Shahab D. Mohaghegh, Ph.D.

SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES
is funded principally
through a grant of the
SPE FOUNDATION
The Society gratefully acknowledges
those companies that support the program
by allowing their professionals
to participate as Lecturers.
And special thanks to The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,

and Petroleum Engineers (AIME) for their contribution to the program.
Shahab D. Mohaghegh, Ph.D. – WVU & ISI SPE Distinguished Lecture Series, 2007 - 2008
SPE Distinguished Lecture 2007-2008
Smart Completions, Smart Wells and

Now Smart Fields;
Challenges & Potential Solutions
Shahab D. Mohaghegh, Ph.D.

g
West Virginia Universityy&
Intelligent Solutions, Inc.
2
Smart Oil Field Technology
Smart Completion:
Remotely monitor &
control downhole fluid
production or injection.
Downhole control to
adjust flow distributions
along the wellbore to
correct undesirable
fl id ffrontt movement.
fluid t
3
Smart Oil Field Technology
Smart Well:
Using permanent
downhole gauges
for continuous
monitoring of
pressure, flow rates,
… and automatic
fl
flow controls.
t l
Capability of
automatic
interaction using
extensive downhole
communication.
4
Smart Oil Field
The Missing link
5
Characteristics of Smart Fields
Availability of high frequency data.
Making
reservoir
managementt
decisions based
The Missing link
on real time
data from the
field.
Possibility of intervention, control and

management from a distance.
6
Availability of high frequency data.
Making
reservoir
managementt
decisions based
The Missing link
on real time
data from the
field.
Possibility of intervention, control and

management from a distance.
7
Making reservoir management decisions
based on real-time data from the field.
Considerations:
Reservoir management tools.
Uncertainties associated with the geological
model.
Predicting the consequences of the decision.
Real-time optimization.
8
Hardware / Software
Intelligence requires a combination of
hardware and software.
We have made strong g advances in hardware.
Software development is lagging.
Intelligent Systems will play a pivotal role:
Artificial Neural Networks
Fuzzy Set Theory
Genetic Optimization
9
Hardware / Software
Surrogate Reservoir Models (SRM) are
developed to address the software need of
smart fields.
SRM are reservoir management tools for
smart fields:
Real-time full field reservoir simulation &
modeling
Predictive modeling
Uncertainty analysis
Real-time
R l ti optimization
ti i ti
10
Removing The Bottle-Neck
Full Field Flow Models for
Reservoir Simulation &
Modeling. One of the major tools
for integrated Reservoir
Real-Time, High Frequency Management
Data Stream
Ti Scale:
Time S l Ti Scale:
Time S l
Seconds, Minutes, Hours Days, Months, ….
How can the bottle-neck be removed?

Perform analysis at the same time scale as the High
Frequency Data Streams; in seconds, or better yet, in
REAL TIME
REAL-TIME
11
SURROGATE RESERVOIR MODEL Definition
Surrogate Reservoir Models are replicas of
the numerical simulation models (full field
flow models) that run in real-time
real time.
REPLICA.
A copy or reproduction
d ti off a workk off art,
t especially
i ll
one made by the original artist.
A copy or reproduction
reproduction, especially one on a scale
smaller than the original.
Something g closely
y resembling
g another.
12
Characteristics of SRM
SRMs are not

response surfaces.
statistical representations of simulation models
models.
SRMs are
engineering tools
honor the physics of the problem in hand.
adhere to the definition of “System
System Theory”
Theory .
INPUT OUTPUT
SYSTEM
13
Case Study
Lets see an example of a Surrogate

Reservoir Model in action.
This case study demonstrates development
of a surrogate reservoir model (SRM) that will
run in real-time
real time in order to accomplish the
objectives of the project.
14
Background
A giant oil field in the Middle East

