ENGINEERING INFORMATION - WATER

HAMMER AND DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS

19.1
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Water hammer - a general discussion

Flowing water, due to its inertia, develops
sharp rises in pressure when suddenly
interrupted, as by a valve being closed
too quickly. The energy of the moving
water column is expended in a series of
sharp periodic waves of high pressure,
followed by equal periods of subnormal
pressure. These waves often produce
a series of sounds, not unlike the blows
of a hammer, from which is derived the
name “water hammer”.
The initial shock wave develops the
maximum pressure - each succeeding
shock diminishing in intensity as the
energy of the moving water is expended
in overcoming the friction of the pipe wall,
stretching the pipewall, and compressing
the water column.
The period of times between shocks is
proportional to the length of the pipe
ahead of the valve, and the velocity of the
wave propagation.
The velocity of wave propagation varies
for different pipes, being highest in the
more rigid pipes. In ordinary sizes and
thicknesses of cast iron and steel pipe
used in water mains, the velocity of wave
propagation is approximately 3600 to
4000 feet per second. One time period
is the time required for the wave to travel
the length of straight run pipe ahead of
the valve and return or twice this length
in feet divided by the values given above.
Any valve closure is less than this time
results in maximum pressure rise for the
velocity interrupted.
The maximum pressure rise has been
found by experiment to reach values in
pounds per square inch as high as 50 to
54 times the velocity in feet per second
interrupted. On this basis, a velocity of
5 feet per second closed off in less than
one time period would show a peak surge
pressure of from 250 to 270 p.s.i.
Severe water hammer is a serious hazard
and often may cause a rupture of piping
components, service pipe failures, joint
failures and other damage to the system.
Water hammer may be controlled by various
means, such as surge supressors, relief
valves, and slow closing gat or cone type
valves. Moreover, complex lines complicate
the problem, and a survey by engineers
trained in surge control may be necessary
where unusual conditions are encountered.
Kents handbook offers the following
formula for time in seconds to close a
gate valve in order that no water hammer
may result.
T = .027L
P -p
Where T - time in seconds; L-length of
pipe before the valve, in feet; V-velocity of
flow; P-pressure in pipe at no flow, p.s.i.;
and p-pressure in the pipe at full flow.
Since the first 80% of gate travel has little
effect in reducing the velocity, most of the
above time should be taken in the last
20% of travel or closure.

Conversion of common inch fractions to inch decimals to millimeter decimals (for dual dimensioned drawings)
decimals
Decimal Values Decimal Values Decimal Values
Actual 4 Place 3 Place Actual 4 Place 3 Place Actual 4 Place 3 Place
in. in. mm in. mm in. in. mm in. mm in. in. mm in. mm
1/64 .015625 .0156 0.397 .016 0.41 23/64 .359375 .3594 9.128 .359 9.12 11/16 .6875 .6875 17.462 .688 17.48
1/32 .03125 .0312 0.794 .031 0.79 3/8 .3750 .3750 9.525 .375 9.52 45/64 .703125 .7031 17.859 .703 17.86
3/64 .046875 .0469 1.191 .047 1.19 23/32 .71875 .7188 18.256 .719 18.26
25/64 .390625 .3906 9.922 .391 9.93
1/16 .0625 .0625 1.588 .062 1.57 47/64 .734375 .7344 18.653 .734 18.64
13/32 .40625 .4062 10.319 .406 10.31
5/64 .078125 .0781 1.984 .078 1.98 3/4 .7500 .7500 19.050 .750 19.05
27/64 .421875 .4219 10.716 .422 10.72
3/32 .09375 .0938 2.381 .094 2.39 49/64 .765625 .7656 19.447 .766 19.46
7/16 .4375 .4375 11.112 .438 11.13
7/64 .109375 .1094 2.778 .109 2.77 25/32 .78125 .7812 19.844 .781 19.84
29/64 .453125 .4531 11.509 .453 11.51
1/8 .1250 .1250 3.175 .125 3.18 51/64 .796875 .7969 20.241 .797 20.24
15/32 .46875 .4688 11.906 .469 11.91
9/64 .140625 .1406 3.572 .141 3.58 13/16 .8125 .8125 20.638 .812 20.62
13/64 .484375 .4844 12.303 .484 12.29
5/32 .15625 .1562 3.969 .156 3.96 53/64 .828125 .8281 21.034 .828 21.03
11/64 .171875 .1719 4.366 .172 4.37 1/2 .5000 .5000 12.7 .500 12.7 27/32 .84375 .8438 21.431 .844 21.44
3/16 .1875 .1875 4.762 .188 4.78 33/64 .515625 .5156 13.097 .516 13.11 55/64 .859375 .8594 21.828 .859 21.82
13/64 .203125 .2031 5.159 .203 5.16 17/32 .53125 .5312 13.494 .531 13.49 7/8 .8750 .8750 22.225 .875 22.22
7/32 .21875 .2188 5.556 .219 5.56 35/64 .546875 .5469 13.891 .547 13.89 57/64 .890625 .8906 22.622 .891 22.63
15/64 .234375 .2344 5.953 .234 5.94 9/16 .5625 .5625 14.288 .562 14.27 29/32 .90625 .9062 23.019 .906 23.01
1/4 .2500 .2500 6.350 .250 6.35 37/64 .578125 .5781 14.684 .578 14.68 59/64 .921875 .9219 23.416 .922 23.42
17/64 .265625 .2656 6.747 .266 6.76 19/32 .59375 .5938 15.081 .594 15.09 15/16 .9375 .9375 23.812 .938 23.83
9/32 .28125 .2812 7.144 .281 7.14 39/64 .609375 .6094 15.478 .609 15.47 61/64 .953125 .9531 24.209 .953 24.21
19/64 .296875 .2969 7.541 .297 7.54 5/8 .6250 .6250 15.875 .625 15.88 31/32 .96875 .9688 24.606 .969 24.61
5/16 .3125 .3125 7.938 .312 7.92 41/64 .640625 .6406 16.272 .641 16.28 63/64 .984375 .9844 25.003 .984 24.99
21/64 .328125 .3281 8.334 .328 8.33 21/32 .65625 .6562 16.669 .656 16.66 1 1.0000 1.0000 25.4 1.000 25.4
11/32 .34375 .3438 8.731 .344 8.74 43/64 .671875 .6719 17.066 .672 17.07
19.2 ENGINEERING INFORMATION - INCH TO
MILLIMETER CONVERSIONS & BOLT COMPARISONS
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Conversion of inches (in.) to millimeters (mm)

