angular velocity of OA v Linear velocity of B.
4. Define rubbing velocity of pinpoint?
The links in a mechanism are mostly connected by means of pinpoint. The rubbing velocity is
defined as the a algebraic sum between angular velocity of the two links which are connected by
pinpoint multiplied by radius of pin.
Rubbing velocity at the pinpoint
= (w1- w2) r when links move in same direction
= (w1+ w2) r when links move in opposite direction
5. What are coincident points?
When a point in one link is sliding along another rotating link, then the point is known as coincident
point.
i.e., coincident point is the point on slider such that the slider slides along another rotating link.
6. Write the significance of coincident points?
Whenever coincident point exists in an mechanism, to find the total acceleration at that point. We
have to calculate one more component of acceleration, known as coriolis component of acceleration.
Total accleration of coincident point = vector sum of ά1 + ά1 + ά˚
ά1 tangential component
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 ά2 radial component
ά˚ coriolis component of acceleration
a) Since instantaneous center refers to relative motions the double centre may be denoted by I12 or
I 21 I34 or I43 irrespective of order of suffix.
7. Give the expression to determine the number of instantaneous centres in a mechanism?
N = n (n-1)/2
Where N = number of instantaneous center
n= number of links.
8. Radial component of acceleration is ________ to the velocity component and tangential
component of acceleration is ___________ to the link in space diagram ( or) radial
component of acceleration.
Ans.: (1); (2) perpendicular
9. Define Kennedy’s theorem?
Kennedy’s theorem states that, if three bodies move relatively to each other they have three
instantaneous center and lie on straight line.
10. In the four bar chain consideration mechanical advantages as 0.7 FB = 60N, what is force
acting on pin?
M.A =0.7
FB =60N
Wkt,
M.A = Fc/Fb
0.7 =Fc/60
Fc=42 N
11. Explain mechanical advantage?
It is defined as the ratio of the load to the effort.
12. What is meant by efficiency of a mechanism?
Efficiency of a mechanism is defined as the ratio of product of force and velocity in driven link to
product of force and velocity in driving link.

ή= FB VB
FA V A
ή= T B ώB

TA ώA

T= Torque
V= Velocity
ώ= Angular velocity.
13. How to represent the direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to
another point on the same link?
The direction of linear velocity of any point on a link with respect to another point on the same link
is perpendicular to the line joining the points.
14. Write the significance of corioli’s component of acceleration?
(i) If corioli’s component of acceleration is neglected in dynamic analysis of a linkage the link
will have dynamics unbalance.
(ii) It means that, there is no slider with rotating link or no rotating link with a slider, which is
practically impossible.
(iii) The direction of corioli’s component of Acceleration is to rotate the slider velocity vector, in
the same sense as the angular velocity of crank.
15. State angular velocity ratio theorem.
It states that the angular velocities of the driver and follower are inversely proportional to the
intercepts made on the line joining the centers of their rotation by the normal at the point of contact
of the links
16. Define instantaneous center.
It is defined as the common center of rotation for two links about which the whole body is
assumed to have pure rotation or translation.
17. What is the advantage of relative acceleration method over others.
It can be used for any mechanism irrespective of number of links.
18. What are the various types of instantaneous center.
I) Primary instantaneous center.
II) Secondary instantaneous center
III) Fixed instantaneous center
IV) Permanent instantaneous center
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19. Define primary instantaneous center.
Instantaneous center whose inside links are adjacent then it called primary instantaneous center
20. Define secondary instantaneous center.
Instantaneous center whose inside links are non adjacent then it called secondary instantaneous
center
21. Define fixed instantaneous center
If instantaneous center remains in the same plane for all configuration of the mechanism then it is
called fixed instantaneous center.
22. Define permanent instantaneous center.
If the instantaneous center moves when the mechanism moves but the joints are permanent then it
is called permanent instantaneous center.
23. What are the two components of acceleration?
Radial component
Tangential component
24. Radial component of acceleration is __________ to the link.
Ans.: Parallel
25. Tangential component of acceleration is ____________ to the links
Ans.: Perpendicular
26. Define slider crank mechanism
The mechanism, which converts reciprocating motion in to rotary motion, is called slider crank
mechanism.
27. Define translation motion.
When the particles of the body moves parallel to the axis then it is called translation motion
28. Define rotary motion.
When the particles of the body moves in concentric circle about any fixed point then it is called
rotary motion.
29. What is kinematic analysis?
The objective of the kinematics analysis is to determine the kinematic quantities such as
displacements, velocities and accelerations of the elements in a mechanism.
30. What is displacement?
It is defined as the distance moved by a body with respect to a certain fixed point.
31. What is vector?
A vector is a straight line of a certain length possessing a starting point and a terminal point at
which it carries an arrow head.
32. Write down the different types of motion.
1) Rectilinear motion.
2) Curvilinear motion.
3) Circular motion.
33. What is Rectilinear motion?
In this motion, the particles of a body move in straight parallel paths. Such a motion is also
known as Translatory motion or straight line motion.
34. What is Curvilinear motion?
In this motion, the particles of a body move along parallel circular arcs or curved paths.