East.
Complex carbonate formation.
165 horizontal wells
wells.
Total field production capped at 250,000 BOPD.
Each well is capped at 1,500 BOPD.
Water injection for pressure maintenance.
15
Background
Management Concerns:
Water production is becoming a problem.
Cap well production to avoid bypass oil
oil.
Uncertainties associated with models.
Technical Team’s
Team s Concerns:
May be able to produce more oil from some wells
((which ones? How much increase?)) without
significant increase in water cut.
Increasing well rate may actually help recovery.
16
Objective
Increase oil production from the field by identifying

wells that:
will not suffer from high water cut.
will not leave bypassed oil behind.
17
Objective
Accomplishing this objective requires:

Exhaustive search of the solution space, examining all
possible production scenarios, while considering
uncertainties associated with the geological model
model.
Hundreds of thousands of simulation runs; thus
development of a Surrogate Reservoir Model (SRM)
based on the Full Field Model (FFM) became a
requirement.
18
Flow Model Characteristics
Full Field Flow Model Characteristics:

Underlying Complex Geological Model.
Industry Standard Commercial Reservoir
Si l t
Simulator
165 Horizontal Wells.
Approximately 1,000,000 grid blocks.
Single Run = 10 Hours on 12 CPUs.
19
Very Complex Geology
Naturally Fractured
Carbonate Reservoir.
Reservoirs represented in
th Flow
the Fl M
Model.
d l
20
Steps Involved in SRM Development
Identify Clear Objectives

Design SRM’s input and output
Generate Data
Build SRM
Validate
Analyze
Results & Conclusions
21
SRM’s Objective
Accurately Reproduce the following for the

next 25 to 40 years.
Cumulative Oil Production
Cumulative Water Production
Instantaneous Water Cut
22
SRM’s Input & Output
OUTPUT was identified by the Objective

Cumulative Oil Production
Cumulative Water Production
Instantaneous Water Cut
INPUT must be designed in a way to capture
the complexity of the reservoir.
Well based SRM
Well-based
Well-based SRM grid
Curse of dimensionality
23
Curse of Dimensionality
Complexity of a system increases with its

dimensionality.
Tracking system behavior becomes
increasingly difficult as the number of
dimensions increases.
Systems do not behave in the same manner
in all dimensions
dimensions.
Some are more detrimental than others.
24
Curse of Dimensionality
Sources of dimensionality:
STATIC: Representation of reservoir properties
associated with each well.
DYNAMIC: Simulation runs to demonstrate well
productivity.
25
Well-Based Surrogate Reservoir Model
Surrogate Model Elemental Volume.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The elemental volume includes 40 SRM blocks.
26
Curse of Dimensionality, Static
Potential list of parameters that can be
collected on a “per-well”
p basis.
Parameters Used on a per well basis
Latitude Longitude
Deviation Azimuth
Horizontal Well Length Productivity Index
Distance to Free Water Level Water Cut @ Reference Point
Flowing BHP @ Reference Point Oil Prod. Rate @ Reference Point
Cum. Oil Prod. @ Reference Point Cum. Water Prod. @ Reference Point
Distance to Nearest Producer Distance to Nearest Injector
j
Distance to Major Fault Distance to Minor Fault
16 Parameters
27
Potential list of parameters that can be collected on

a “per-SRM block” basis.
Parameters Used on a per segment basis

Mid Depth Thickness
Relative Rock Ttype Porosity
Initial Water Saturations Stylolite Intensity
Horizontal Permeability Vertical Permeability
Sw @ Reference Point So @ Reference Point
Capillary Pressure/Saturation Function Pressure @ Reference Point
12 Parameters
28
Total number of parameters that need representation during the
modeling process:
¾ 12 parameters
t x 40 grid
id block/well
bl k/ ll = 480
¾ 16 parameter per well
¾ Total of 496 parameter per well
Building a model with 496 parameters per well is not