in. mm a in. mm a in. mm a in. mm a

.0001 0.00254 .001 0.0254 .01 0.254 .1 2.54
.0002 0.00508 .002 0.0508 .02 0.508 .2 5.08
.0003 0.00762 .003 0.0762 .03 0.762 .3 7.62
.0004 0.01016 .004 0.1016 .04 1.016 .4 10.16
.0005 0.01270 .005 0.1270 .05 1.270 .5 12.70
.0006 0.01524 .006 0.1524 .06 1.524 .6 15.24
.0007 0.01778 .007 0.1778 .07 1.778 .7 17.78
.0008 0.02032 .008 0.2032 .08 2.032 .8 20.32
.0009 0.02286 .009 0.2286 .09 2.286 .9 22.86

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
in. Millimeters a

0 - 25.4 50.8 76.2 101.6 127.0 152.4 177.8 203.2 228.6

10 254.0 279.4 304.8 330.2 355.6 381.0 406.4 431.8 457.2 482.6
20 508.0 533.4 558.8 584.2 609.6 635.0 660.4 685.8 711.2 736.6
30 762.0 787.4 812.8 838.2 863.6 889.0 914.4 939.8 965.2 990.6
40 1016.0 1041.4 1066.8 1092.2 1117.6 1143.0 1168.4 1193.8 1219.2 1244.6
50 1270.0 1295.4 1320.8 1346.2 1371.6 1397.0 1422.4 1447.8 1473.2 1498.6
60 1524.0 1549.4 1574.8 1600.2 1625.6 1651.0 1676.4 1701.8 1727.2 1752.6
70 1778.0 1803.4 1828.8 1854.2 1879.6 1905.0 1930.4 1955.8 1981.2 2006.6
80 2032.0 2057.4 2082.8 2108.2 2133.6 2159.0 2184.4 2209.8 2235.2 2260.6
90 2286.0 2311.4 2336.8 2362.2 2387.6 2413.0 2438.4 2463.8 2489.2 2514.6
100 2540.0 - - - - - - - - -

a= Exact Figure
EXAMPLE: Convert 9.156 inches to millimeters
9.000 inches = 228.6000 millimeters
.100 inches = 2.5400 millimeters
.050 inches = 1.2700 millimeters
.006 inches = 0.1524 millimeters
9.156 inches = 232.5624 millimeters (Rounded to 232.56 mm)