35. What is Circular motion?
When all the particles of a body travel in concentric circles then the motion is said to be circular
motion.
36. What is the difference between velocity and speed?
Velocity is defined as the rate of change of displacement of a body with respect to the time.
Speed is defined as the rate of change of linear displacement of a body with respect to the time.
37. What are the different methods are used for finding the velocity?
1) Graphical method.
2) Analytical method.
38. Write the different types of graphical method.
1) Relative velocity method.
2) Instantaneous centre method.
39. What is configuration diagram?
It is a skeleton or a line diagram which represents a machine or a mechanism. To study the
velocity and acceleration of any mechanisms, first we have to draw the configuration diagram. It is
also known as space diagram.
40. What is acceleration?
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time is known as acceleration.
41. What is deceleration?
The negative acceleration is known as deceleration or retardation.
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42. What is meant by coincident points?
When a point on one link is sliding along another rotating link, then the point is known as
coincident point.
43. What is centrode?
The locus of all instantaneous centre is known as centrode.
44. What is space centrode?
The locus of the instantaneous centre in space during a definite motion of the body is called the
space centrode.
45. What is Body centrode?
The locus of all instantaneous centre relative to the body itself is called the body centrode.
46. What is Instantaneous axis?
A line drawn through an instantaneous centre and perpendicular to the plane of motion is called
instantaneous axis.
47. What is axode?
The locus of Instantaneous axis is known as axode.
48. Write down the different types of Instantaneous centres.
1) Fixed Instantaneous centres.
2) Permanent Instantaneous centres.
3) Neither fixed nor permanent Instantaneous centres.
49. Define Kennedy’s theorem.
The Kennedy’s theorem states that if three bodies move relatively to each other, they have three
instantaneous centres and lie on a straight line.
50. What are properties of instantaneous centre?
1) A rigid link rotates instantaneously relative to another link at the instantaneous centre for the
configurations of the mechanism.
2) The two rigid links have no linear velocity relative to each other at the instantaneous centre.
At this point the two rigid links have the same linear velocity relative to the rigid link.
51. What is angular velocity ratio theorem?
The angular velocity ratio theorem states that the angular velocity ratio of any two bodies in
planar relative to a third body is inversely proportional to the segments into which the common
instantaneous centre cuts the line of centres.
52. Explain any two methods of reducing interference in gears.
1. The height of the teeth may be reduced.
2. The pressure angle may be increased.
3. The face of gear tooth may be relieved.
53. What is the effects of centrifugal tension in belt drives?
1. Centrifugal tension will increase the tension on both tight and slack sides.
2. Centrifugal tension has no effect on the power transmitted by the belt drive.

UNIT – III
KINEMATICS OF CAM
1. What are cams? What is its purpose?
A cam is a rotating machine element, which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to one another
element known as follower.
The cams are usually rotated at uniform speed by a shaft, but the follower motion is pre determine
by the contouer (shape) of the cam.
2. How followers are classified according to surface in contact?
a) Knife edge follower
b) Roller follower
c) Flat –faced follower
d) Spherical faced follower.
3. How follower are classified according to motion of follower?
a) Reciprocating follower
b) Oscillating follower
4. How cams are classified?
There are classified according to the direction of follower movement
i) Radial cam – here follower reciprocates(or)
Oscillates in direction perpendicular to cam axis
ii) Cylindrical cam- here the followed reciprocates(or)
Oscillates parallel to the cam axis.
5. Define pressure angle of a cam.
It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and normal to pitch curve. This is very
important in designing the cam profile.
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 6. Explain pitch curve & cam profile for, knife-edge follower & cam profile?
Pitch curve is the curve generated by the trace point as the follower moves relative to the cam.
For knife-edge follower, the pitch curve & cam profile are same.
For roller follower, the cam profile & pitch curve are separated by radius of follower.
7. What is the possible type of motions of follower?
i) Uniform velocity
ii) Simply harmonic motion
iii) Uniform acceleration & retardation motion
iv) Cycloidal motion.
8. Write the maximum velocity of follower moving in SHM
Vmax at outstroke π ws/2θ0
Vmax at return stroke = π ws/2θr
9. Write the maximum acceleration of follower moving in SHM.
a0= π²w²s/2(θ0 )2
aR = π² w²s/2(θR)²
10. Write the maximum velocity of follower in cycloidal motion.
VR = 2 w s/θR ; Vo = 2 w s/θ o
11. Maximum acceleration of follower moving in cycloidal motion.
ao = 2π w² s/(θo )²; a r =2π w²s/(θR )²
12. What is prime circle?
It is the smallest circle that can be drawn from center of cam shaft and tangent to pitch curve.
For knife-edge follower the prime circle & base circle is same. But in roller follower prime
Circle is larger than base circle by radius of follower.
13. Why cams are needed to have specified contour?
When the follower is required to move in a predetermined specified motion, then profile of cam has
to be designed with specified contours.
14. Give examples for specified contours.
i) Tangent cam with reciprocating roller follower
ii) Circular arc cam with flat face & follower.