realistic, THE CURSE OF DIMENSIONALITY
Dimensionality Reduction becomes a vital task.
29
Curse of Dimensionality, Dynamic
Wellll productivity
W d ti it iis id
identified
tifi d th
through
h
following simulation runs:
All wells
ll producing
d i att 1500,
1500 2500
2500, 3500
3500, & 4500
bpd (nominal rates)
No cap on field productivity (4 simulation runs)
Cap the field productivity (4 simulation runs)
Need to understand reservoir’s response to changes in imposed constraints.
30
Curse of Dimensionality, Dynamic
Well productivity through following
simulation
i l ti runs:
Step up the rates for all wells
No cap on field productivity (1 simulation runs)
Cap the field productivity (1 simulation runs)
Need to understand reservoir’s response to changes in imposed constraints.
31
Data Generation
Total of 10 simulation runs were made to
generatet the
th required
i d output
t t for
f the
th SRM
development (training, calibration &
validation)
Using Fuzzy Pattern Recognition
technology input to the SRM was compiled
compiled.
32
Fuzzy Pattern Recognition
IIn order
d tot address
dd th
the “C
“Curse off
Dimensionality” one must understand the
behavior and contribution of each of the
parameters to the process being modeled.
Not a simple and straight forward task
task. !!!
33
To address this issue, we use Fuzzy Pattern

Recognition technology.
34
Parameter: Pressure @ Reference
35
36
Key Performance Indicators
37
Validation of the SRM
ate Model)
Water Cutt % (Surroga
Water Cut % (Reservoir Simulator)
38
odel)
Cumulative Oil Prroduction (Surrogate Mo
Cumulative Oil Production ((Reservoir Simulator))
39
40
41
42
43
44
Using SRM for Analysis
Identify wells that benefit from a rate increase

and those that would not.
Address the uncertainties associated with the
simulation model.
Generate Type curves for each wellwell.
Design production strategy.
Use as assisted history matching tool
tool.
To p
perform the above analyses
y millions of simulation runs were required.
q
Using the SRM all such analyses were performed quite quickly.
45
Optimal Production Strategy
Well Ranked No. 1
IMPORTANT NOTE: This is NOT a Response

p Surface – SRM was run hundreds of
times to generate these figures.
46
Well
ll Ranked
k d No. 100
IMPORTANT NOTE: This is NOT a Response Surface – SRM was run hundreds of
times
i to generate these
h figures.
fi
47
Wells were divided into 5 clusters

clusters.
Production in wells in cluster 1 can be
increased significantly without substantial
increase in water production.
Cl
Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Cluster 5
12 Wells 14 Wells 22 Wells 37 Wells 80 Wells
Best Performance
48
Analysis
y of Uncertaintyy
Objective:
To address and analyze the uncertainties
associated with the Full Field Model using
g Monte
Carlo simulation method.
49
Analysis of Uncertainty
Motivation:
The Full Field Model is a reservoir simulator that
is based on a ggeologic
g model.
The geologic model is developed based on a set
of measurements (logs, core analysis, seismic,
…) and corresponding geological and geophysical
interpretations.
50
Motivation:
Therefore, like any other reservoir simulation and
modeling g effort,, it includes certain obvious
uncertainties.
One of the outcomes of this project has been the
identification of a small set of reservoir
parameters that essentially control the production
behavior in the horizontal wells in this field (KPIs)
(KPIs).
51
Following are the steps involved:

1. Identify a set of key performance indicators that
are most vulnerable to uncertainty.y
2. Define probability distribution function for each of
the performance indicators.
a. Uniform distribution
b. Normal (Gaussian) distribution
c
c. Triangular distribution
d. Discrete distribution
52
Following are steps involved:

3. Run the neural network model hundreds or
thousands of times using g the defined pprobability
y
distribution functions for the identified reservoir
parameters. Performing this analysis using the
act al F
actual Fullll Field Model is impractical
impractical.
4. Produce a probability distribution function for
cumulative oil production and the water cut at
different time and liquid rate cap.
53
Following are steps involved:

5. Such results bounds to be much more reliable
and therefore,, more acceptable
p to the
management or skeptics of the reservoir
modeling studies.
54
55
56
Average
g Sw @ Reference p
point in Top
p
Layer II
Value in the model = 8%
Lets use a minimum of 4% and a maximum of
15% with a triangular distribution
4 8 15
57
Average Capillary Pressure @ Reference

point in Top Layer III
Value in the model = 79 psi
Lets use a minimum of 60 psi and a maximum of
100 psi with a triangular distribution
60 80 00
100
58
PDF for HB001 Cumulative Oil and Cumulative Water

production at the rate of 3,000 blpd cap after 20 years.
Actual Models are available & can be demonstrated after the p

presentation.
59
Type Curves
Type curves can be generated in seconds

to address sensitivity of oil and water
production to all involved p
p parameters.
Type curves can be generated for:
Individual wells
Each cluster of wells
Entire field
60
Type Curves
Cum. Oil Production as a
function of
Average Horizontal Permeability
in one of the top layers.
61
Type Curves
Water Cut as a function of
Average Horizontal Permeability
in the well layers.
62
Type Curves
Average Vertical Permeability
in one of the top layers.
63
Type Curves
Average Vertical Permeability
in the Well layers.
64
Upon completion of the project management

allowed production increase in six cluster one
wells.
After 8 months of successful production rest
of the cluster one wells were also put on
higher production.
It has been more than 15 months since the
results were implemented with success.
65
A successful surrogate reservoir model was

developed for a giant oil field in the Middle
East.
The surrogate model was able to accurately
mimic the behavior of the actual full field flow
model in real-time.
66
CONCLUSIONS
Development of successful surrogate

reservoir model is an important and essential
stepp toward development
p of next g
generation
of reservoir management tools that would
address the needs of smart fields.
67

Shahab D. Mohaghegh, Ph.D. - WVU & ISI SPE Distinguished Lecture Series, 2007 - 2008

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Shahab D. Mohaghegh, Ph.D. - WVU & ISI SPE Distinguished Lecture Series, 2007 - 2008

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SPE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER SERIES

And special thanks to The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,

Smart Completions, Smart Wells and

The Missing link

 Possibility of intervention, control and

 Possibility of intervention, control and

 Fuzzy Set Theory

How can the bottle-neck be removed?

 SRMs are not

 Lets see an example of a Surrogate

 A giant oil field in the Middle East

 Increase oil production from the field by identifying

 Accomplishing this objective requires:

 Full Field Flow Model Characteristics:

 Identify Clear Objectives

 Accurately Reproduce the following for the

 OUTPUT was identified by the Objective

 Complexity of a system increases with its

 Surrogate Model Elemental Volume.

The elemental volume includes 40 SRM blocks.

 Potential list of parameters that can be collected on

Parameters Used on a per segment basis

 Building a model with 496 parameters per well is not

Need to understand reservoir’s response to changes in imposed constraints.

Need to understand reservoir’s response to changes in imposed constraints.

 To address this issue, we use Fuzzy Pattern

Parameter: Pressure @ Reference

Water Cut % (Reservoir Simulator)

Cumulative Oil Production ((Reservoir Simulator))

 Identify wells that benefit from a rate increase

Well Ranked No. 1

IMPORTANT NOTE: This is NOT a Response

 Wells were divided into 5 clusters

12 Wells 14 Wells 22 Wells 37 Wells 80 Wells

 Following are the steps involved:

 Following are steps involved:

 Following are steps involved:

 Average Capillary Pressure @ Reference

PDF for HB001 Cumulative Oil and Cumulative Water

Actual Models are available & can be demonstrated after the p

 Type curves can be generated in seconds

 Upon completion of the project management

 A successful surrogate reservoir model was

 Development of successful surrogate

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Possibility of intervention, control and

Possibility of intervention, control and

Fuzzy Set Theory

SRMs are not

Lets see an example of a Surrogate

A giant oil field in the Middle East

Increase oil production from the field by identifying

Accomplishing this objective requires:

Full Field Flow Model Characteristics:

Identify Clear Objectives

Accurately Reproduce the following for the

OUTPUT was identified by the Objective

Complexity of a system increases with its

Surrogate Model Elemental Volume.

Potential list of parameters that can be collected on

Building a model with 496 parameters per well is not

To address this issue, we use Fuzzy Pattern

Identify wells that benefit from a rate increase

Wells were divided into 5 clusters

Following are the steps involved:

Following are steps involved:

Following are steps involved:

Average Capillary Pressure @ Reference

Type curves can be generated in seconds

Upon completion of the project management

A successful surrogate reservoir model was

Development of successful surrogate