Metric & Imperial Bolt Comparison

METRIC BOLT IMPERIAL BOLT

M12 = 0.47 1/2 = 12.70
M16 = 0.63 5/8 = 15.88
M20 = 0.79 3/4 = 19.05
M24 = 0.95 7/8 = 22.23
M27 = 1.06 1 = 25.40
M30 = 1.18 1-1/8 = 28.58
M33 = 1.30 1-1/4 = 31.75
M36 = 1.42 1-3/8 = 34.93
M39 = 1.54 1-1/2 = 38.10
M45 = 1.77 1-3/4 = 44.45
M52 = 2.05 2 = 50.8
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
CIRCUMFERENCES AND AREAS OF CIRCLES 19.3
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Measurements in inches
Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area Dia. Circum. Area
1/64 .04909 .00019 3/4 11.781 11.045 1/4 38.485 117.86 1/2 98.960 779.31
1/32 .09818 .00077 13/16 11.977 11.416 1/2 39.270 122.72 3/4 99.746 791.73
3/64 .14726 .00173 7/8 12.174 11.793 3/4 40.055 127.68 32 100.531 804.25
1/16 .19635 .00307 15/16 12.370 12.177 13 40.841 132.73 1/4 101.316 816.86
3/32 .29452 .00690 4 12.566 12.566 1/4 41.626 137.89 1/2 102.102 829.58
1/8 .39270 .01227 1/16 12.763 12.962 1/2 42.412 143.14 3/4 102.887 842.39
5/32 .49087 .01917 1/8 12.959 13.364 3/4 43.197 148.49 33 103.673 855.30
3/16 .58905 .02761 3/16 13.155 13.772 14 43.982 153.94 1/4 104.458 868.31
7/32 .68722 .03758 1/4 13.352 14.186 1/4 44.768 159.48 1/2 105.243 881.41
1/4 .78540 .04909 5/16 13.548 14.607 1/2 45.553 165.13 3/4 106.029 894.62
9/32 .88357 .06213 3/8 13.744 15.033 3/4 46.338 170.87 34 106.814 907.92
5/16 .98175 .07670 7/16 13.941 15.466 15 47.124 176.71 1/4 107.600 921.32
11/32 1.07990 .09281 1/2 14.137 15.904 1/4 47.909 182.65 1/2 108.385 934.82
3/8 1.17810 .11045 9/16 14.334 16.349 1/2 48.695 188.69 3/4 109.170 948.42
13/32 1.27630 .12962 5/8 14.530 16.800 3/4 49.480 194.83 35 109.956 962.11
7/16 1.37440 .15033 11/16 14.726 17.257 16 50.265 201.06 1/4 110.741 975.91
15/32 1.47260 .17257 3/4 14.923 17.721 1/4 51.051 207.39 1/2 111.527 989.80
1/2 1.57080 .19635 13/16 15.119 18.190 1/2 51.836 213.82 3/4 112.312 1003.8
17/32 1.66900 .22166 7/8 15.315 18.665 3/4 52.622 220.35 36 113.097 1017.9
9/16 1.76710 .24850 15/16 15.512 19.147 17 53.407 226.98 1/4 113.883 1032.1
19/32 1.86530 .27688 5 15.708 19.635 1/4 54.192 233.71 1/2 114.668 1046.3
5/8 1.96350 .30680 1/16 15.904 20.129 1/2 54.978 240.53 3/4 115.454 1060.7
21/32 2.06170 .33824 1/8 16.101 20.629 3/4 55.763 247.45 37 116.239 1075.2
11/16 2.15980 .37122 3/16 16.297 21.135 18 56.549 254.47 1/4 117.024 1089.8
23/32 2.25800 .40574 1/4 16.493 21.648 1/4 57.334 261.59 1/2 117.810 1104.5
3/4 2.35620 .44179 5/16 16.690 22.166 1/2 58.119 268.80 3/4 118.596 1119.2
25/32 2.45440 .47937 3/8 16.886 22.691 3/4 58.905 276.12 38 119.381 1134.1
13/16 2.55250 .51849 7/16 17.082 23.221 19 59.690 283.53 1/4 120.166 1149.1
27/32 2.65070 .55914 1/2 17.279 23.758 1/4 60.476 291.04 1/2 120.951 1164.2
7/8 2.74890 .60132 9/16 17.475 24.301 1/2 61.261 298.65 3/4 121.737 1179.3
29/32 2.84710 .64504 5/8 17.671 24.850 3/4 62.046 306.35 39 122.522 1194.6
15/16 2.94520 .69029 11/16 17.868 25.406 20 62.832 314.16 1/4 123.308 1210.0
31/32 3.04340 .73708 3/4 18.064 25.967 1/4 63.617 322.06 1/2 124.093 1225.4
1 3.14160 .78540 13/16 18.261 26.535 1/2 64.403 330.06 3/4 124.878 1241.0
1/16 3.33790 .88660 7/8 18.457 27.109 3/4 65.188 338.16 40 125.664 1256.6
1/8 3.53430 .99400 15/16 18.653 27.688 21 65.973 346.36 1/4 126.449 1272.4
3/16 3.73060 1.10750 6 18.850 28.274 1/4 66.759 354.66 1/2 127.235 1288.2
1/4 3.92700 1.22720 1/8 19.242 29.465 1/2 67.544 363.05 3/4 128.020 1304.2
5/16 4.12330 1.35300 1/4 19.635 30.680 3/4 68.330 371.54 41 128.805 1320.3
3/8 4.31970 1.48490 3/8 20.028 31.919 22 69.115 380.13 1/4 129.591 1336.4
7/16 4.51600 1.62300 1/2 20.420 33.183 1/4 69.900 388.82 1/2 130.376 1352.7
1/2 4.71240 1.76710 5/8 20.813 34.472 1/2 70.686 397.61 3/4 131.161 1369.0
9/16 4.90870 1.91750 3/4 21.206 35.785 3/4 71.471 406.49 42 131.947 1385.4
5/8 5.10510 2.07390 7/8 21.598 37.122 23 72.257 415.48 1/4 132.732 1402.0
11/16 5.30140 2.23650 7 21.991 38.485 1/4 73.042 424.56 1/2 133.518 1418.6
3 /4 5.49780 2.40530 1/8 22.384 39.871 1/2 73.827 433.74 3/4 134.303 1435.4
13/16 5.69410 2.58020 1/4 22.776 41.282 3/4 74.613 443.01 43 135.088 1452.2
7/8 5.89050 2.76120 3/8 23.169 42.718 24 75.398 452.39 1/4 135.874 1469.1
15/16 6.08680 2.94830 1/2 23.562 44.179 1/4 76.184 461.86 1/2 136.659 1486.2
2 6.28320 3.14160 5/8 23.955 45.664 1/2 76.969 471.44 3/4 137.445 1503.3
1/16 6.47950 3.34100 3/4 24.347 47.173 3/4 77.754 481.11 44 138.230 1520.5
1/8 6.67590 3.54660 7/8 24.740 48.707 25 78.540 490.87 1/4 139.015 1537.9
3/16 6.87220 3.75830 8 25.133 50.265 1/4 79.325 500.74 1/2 139.801 1555.3
1/4 7.06860 3.97610 1/8 25.525 51.849 1/2 80.111 510.71 3/4 140.586 1572.8
5/16 7.26490 4.20000 1/4 25.918 53.456 3/4 80.896 520.77 45 141.372 1590.4
3/8 7.46130 4.43010 3/8 26.311 55.088 26 81.681 530.93 1/4 142.157 1608.2
7/16 7.65760 4.66640 1/2 26.704 56.745 1/4 82.467 541.19 1/2 142.942 1626.0
1/2 7.85400 4.90870 5/8 27.096 58.426 1/2 83.252 551.55 3/4 143.728 1643.9
9/16 8.05030 5.15720 3/4 27.489 60.132 3/4 84.038 562.00 46 144.513 1661.9
5/8 8.24670 5.41190 7/8 27.882 61.862 27 84.823 572.56 1/4 145.299 1680.0
11/16 8.44300 5.67270 9 28.274 63.617 1/4 85.608 583.21 1/2 146.084 1698.2
3/4 8.63940 5.93960 1/8 28.667 65.397 1/2 86.394 593.96 3/4 146.869 1716.5
13/16 8.83570 6.21260 1/4 29.060 67.201 3/4 87.179 604.81 47 147.655 1734.9
7/8 9.03210 6.49180 3/8 29.452 69.029 28 87.965 615.75 1/4 148.440 1753.5
15/16 9.22840 6.77710 1/2 29.845 70.882 1/4 88.750 626.80 1/2 149.226 1772.1
3 9.42480 7.06860 5/8 30.238 72.760 1/2 89.535 637.94 3/4 150.011 1790.8
1/16 9.62110 7.36620 3/4 30.631 74.662 3/4 90.321 649.18 48 150.796 1809.6