15. What are tangent cam?
When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the bas encircle and nose circle, then the
cam is known as a tangent cam.
16. What are circular arc cam?
When the flanks of the cam connecting the base circle and nose arc of convex circular arcs, then the
cam as circular arc cam.
17. What is the maximum velocity of the follower moving with UAR?
VO = 2ws/θo ; Vr = 2ws/θr
18. What is the velocity of follower’s roller, when it has contact with nose of cam?
Velocity of follower at nose = 0
Acceleration of follower at nose = a=ώ ²r (1+r/l) where L =r2 + r3.
19. Why the roller followers are preferred then knife edge follower?
Since the contact edge of the knife edge follower is point contact, so it wears out cam surface
very quickly.
20. Define pitch point.
It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve.
21. What is base circle.
It is smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile.
22. Differentiate between radial and cylindrical cam.
In radial cam, the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction perpendicular to the cam axis.
In cylindrical cam, the follower reciprocates or oscillates in a direction parallel to the cam axis.
23. What is the difference between radial and off –set follower?
When the motion of the follower is along an axis passing through the center of the cam, it is
known as radial follower.
When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam center, it is
called as off –set follower.
24. Define lift (or)stroke.
It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the top most position.
25. What is Dwell period.
It is the period of cam rotation during Which the follower remains at rest is known as dwell period.
26. The cam and follower generally used in automobile engine is___________.
Ans.: spherical faced
27. The cam and follower extensively used in air-craft engine is______________.
Ans.: Roller follower
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 28. For low and moderate speed engine, the cam follower should move with __________.
Ans.: SHM
29. For high-speed engine, the cam follower should move with___________________
Ans.: cycloidal motion
30. The size of the cam depends on ____________
Ans: base circle.
31. Define Pressure angle of cam.
It defined as the angle between the direction of follower motion and normal to the pitch curve.
32. How can high surface in flat faced follower be minimized?
High surface in the follower is minimized by machining the flat end of the follower to a spherical
shape.
33. The velocity diagram of the follower moving simple harmonic motion consists of a
__________ Curve and the acceleration diagram is a____________curve.
Ans.: sin; cosine
34. How can you prevent undercutting in cam?
 By decreasing the follower lift.
 By increasing cam rotation angle.
 By increasing the cam size.
35. What do you know about gravity cam?
In this type, the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam and return by the force
of gravity or due to the weight of the cam.
36. What is a cam?
A cam is a rotating machine element which gives reciprocating or oscillating motion to another
element known as follower.
37. Give some examples of cam.
1) Radial or disc cams.
2) Cylindrical or barrel cams.
3) End or face cams.
4) Wedge cams.
38. Define tangent cam.
When the flanks of the cam are straight and tangential to the base circle and nose circle the cam
is known as tangent cam.
39. What ate the different motions of the follower?
1) Uniform motion.
2) Simple harmonic motion.
3) Uniform acceleration and retardation.
4) Cycloidal motion.
40. How can high surface stress in flat faced follower be minimized?
High surface stress in the follower is minimized by machining the flat end of the follower to a
spherical shape.
41. Where are the roller follower extensively used?
Roller followers are extensively used where more space is available such as in stationary gas oil
engines, and aircraft engines.
42. Define dwell period?
The period during which the follower remains at rest is called dwell period.
43. Explain offset follower.
When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the axis of the cam centre, it is
called offset follower.
44. Define trace point.
It is a reference point on the follower and is used to generate the pitch curve. In case of knife
edge follower the knife edge represents the trace point and the pitch curve corresponds to the cam
profile.
45. Define pressure angle with respect to cams.
It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. This
angle is very important in designing a cam profile. If the pressure angle is too large, a reciprocating
follower will jam in its bearings.
46. Define lift or stroke in cam.
It is the maximum travel of the follower from its lowest position to the topmost position.
47. Define undercutting in cam. How it occurs?
The cam profile must be continuous curve without any loop. If the curvature of the pitch curve is
too sharp, then the part of the cam shape would be lost and thereafter the intended cam motion
would not be achieved. Such a cam is said to be undercut.

10
 Undercutting occurs in the cam because of attempting to achieve too great a follower lift with
very small cam rotation with a smaller cam.
48. What do you know about nomogram?
In nomogram, by knowing the values of total lift of the follower and the cam rotation angle for
each segment of the displacement diagram, we can read directly the maximum pressure angle
occurring in the segment for a particular choice of prime circle radius.
49. How can you prevent undercutting in cam?
1) By decreasing the follower lift.
2) By increasing cam rotation angle.
3) By increasing the cam size.
50. What do you know about gravity cam?
In this type, the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam and the return by the
force of gravity or due to the weight of the cam.
51. Write the different types of follower.
1) Knife edge follower
2) Roller follower
3) Mushroom or flat faced follower
4) Spherical faced or curved shoe follower.
52. What is cam profile?
The surface of cam which comes into contact with follower, is known as cam profile.
53. What is base circle?
It is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the cam profile. The radius of the base circle is called
the least radius of the cam.
54. What is trace point?
It is a reference point on the follower to trace the cam profile. In case of a knife edge follower,
the knife edge itself is a tracing point and in roller follower, the centre of the roller is the tracing
point.
55. What is pitch curve?
The locus or path of the tracing point is known as the pitch curve. For the purpose of laying out
the cam profiles, it is assumed that the cam is fixed and the follower rotates around it.
56. What is prime circle?
The smallest circle drawn tangent to the pitch curve is known as prime circle.
57. What is pressure angle?
It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal to the pitch curve. This
angle is very important in cam design as it represents steepness of the cam profile.
58. What is pitch point?
It is the point on the pitch curve at which the pressure angle is maximum.
59. What is pitch circle?
It is the circle passing through the pitch point and concentric with the base circle.
60. What is cam angle?
It is the angle of rotation of the cam for a definite displacement of the follower.

UNIT-IV
GEARS
1. What are spiral gears?
These are thegears connected by non-interesting and non-parallel shaft. But, when two mutually
perpendicular shafts are connected by two equal gears, then its called miters.
2. Classify gears based on Orientation of shafts axis?
(a). Shaft are parallel –spur gear, helical gear.
(b). shafts are non parallel & non intersecting –Bevel gears, spiral gears.
3. Classify gear based on type of gearing?
Internal gears: The shafts mesh internally. The larger gear wheel is called annulus and smaller
gears as pinion. Here, the two wheels move alike.
External gears: The two shafts are mesh externally. Here, the in mesh moves in opposite direction.
Rack and pinion: This gear converts linear motion to rotary motion, vice versa. The pinion gear
Meshs with straight line called rack.
4. Define pitch circle.
Pitch circle it is the imaginary circle, drawn on gear profile, which by pure rolling action would
give same motion as actual gear
5. Define pressure angle (or) angle of obliquity.
It is the angle between the common normal to the two gear teeth at the point of contact and common
tangent at the pitch point
It’s usually denoted by Ф. This standard pressure angle are 14 ½ ˚ & 20˚
11
6. What is circular pitch?
It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from the point of one teeth to the
corresponding point on next tooth.
Po =π D/T πD circumference
T no. of teeth.
7. What is module of teeth?
It is the ratio of pitch circle diameter in millimeters to no. of teeth
M =D/T
The condition for two gears to mesh is, both the gears must have same module.
8. What material is generally used for worm wheel?
Phosphor bronze is widely used.
To reduce the wear,
9. State law of gearing?
The common normal at the point contact between a pair of teeth must always pass through the pitch
point.
i.e., the angular velocity ratio of the two gears remains same for all positions of wheel.
10. What are the forms of teeth?
a) cycloidal profile
b) involute profile.
11. Give relation between base circle and pitch circle?
Base circle diameter = pitch circle diameter X cos Ф
12. Define the term – involute.
An involute is defined as the locus of px. On a straight line which rolls without slipping on the
circumference of circle.
13. Define the term – cycloid.
It is the locus of a point on the circumference of circle that rolls without slipping on a fixed straight
line.
14. Define - Epicycloid.
It is the locus of a point on the circumference of circle that rolls without slipping over the
circumference of another circle.
15. Compare involute profile and cycloidal profile.
Cycloidal motion Involute motion
1. Pressure angle varies from Pressure angle is constant throughout &
maximum at engagement to zero at there fore smoother engagement.
pitch point and again increase upon
point of disengagement.
2. The tooth profile is of two forms Single curve form therefore simplicity in
face of tooth Epicycloid form manufacturing.
Flank of tooth hypocycloid
form. Therefore complicated
manufacturing
3. Flanks are wide & stronger Radial flanks. There is a possibility of
therfore zero interference. interference when gears have minimum no
of teeth.
4. For constant velocity ratio the Variation of center distance between gears
centre didtance of gears is constant. possible for constant. Velocity ratio.
Velocity ratio to some minimum values.
16. Define – Hypocycloid.
It is the locus of a point on circumference of a circle that rolls without slipping in side the
circumference of another circle.
17. What is length of path of contact?
It is the length between point of engagement and point of disengagement.
The point of engagement and disengagement is nothing but point of intersection of addendum circle
of wheel and pinion with common tangent line respectively,
Also length of path of contact = path of approach + path of recess.

ie., = √(RA)² - R²cos² Ф + √( rA)²- r² Ф – (R-r)cosФ –(R+r)sinф

18. Define length of Arc of contact?
Length of Arc of contact = Length of path of contact/cosФ
19. Define contact ratio
It is the number of pairs of teeth in contact, and it’s defined as ratio of length of Arc of contact to
circular pitch.
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 = Length of Arc of contact/pc where, pc =circular pitch.
20. What is velocity of sliding? When it will be maximum?
The [maximum] velocity of sliding at point of engagement (K) is the product of sum of angular
velocities of wheel & pinion with path of approach.
Velocity of sliding at pitch point is zero.
The velocity of sliding at point of disengagement (L) is the product of sum of angular velocities
of wheel & pinion with path of Recess.
21. How will you find the angle turned by the gear and pinion?
Angle turned by gear =
Length of arc contact X 360˚/Cirumference of gear
Angle turned by pinion =
Length of arc of contact X 360˚/Cirumference of pinion
22. Explain Interference?
The phenomenon when tip of tooth under cuts the root of its mating gear is known as interference.