1/8 9.81750 7.66990 7/8 31.023 76.589 29 91.106 660.52 1/4 151.582 1828.5
3/16 10.01400 7.97980 10 31.416 78.540 1/4 91.892 671.96 1/2 152.367 1847.5
1/4 10.21000 8.29580 1/4 32.201 82.516 1/2 92.677 683.49 3/4 153.153 1866.5
5/16 10.40700 8.61790 1/2 32.987 86.590 3/4 93.462 695.13 49 153.938 1885.7
3/8 10.60300 8.94620 3/4 33.772 90.763 30 94.248 706.86 1/4 154.723 1905.0
7/16 10.79900 9.28060 11 34.558 95.033 1/4 95.033 718.69 1/2 155.509 1924.4
1/2 10.99600 9.62110 1/4 35.343 99.402 1/2 95.819 730.62 3/4 156.294 1943.9
9/16 11.19200 9.96780 1/2 36.128 103.870 3/4 96.604 742.64 50 157.080 1963.5
19.4 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
UNIT CONVERSIONS
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Conversion
Conversion factors
factor sfor
forvarious
variousengeneering
engineeringunits
units
Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain
Acres 43560 Sq. ft. Foot lb/min. 0.001286 Btu/min.
Acre feet 43560 Cubic ft. Foot lb/min. 0.01667 Ft. lb/sec.
Acre feet 325851 Gallons Foot lb/min. 0.0000303 Horsepower
Acre feet 1233.49 Cubic meters Foot lb/min. 0.0000266 Kilowatts
Atmospheres 76.0 Cm of mercury Foot lb/sec. 0.0717 Btu/min.
Atmospheres 29.92 Inches of mercury Foot lb/sec. 0.001818 Horsepower
Atmospheres 33.90 Feet of water Foot lb/sec. 0.001356 Kilowatts
Atmospheres 14.70 Lb/sq. in. Gallons 3785 Cubic cm.
Barrels - Cement 376 Lb - cement Gallons 0.1337 Cubic ft.
Bags or Sacks - Cement 94 Lb - cement Gallons 231 Cubic in.
Board - feet 144 sq. in. x 1 in. Cubic in. Gallons (Imperial) 1.20095 U.S. gallons
British Thermal Units 777.5 Foot lbs. Gallons (U.S.) 0.83267 Imperial gallons
British Thermal Units 0.0003927 Horsepower- hrs. Gallons water 8.3453 Poundsof water
British Thermal Units 0.0002928 Kilowatt - hrs. Gallons/min. 0.002228 Cu. ft./sec.
Btu/min. 12.96 Foot lbs./sec Gallons/min. 8.0208 Cu. ft./hr.
Btu/min. 0.02356 Horsepower Grains/U.S. gallons 17.118 Parts/million
Btu/min. 0.01757 Kilowatts Grains/U.S. gallons 142.86 Lb/million
Btu/min. 17.57 Watts Grains/U.S. gallons 14.254 Parts/million
Centimeters 0.3937 Inches Grams 0.03527 Ounces
Centimeters 0.01 Meters Grams 0.002205 Pounds
Centimeters 10 Millimeters Grams/cu. cm 62.43 Pounds/cu.ft.
Centimeterof mercury 0.01316 Atmospheres Grams/cu. cm 0.03613 Pounds/cu.in.
Centimeterof mercury 0.4461 Ft. of water Grams/liter 58.417 Grains/gal.
Centimeterof mercury 136 Kg/sq. meter Grams/liter 8.345 Pounds/1000gal.
Centimeterof mercury 27.85 Lb/sq. meter Grams/liter 0.062427 Pounds/cu.ft.
Centimeterof mercury 0.1934 Lb/sq. in. Grams/liter 1000 Parts/million
Centimeters/seconds 1.969 Feet/min. Horsepower 42.44 Btu/min.
Centimeters/seconds 0.03281 Feet/sec. Horsepower 33000 Ft. lb/min.
Cm/sec./sec. 0.03281 Feet/sec./sec. Horsepower 550 Ft. lb/sec.
Cubic centimeters 0.00003531 Cubic ft. Horsepower 0.7457 Kilowatts
Cubic centimeters 0.06102 Cubic in. Horsepower(boiler) 33479 Btu/hr.
Cubic centimeters 0.000001308 Cubic yds. Horsepower(boiler) 9.803 Kilowatts
Cubic centimeters 0.0002642 Gallons Horsepowerhours 2547 Btu
Cubic centimeters 0.03381 Ounces (fluid) Horsepowerhours 7457 Kilowatt hours
Cubic Cm/min. 0.002118 Cu. ft./hr. Inches 2.540 Centimeters
Cubic Cm/min. 0.002641 Gal./min. Inches of mercury 0.03342 Atmospheres
Cubic feet 1728 Cubic in. Inches of mercury 1.133 Ft. of water
Cubic feet 7.48052 Gallons Inches of mercury 70.73 Lb/sq. ft.
Cubic feet 59.84 Pints ( liq.) Inches of mercury 0.4912 Lb/sq. in
Cubic feet 29.92 Quarts (liq.) Inches of water 0.002458 Atmospheres
Cubic feet/min. 472.0 Cubic cm/sec. Inches of water 0.07355 Inches in mercury
Cubic feet/min. 0.1247 Gal/sec. 7.48 gal/min Inches of water 5.202 Lb/sq. ft.
Cubic feet/sec. 0.646317 Million gal./day Inches of water 0.03613 Lb/sq. in
Cubic feet/sec. 448.831 Gal/min. Inches of water 0.5781 Ounces/sq.in.
Cubic inches 0.0005787 Cubic ft. Kilograms 2.205 Lb
Cubic inches 0.00002143 Cubic yds. Kg/meter 0.6720 Lb/ft
Cubic inches 0.004329 Gal Kg/sq. meter 0.003281 Feet of water
Cubic meters 35.31 Cu. ft. Kg/sq. meter 0.2048 Lb/sq. ft.
Cubic meters 61.023 Cu. in. Kg/sq. meter 0.001422 Lb/sq. in
Cubic meters 1.308 Cu. yds. Kilometers 3281 Feet
Cubic meters 264.2 Gal Kilometers 0.6214 Miles
Cubic yards 27 Cu. ft. Kilometers 1094 Yards
Degrees( angle) 60 Minutes Kilometers/hr. 27.78 Centimeters/sec.
Degrees( angle) 0.01745 Radians Kilometers/hr. 54.68 Feet/min.
Degrees( angle) 3600 Seconds Kilometers/hr. 0.9113 Feet/sec.
Degrees/sec. 0.01745 Radians/sec. Kilometers/hr. 0.6214 Miles/hr.
Degrees/sec. 0.1667 Revolutions/min. Kilowatts 56.92 Btu/min.
Degrees/sec. 0.002778 Revolutions/min. Kilowatts 44250 Ft. lb/min.
Fathoms 6 Feet Kilowatts 737.6 Ft. lb/sec.
Feet 30.48 Centimeters Kilowatts 1.341 Horsepower
Feet 12 Inches Kilowatts 1000 Watts
Feet 0.3048 Meters Kilowatt hrs. 3415 Btu
Feet of water 0.0295 Atmosphere Kilowatt hrs. 2655000 Ft. lb.
Feet of water 0.8826 In. of mercury Kilowatt hrs. 1.341 Horsepower- hrs.
Feet of water 62.43 Lb/sq. ft. Liters 0.03531 Cu. ft.
Feet of water 0.4335 Lb/sq. in Liters 61.02 Cu. in.
Feet/min. 0.01667 Feet/sec. Liters 0.2642 Gallons
Feet/min. 0.01136 Miles/hr. Meters 100 Centimeters
Feet/sec. 0.6818 Miles/hr. Meters 3.281 Feet
Foot lb. 0.001286 Btu Meters 39.37 Inches
Foot lb. 0.000000505 Horsepowerhrs. Meters 1.094 Yards
Foot lb. 0.0000003766 Kilowatt hrs. Meters/sec. 196.8 Ft./min.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
UNIT CONVERSIONS
19.5
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Conversion factors for various engeneering units (continued)

(continued)
Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain
Millimeters 0.1 Centimeters Revolutions 6.283 Radians
Millimeters 0.03937 Inches Revolutions/min. 6 Degrees/sec.
Milligrams/liter 1 Parts/million Revolutions/min. 0.1047 Radians/sec.
Million gal/day 1.54723 Cu. ft./sec. Revolutions/min. 0.01667 Revolutions/sec.
Ounces 437.5 Grains Square
feet 0.00002296 Acres
Ounces 28.349527 Grams Square
feet 144 Sq.in.
Ounces 0.0625 Pounds Square
kilometers 247.1 Acres
Ounces (fluid) 1.805 Cu. in. Square
kilometers 10760000 Sq.ft.
Ounces (fluid) 0.02957 Liters Square
kilometers 0.3861 Sq.miles
Ounces/sq.in. 0.0625 Lb/sq. in. Square
kilometers 1196000 Sq.yds.
Parts/million 0.0584 Grains/U.S. gal Square
meters 0.0002471 Acres
Parts/million 8.345 Lb/million gal Square
meters 10.76 Sq.ft.
Pounds 16 Ounces Square
meters 0.0000003861 Sq.miles
Pounds 7000 Grains Square
meters 1.196 Sq.yards
Pounds 453.5924 Grams Square
miles 640 Acres
Poundsof water 0.01602 Cu. ft. Square
miles 27880000 Sq.ft.
Poundsof water 27.68 Cu. in. Square
millimeters 0.00155 Sq.in.
Poundsof water 0.1198 Gallons Square
yards 0.0002066 Acres
Pounds/cu.ft. 0.0005787 Lb/cu. in. Square
yards 9 Sq.ft.
Pounds/cu.in. 1728 Lb/cu. ft. Square
yards 0.0000003228 Sq.miles
Pounds/sq.ft. 0.01602 Feet of water Temp.(˚C)+ 273 1 Abs.temp.
(˚C)
Pounds/sq.ft. 0.006945 Pounds/sq.in. Temp.(˚C)+ 17.78 1.8 Temp (˚F )
Pounds/sq.in. 2.307 Feet of water
Temp.(˚F )+ 460 1 Abs.temp. (˚F)
Pounds/sq.in. 2.036 Inches of mercury
Temp.(˚F )-32 5/9 Temp (˚C )
Quarts (liquid) 57.75 Cu. in.
Watts 0.05692 Btu/min.
Radians 57.30 Degrees
Watts 44.26 Ft.lb/min.
Radians 3438 Minutes
Watts 0.001341 Horsepower
Radians 0.637 Quadrants
Watts 0.010 Kilowatts
Radians/sec. 57.30 Degrees/sec.
Yards 91.44 Centimeters
Radians/sec. 0.1592 Revolutions/sec.
Yards 3 Feet
Radians/sec. 9549 Revolutions/min.
Yards 36 Inches
Revolutions 360 Degrees
Yards 0.9144 Meters
Revolutions 4 Quadrants