23. Write the condition to avoid interference?
Interference may only be avoided if
1) the point of contact between two teeth in contact should always lie on Involute profile
of both teeth.
2) if the addendum circles of the two mating gears cut the common tangent to base
circles between the point of tangency.
24. Write the minimum no. of teeth required for avoiding interference?
In pinion: t = 2Ap/√ 1+T/t(T/t+2) sin²Ф –1
In gear: T = 2Aw/√ 1+t/T (t/T+2) sin² Ф -1 RA)²
25. What is maximum length of arc of contact for two mating gears to avoid interference?
(r+R) sinФ/2
26. What are simple gear train?
The arrangement of gear in parallel shafts, and gears are serially in mesh gears (idle gears) have no
effect on speed ratio. But the No. of idle gears/ decides the direction of rotation of driven gear.
27. Explain speed ratio & train value.
Speed ratio = speed of driven/speed of follower N1 /N2 = T2 / T1
Train value = speed of follower /speed of driver N2 /N1 = T1 / T2
28. What are compound gear train
When there are more than one gear on a shaft, its called compound tram’s of gear.
Here the intermediate gears have role in fixing the speed ration.
Speed ratio = speed of driven/speed of driven =
product of No. of teeth of driven/product of No.of teeth of driven
train value = 1/speed ratio
29. What is Epicyclic gear train?
In a gear train, when axes of the shaft over which the gears are mounted, move relative to the fixed
axis, its called Epicyclic gear train
30. What type of gearing is used in watches?
Reverted gear train.
31. The contact ratio for gear is _________
Greater than one.
26. Define addendum.
It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the top of the tooth.
27. Define dedendum.
It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the bottom of the tooth.
28. Define module.
It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeter to the number of teeth.
29. Define arc of contact.
It the path traced by the point on the pitch circle from the beginning to the end of an engagement of
a given pair of contact.
30. Define arc of approach.
It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning to the pitch point.
31. Define arc of recess.
It is the portion of the path of contact from the pitch point to the end of engagement.
32. What are advantage and disadvantage of gear drives.
Advantages:
1)It transmit exact velocity ratio.
2) It may be used to transmit large power.
3)It has high efficiency.
4)It has compact layout.
13
 Disadvantage:
1)The manufacture of gears require special tool and equipment.
2)The error in cutting teeth may cause vibration.
33. Define normal pitch.
It is the distance between similar faces of teeth along a helix on the pitch cylinder normal to the
teeth
34. Define axial pitch.
It is the distance measured parallel to the axis between similar faces of adjacent teeth.
35. How epicyclic gear train differs from the other typrs of gear train?
In epicyclic gear train , the axes of the shafts on which the gears mounted may move relative to a
fixed axis. But in other types, the axes of the shaft over the gears are fixed relative to each other.
36. What is an angle of obliquity in gear?
It is the angle between the common normal to two gear teeth at the point of contact and the
common tangent at the pitch point. It is also called as pressure angle.
37. What is bevel gearing? Mention its types.
When the non-parallel or intersecting but coplanar shafts connected by gears, they are called
bevel gears and the arrangement is bevel gearing.
Types.
1) Skew bevel gearing
2) Spiral gearing.
38. What is meant by arc of approach?
It is the portion of the path of contact from the beginning of the engagement to the pitch point.
39. What is meant by arc of recess?
It is the position of the path of contact from pitch point to the end of the engagement to the pitch
point.
40. What is meant by Arc of contact?
It is the path traced by a point on the pitch circle from the beginning to the end of engagement of
a pair of teeth.
41. State law of gearing.
The law of gearing states that for obtaining a constant velocity ratio, at any instant of teeth the
common normal at each point of contact should always pass through a pitch point, situated on the
line joining the centre of rotation of the pair of mating gears.
42. Define normal and axial pitch in helical gears.
Normal pitch is the distance between similar faces of adjacent teeth, along a helix on the pitch
cylinder normal to the teeth.
Axial pitch is the distance measured parallel to the axis between similar faces of a adjacent teeth.
43. What are the methods to avoid interference?
1. The height of the teeth may be reduced.
2. The pressure angle may be increased.
3. The radial flank of the pinion may be cut back.
44. What is the advantage when arc of recess is equal to arc of approach in a meshing gears?
When arc of recess equal to arc of approach, the work wasted by friction is minimum and
efficiency of drive is maximum.
45. What do you know about tumbler gear?
Tumbler gears are those which are used in lathes for reversing the direction of rotation of driven
gears.
46. Define contact ratio.
It is the ratio of the length of arc of contact to the circular pitch is known as contact ratio. The
value gives the number of pairs of teeth in contact.
47. Where will the interference occur in an involute pinion and gear are in mesh having same size
of addendum?
There will be an interference between the tip of pinion and flank of gear.
48. Define interference.
The phenomenon when the tip of tooth undercuts the roots on its mating gear is known as
interference.