English to Metric Conversions

AREA BENDING MOMENT or ENERGY (includes Work)

To convert from to multiply by TORQUE To convert from to multiply by
acre meter2 (m2) 4.046 856 E+03 To convert from to multiply by British thermalunit joule (J) 1.055 056 E+03
(InternationalTable)
circular mil meter2 (m2) 5.067 075 E -10 dyne-centimeter
newton-meter
1.000 000* E -07
(N m) electronvolt joule (J) 1.602 19 E -19
foot 2 meter2 (m2) 9.290 304* E -02
2 2 kilogram-force- newton-meter erg joule (J) 1.000 000*E -07
inch meter2 (m ) 6.451 600* E -04 meter 9.806 650* E+00
(N m) foot-pound-force joule (J) 1.355 818 E+00
2 2 2
mile (U.S. statute) meter (m ) 2.589 988 E+06 newton-meter
2 2 ounce-force-inch 7.061 552 E -03 foot-poundal joule (J) 4.214 011 E -02
section meter (m ) 2.589 988 E+06 (N m)
2 2 joule, international joule (J) 1.000 182 E+00
township meter (m ) 9.323 957 E+07 newton-meter U.S (JINT-US)
pound-force-inch 1.129 848 E -01
(N m)
yard2 meter2 (m2) 8.361 274 E -01 joule, U.S.legal 1948 joule (J) 1.000 017 E+00
newton-meter (JUS-48)
pound-force-foot 1.355 818 E +00
(N m)
kilowatt-hour joule (J) 3.600 000*E+06
kilowatt-hour, interna- joule (J) 3.600 655 E+06
tional U.S.(kWhIN T- US)
kilowatt-hour,U.S. joule (J) 3.600 061 E +06
legal 1948(kWhUS-48)
watt-hour joule (J) 3.600 000*E+03
* Exact - not rounded watt-second joule (J) 1.000 000*E +00
19.6 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
UNIT CONVERSIONS
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

English to Metric Conversions (continued)

FORCE HEAT LENGTH

To convert from to multiply by To convert from to multiply by
dyne newton (N) 1.000 000*E -05 angstrom meter (m) 1.000 000*E -10
kilogram-force newton (N) 9.806 650*E+00 astronomicalunit meter (m) 1.495 98 E+11
kip newton (N) 4.448 222 E+03 caliber (inch) meter (m) 2.540 000*E -02
ounce-force fathom meter (m) 1.828 800*E+00
(avoirdupois) newton (N) 2.780 139 E -01
fermi (femtome- meter (m) 1.000 000*E -15
pound-force ter)
(lbf avoirdupois) newton (N) 4.448 222 E+00
foot meter (m) 3.048 000*E -01
poundal newton (N) 1.382 550 E -01
inch meter (m) 2.540 000*E -02
league meter (m) 5.556 000*E+03
(international nautical)
league(statute) meter (m) 4.828 032*E+03
league meter (m) 5.559 552*E+03
(U.K. nautical)
MASS light year meter (m) 9.460 55 E+15
To convert to multiply by microinch meter (m) 2.540 000*E -08
fr om
micron meter (m) 1.000 000*E -06
carat (metric) kilogram (kg) 2.000 000* E-04
mil meter (m) 2.540 000*E -05
grain kilogram (kg) 6.479 891*E -05
mile meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03
gram kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E -03 (international nautical)
hundredweight kilogram (kg) 5.080 235 E+01 mile
(long) (U.K. nautical)
meter (m) 1.853 184*E+03
hundredweight kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E+01 mile
(short) (U.S. nautical)
meter (m) 1.852 000*E+03
MASS/VOLUME
kilogram-force- (Includes Density and Mass Capacity) mile (U .S. statute) meter (m) 1.609 344*E+03
second2/meter kilogram (kg) 9.806 650*E+01
(mass) To convert from to multiply by parsec meter (m) 3.083 74 E+16
kilogram-mass kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+00 grain (lbm avoirdupois/ kilogram/meter3 rod meter (m) 5.029 200*E+00
3 1.711 806 E-02
7000)/gallon (US liquid) (kg/m )
ounce-mass kilogram (kg) 2.834 952 E -02 3 kilogram/meter3 1.000 000*E+03 statute mile (U.S.) meter (m) 1.609 344*E+03
(avoirdupois) gram/centimeter (kg/m3)
yard meter (m) 9.144 000*E -01
ounce-mass kilogram (kg) 3.110 348 E -02
ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram/meter3 6.236 021 E+00
(troy or apothecary) /gallon (UK liquid) (kg/m3)
ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram/meter3 7.489 152 E+00
pennyweight kilogram (kg) 1.555 174 E -03 /gallon (US liquid) (kg/m3)
pound-mass kilogram (kg) 4.535 924 E -01 ounce (avoirdupois) kilogram/meter3 1.729 994 E+03
(mass) /inch3 (kg/m3)
(lbm avoirdupois)
kilogram/meter3 1.601 846 E+01
TEMPERATURE
pound-mass kilogram (kg) 3.732 417 E -01
3
pound-mass/foot (kg/m3)
(troy or apothecary) To convert to multiply by
3
pound-mass/inch kilogram/meter3 2.767 990 E+04 fr om
slug kilogram (kg) 1.459 390 E+01 (kg/m3)
pound-mass/gallon kilogram/meter3 9.977 633 E+01 degreeCelsius kelvin (k) tK = t C + 273.15
ton (assay) kilogram (kg) 2.916 667 E -02 (UK liquid) (kg/m3)
degree Fahrenheit kelvin (k) tK = (t F + 459.67)/1.8
ton (long, 2240 lbm) kilogram (kg) 1.016 047 E+03 pound-mass/gallon kilogram/meter3 1.198 264 E+02
(US liquid) (kg/m3) degreeRankine kelvin (k) tK = t R/1.8
ton(metric) kilogram (kg) 1.000 000*E+03
slug/foot3 kilogram/meter3 5.153 788 E+02 degree Fahrenheit degreeCelsius 5 C = (t F - 32)/1.8
ton (short,2000 lbm) kilogram (kg) 9.071 847 E+02 (kg/m3)

ton (long, mass)/yard3 kilogram/meter3 1.328 939 E+03

(kg/m3)

TIME
MASS/AREA To convert fr om to multiply by
day (sidereal) second(s) 8.616 409 E+04
To convert to multiply by
fr om hour (sidereal) second(s) 3.590 170 E+03
2
pound- 2 kilogram/meter 4.882 428* E+00 minute (sidereal) second(s) 5.983 617 E+01
mass/foot (kg/m2)
second (sidereal) second(s) 9.972 696 E -01
year (sidereal) second(s) 3.155 815 E+07