49. What you meant by non-standard gear teeth?
The gear teeth obtained by modifying the standard proportions of gear teeth parameters is known
as non-standard gear teeth.
50. Define cycloidal tooth profile and involute tooth profile.
A cycloid is the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls without
slipping on a fixed straight line.
Involute profile is defined as the locus of a point on a straight line which rolls without slipping
on the circumference of a circle.
14
51. Define Backlash.
It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness along the pitch circle.
Backlash = Tooth space – Tooth thickness.
52. What is gear train?
Two or more gears re made to mesh with each other to transmit power from one shaft to another.
Such a combination is called a gear train.
53. What are the types of gear trains?
1. Simple gear train.
2. Compound gear train.
3. Reverted gear train.
4. Epicyclic gear train.
54. Write velocity ratio in compound train of wheels?
Speed of last follower- Product of teeth on drives.
Speed of first driver- Product of teeth on followers.
55. Define simple gear train.
When there is only one gear on each shaft, it is called as simple gear train.
56. What is meant compound gear train?
When there is more than one gear on shaft, it is called a compound gear train.
57. What is the advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train?
The advantage of a compound gear train over a simple gear train is that a much larger speed
reduction from the first shaft to the last shaft can be obtained with small gears.
58. What is reverted gear train?
When the axes of the first and last wheels are co-axial the train is known as reverted gear train.
59. What are the externally applied torques used to keep the gear train in equilibrium?
1. Impart torque on the driving member.
2. Resisting or holding torque on the driven member.
3. Holding or braking torque on the fixed member.
60. Where the epicyclic gear trains are used?
The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe, differential gears of the automobiles,
pulley blocks, wrist watches, etc.

UNIT – V
FRICTION
1. State laws of static friction.
a. The magnitude of limiting friction (f) is proportional to the normal reaction(Rn).
Fα Rn
F = μ Rn
Where μ – coefficient of friction
c) force of friction is independent of area of contact but depend upon the surface roughness.
2. What is limiting force of friction?
The maximum values of frictional force, that acts when a body just begins to slide over the surface
of other body is known as limiting force of friction.
3. What is limiting angle of friction?
Consider a body of weight W placed over a surface. If a force P is applied to move the body. The
force of friction act in opposite direction, to resist the body movement. This limiting force = μ .w =
μ .Rn, where Rn Normal Reaction that acts ‫ﻠ‬r to surface. At equilibrium condition. The
Reaction R must be equal & opposite to the resultant of W & P and will be inclined at an angle (or)
limiting angle of friction is defined as the angle between resultant (R) and normal reaction (Rn)
4.What is angle of repose?
The particular angle of inclination α of the plane to the horizontal, at which the body just begins to
move down the plane is known as “Angle of Repose” (α)
This angle of inclination of plane will also be equal to limiting angle angle of friction α =Ф
5. What is the force repaired to move the body up the plane?
a) Neglecting friction Po = W sin α/sin(θ- α)
b) Considering friction P = W sin (α +Ф)/sin [θ – (α+Ф)]
6. What is the force required to move the body down the plane?
a) Neglecting friction Po = W sin α/sin(θ- α )
b) Considering friction P = W sin (α +Ф)/sin [θ – (α+Ф)]
7. Define Helix angle of a screw?
It is the tangential angle between pitch of thread and circumference of the thread.
tan α = P/πd; α = tan –1 P/πd
8. What is efficiency of screw jack? Check whether ---- is depend upon load carried?

15
 The efficiency of screw jack is defined as the ratio of ideal effort (force reqd. to move the load
neglecting friction) to the actual effort (force reqd. to move the load considering friction)
η= Po/p = Ideal effort/Actual effort = tan α/tan (Ф + α)
the expression shows η is independent of load carried, by the screw jack.
9. Define mechanical Advantage?
It is the ratio of load lifted (w) to the effort applied (p1)
M.A. = w/ p1
10. Define velocity Ratio?
It is the ratio of distance moved by the effort in one revolution to distance moved by load in one
revolution.
11. Explain over hauling and self-locking screws.
If the load starts moving downward without the application of any torque such a condition is known
as over hauling of screws here Ф < α, ie., effort required is – ve and >50%
If Ф > α, then torque required to lower the load is positive .ie., friction angle is greater then helix.
Also ή< 50% then it called as self locking screws.
12. What is the mean radius of frictional surface of clutch by uniform wear theory?
R = (ro+ri)/2
13. Write the formula for torque transmitted.
T= wRήμ
14. Write the uniqueness of Balata belts.
1. They are acid proof & water proof.
2. Strength of balata 25% higher than rubber at room temperature.
15. Write the velocity ratio of simple belt drive and compound belt drive.
i) N2 /N1 = d1/d2 ii) N6 /N1 = d1 d3 d5 /d2 d4 d6 for 6 pulleys
16. What is slip of a belt?
It’s improper relative movement of belt & pulleys.
i) if the drive pulley rotates without carrying belt(S1)
ii) If the belt rotates without carrying follower pulley(S2)
Velocity ratio considering both slip is
N 1/ N1 = d1/ d2 (1 - s 1+s 2 /100)
17. Explain creep of belt.
When belts move from tight side to slack, a certain portion of belt contracts, again when belt moves
to tight side, a portion expands this relative change of shape of belt due to continuous motion is
termed as creep.
18. Write the condition for transmission of maximum power.
Power transmitted is maximum, when 1/3 of the maximum tension is absorbed as centrifugal
tension.
T = 3Tc
Velocity of belt for maximum power
V= √T/3m
19. Whether centrifugal tension has any effect on power transmitter? Explain.
No .
Power transmitted p = (T1 –T2) .V
If centrifugal tension is considered
Then p = [(T1- Tc) – (T2+ Tc)]
= (T1- T2).V
20. Explain centrifugal tension & initial tension?
When belt runs over pulley continuously the centrifugal force created. Which increase tension in
both sides of both sides of belt. This is known as centrifugal tension.
To is considered usually above speed of 10m/s
In order to increase the grip between pulley and belt, the belt is subjected to some tension even in
stationary condition, this is known as initial tension.
To = T 1 + T2 /2 (without Tc) Centrifugal tension Tc
To = T 1 + T2+ 2Tc /2, Considering Tc initial tension To
21. What are the advantage of V-belt over other belt?
1. Slip between belt & pulley is negligible.
2. V- belts provide compactness
3. Even at high velocity ratio (10m/s), the drive is smooth.
22. Compare brake and dynamometer?
Brake is a mechanical device by means of which motion of a body is retread for slowing down or to
bring it to rest, by applying artificial frictional resistance.
Dynamometer is a brake incorporating a device to measure the frictional resistance applied. This is
used for measuring driving force or torque transmitted.
16
23. Compare clutch & brake
The functional difference between a clutch and a brake is that, clutch connects, two moving
members, while a brake connects a moving member and a stationary member.
24. Explain self –locking brake?
When the friction force is sufficient enough to apply the brake with no external force, then, the break
is said to be self- locking brake.
25. What is self –energizing brake?
When the frictional force itself helps in applying brakes, this phenomenon is known as self-
energizing beake.
F.l – Rn. a + μ Rn . c =0
Here frictional force (μ) and moment of applied for (F) both acts in same direction about. 0
26. Write an expression for the ratio of tension between tight and slack sides of a band and block
brake.
T 1 + T2 = [(1+ tan θ) /(1- tan θ)]n
2θ subtending angle
T1 tension in tight side
T1 tension in slack side
μ Co-eff. of friction.
27. Where does the P.I.V drive system used?
Positive infinite variable drive is used in an infinitely varying speed system.
28. What is the preferred ‘α ‘ value for a screw to have maximum efficiency?
α = T1/4= Ф/2
29. Differentiate angle of repose and limiting angle of friction.
Angle of Repose(α) Limiting angle of friction(Ф)
1. It is defined as Angle at which the resultant
maximum inclination of a reaction ® makes with normal
plane at which a body Reaction(Rn)
remain in equilibrium
over the inclined plane
by the assistance of
friction only.
30. A body 50N rests on horizontal plane, whose coef, of friction is 0.25 what is the force required
to pull the body at an angle 30˚ to horizontal.
W = 50N Ф = tan (u)
u = 0.25 = tan (0.25)
θ =30˚ Ф = 14.40˚
Required force (polling), p = w sin θ/ cos (θ-Ф)
P = 50 sin 14.04/cos (30-14.04) =12.62N
31. Why double block or double shoe brake is preferred?
The blocks are pressed against the rim by the application of a force through suitable brake hanger. If
only one block is used for braking, then there will be side thrust on the bearing of wheel shaft. This
drawback can be removed by providing two blocks on the two sides of the drum. This also doubles
the braking torque.
In other words,
When a single block brake is rolling wheel an additional load is thrown on the shaft bearing due to
normal reaction (Rn). This produces bending of shaft so, in order to overcome this draw back double
shoe brake is used.
32. What is the braking torque for single block and double block shoe brake?
For single shoe brake, Tb = μ R vr
For double shoe brake, Tb = μ (Rn1+ Nn2)r
33. What is the braking torque when the rotation of drum is clockwise and anti –clockwise?
For clockwise
TB = μ(F.I.r/a- μ c)
For anti clockwise
TB = μ (F.I.r/a+μ c)
34. Write the conditions for satisfactory working of differential band brake?
i) down ward force on lever and clockwise rotation of drum
F.a = T2 c – T1b
ie., c> b the system to work satisfactorily.
ii) Downward force on lever and anti- clockwise rotation of drum
Fa = T1 b – T2b
ie., T1 b >T2 c
iii) Upward force on lever and anti clockwise rotation of drum
17
 Fa = T1 b – T2c
ie., T1 b > T2b
iv) Upward force on lever and clockwise rotation of drom?
Fa = T2 c -T1 b
35. Write the condition for self- locking of brake.
T1/T2 = c/b: then F =0
In this case, C must be less than b for proper braking
36. What are the possible braking of a vehicle?
1. brakes applied to front wheels
2. brakes applied to rear wheels
3. brakes applied to all four wheels.
37. Define tractive resistance.
The resistance offered by the wheel bearing against the motion of the vehicles is known as tractive
resistance.
38. What is the ratio of driving tensions for Rope drive?
T1/T2= e μ σ cosec β
Where σ- angle of contact
µ - coefficient of friction
β - semi groove angle
39. How will you determine the number of ropes or V – Belts for a required power transmission?
Number of V – Belts (ropes) = Total power transmitted/Power transmitted per rope (Belt).
40. What the factors considered in selecting belt drives.
1)Speed of the driving and driven shafts.
2)Speed reduction ratio.
3)Power to be transmitted.
4)Center distance between the shafts
5)Space available
43. What are the advantage disadvantage of V-belt over flat belt.
Advantage:
1)The V-belts drive gives compactness due to the small distance between the centers of pulleys.
2) The drive is positive.
3)It provide longer life.
4)The high velocity ratio may be obtained.
Disadvantage:
1)It cannot be used for large distance.
2)The construction of pulleys for V-belts is more complicated.
44. What is dry friction?
The friction that exists between two unlubricated surfaces is known as dry friction.
45. What is greasy friction?
When the two surfaces in contact have a minute thin layer of lubricant between them, then it is
called as greasy friction.
46. What is fluid friction?
When the two surfaces in contact are completely separated by a lubricant, then it is called as
fluid friction.
47. State the laws of dry friction.
1. The frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction between the surfaces.
2. The frictional force opposes the motion.
3. The frictional force is independent of the area and the shape of the contacting surfaces.
48. State the laws of fluid friction.
1. The frictional force is almost independent of load.
2. The frictional force is independent of the substances of the bearing surfaces and opposing
tendency is less.
3. The frictional force reduces with increase in temperature of the lubricant.
49. What is angle of repose?
The angle of repose is defined as the maximum inclination of a plane at which a body remains in
equilibrium over the inclined plane by the assistance of friction only.
50. What is limiting angle of friction?
The limiting angle of friction is defined as the angle at which the resultant reaction R makes with
the normal reaction.
51. Define Co-efficient of friction.
It is defined as the ratio of the limiting friction to the normal reaction between two bodies.
μ = F / Rn
52. What is the efficiency of the inclined plane?
18
 The efficiency of inclined plane is defined as the ratio between effort without friction and the
effort with friction.
53. Why self locking screws have lesser efficiency?
Self locking screws needs some friction on the thread surface of the screw and nut hence it
needs higher effort to lift a body and hence automatically the efficiency decreases.
54. What are the functions of clutches?
1. It supplies power to the transmission system.
2. It stops the vehicle by disconnecting the engine from transmission system.
3. It is used to change the gear and idling the engine.
4. It gives gradual increment of speed to the wheels.
55. What is the difference between cone clutch and centrifugal clutch?
Cone clutch works on the principle of friction alone. But centrifugal clutch uses principle of
centrifugal force in addition with it.
56. Why friction is called as necessary evil?
Friction is the important factor in engineering and physical applications such as belt and ropes,
jibs, clutches and brakes, so it is the necessary one.
If the friction exceeds certain value it will cause heat, damage and wear when applied. So it is
called necessary evil.
57. What are the belt materials?
1. Leather.
2. Cotton or fabric.
3. Rubber.
4. Balata.
5. Nylon.
58. Explain velocity ratio.
It is defined as the ratio between velocity of the driver and follower or driven.
59. State the law of belting.
Law of belting states that the centre line of the belt as it approaches the pulley must lie in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of the pulley or must lie in the plane of the pulley, otherwise, the belt will
runoff the pulley.
60. What is slip?
The relative motion between belt and pulley due to insufficient friction is called slip.
61. What is creep?
The phenomenon of sudden contraction and expansions of belt when it passes from slack side to
tight side is called as creep.
62. What is centrifugal effect on belts?
During operation, as the belt passes over a pulley the centrifugal effect due to its self-weight to
lift the belt from the pulley surface. This reduces the normal reaction and hence the frictional resistance.
63. What is the cross belt used instead of open belt?
1. Cross belt is used where the direction of rotation of driven pulley is opposite to driving pulley.
2. Where we need more power transmission there we can use cross belt drive.
64. What is wipping?
If the centre distance between two pulleys are too long then the belt begins to vibrate in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of belt. This phenomenon is called wipping. It can be
avoided by idler pulleys.
65. Why lubrication reduces friction?
In practical all the mating surfaces are having roughness with it. It causes friction. If the surfaces
are smooth then friction is very less. Lubrication smoothens the mating surface by introducing oil film
between it. The fluids are having high smoothness than solids and thus lubrication reduces friction.
66. What you meant by crowning in pulley?
The process of increasing the frictional resistance on the pulley surface is known as crowning. It
is done in order to avoid slipping of the belt.
67. What is brake?
Brake is a device by means of which motion of a body is retarded for slowing down or to bring it
to rest which works on the principle of frictional force, it acts against the driving force.
68. Explain self-energizing.
When moments of efforts applied on the break drum and frictional force are in the same
direction, the breaking torque becomes maximum. In such a case the brake is said to be partially self-
actuating or self-energizing.

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