* Exact - not rounded

ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
UNIT CONVERSIONS
19.7
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

English to Metric Conversions (continued)

PRESSURE or STRESS VELOCITY VOLUME

(Force/Area) (includes Speed) (includes capacity)
To convert fr om to multiply by To convert fr om to multiply by To convert fr om to multiply by
foot/hour meter/second(m/s) 8.466 667 E -05 acre-foot meter3 (m3) 1.233 482 E+03
foot/minute meter/second(m/s) 5.080 000*E -03
barrel meter3 (m3) 1.589 873 E -01
foot/second meter/second(m/s) 3.048 000*E -01 (oil, 42 gal)
inch/second meter/second(m/s) 2.540 000*E -02 boardfoot meter3 (m3) 2.359 737 E -03
kilometer/hour meter/second(m/s) 2.777 778 E -01 bushel(U.S.) meter3 (m3) 3.523 907 E -02
knot meter/second(m/s) 5.144 444 E -01 fluid ounce(U.S.) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E -05
(international)
mile/hour
foot3 meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E -02
(U.S. statute) meter/second(m/s) 4.470 400*E -01
gallon meter3 (m3) 4.546 090 E -03
mile/minute (Canadian liquid)
(U.S. statute) meter/second(m/s) 2.682 240*E+01
gallon (U.K . liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.546 092 E -03
mile/second meter/second(m/s) 1.609 344*E+03
(U.S. statute) gallon (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 4.404 884 E -03
mile/hour gallon (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 3.785 412 E -03
(U.S. statute) kilometer/hour 1.609 344*E+00
inch3 meter3 (m3) 1.638 706 E -05
liter
4 meter3 (m3) 1.000 000*E -03
ounce(U.K. fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.841 307 E -05
ounce(U.S. fluid) meter3 (m3) 2.957 353 E -05

VOLUME/TIME peck (U.S.) meter3 (m3) 8.809 768 E -03

(includes Flow) pint (U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 5.506 105 E -04

T o convert from to multiply by pint (U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 4.731 765 E -04
meter3 /second 4.719 474 E -04 quart(U.S. dry) meter3 (m3) 1.101 221 E -03
foot3/minute (m3/s) quart(U.S. liquid) meter3 (m3) 9.463 529 E -04
foot3/second meter3 /second 2.831 685 E -02
(m3/s) stere meter3 (m3) 1.000 000*E+00
meter3 /second tablespoon meter3 (m3) 1.478 676 E -05
inch3/minute (m3/s) 2.731 177 E -07
teaspoon meter3 (m3) 4.928 922 E -06
yard3/minute meter3 /second 1.274 258 E -02
(m3/s) ton(register) meter3 (m3) 2.831 685 E+00
gallon meter3 /second yard3 meter3 (m3) 7.645 549 E -01
(U .S. liquid)/day (m3/s) 4.381 264 E -08

gallon (U.S. meter3 /second 6.309 020 E -05

liquid)/minute (m3/s)

* Exact - not rounded

19.8 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
COPPER TUBING DATA
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Copper tubing - standard dimensions, weights and tolerances

Theoretical

pressure
Outsidediameter Wallthickness

w orking
weight
Standard copper

C alculated ulti-
w atertube size

Safe
N om inalcop-

H ydrostatic**
Tolerance

testpressure
pertube size

m ate tensile
A ctualnet

B ursting*
Tolerance
Tolerance
A nnealed

diam eter

pressure
N om inal

N om inal

N om inal
Safety

copper
A ctual
D raw n

inside

inside
factor
O .D.

area
of8

inches inch inches inch inch inch inch inches sq.in. sq.in. lbs. per- lbs. psi psi psi
per cent
feet
- 1/4 .250 .002 - .030 .0025 .190 .028 .021 .081 7 630 8305 1593 1038
- 3/8 .375 .002 - .032 .0025 .311 .076 .034 .134 7 1020 5995 1099† 749
- 1/2 .500 .002 - .032 .0025 .436 .149 .047 .182 7 1410 4530 809 566
3/8 - .500 .0025 .001 .049 .004 .402 .127 .069 .269 7 2070 6848 1276† 856
- 5/8 .625 .0025 - .035 .003 .555 .242 .065 .252 7 1950 3974 704 497
1/2 - .625 .0025 .001 .049 .004 .527 .218 .089 .344 7 2670 5521 1004 690
5/8 - .750 .0025 .001 .049 .004 .652 .334 .108 .418 7 3240 4622 827 578
3/4 - .875 .003 .001 .065 .0045 .745 .436 .165 .641 7 4950 5239 948 655
1 - 1.125 .0035 .0015 .065 .0045 .995 .778 .216 .839 7 6480 4101 727 513
1-1/4 - 1.375 .004 .0015 .065 .0045 1.245 1.217 .267 1.04 7 8010 3366 590 421
1-1/2 - 1.625 .0045 .002 .072 .005 1.481 1.723 .351 1.36 7 10530 3155 551 394
2 - 2.125 .005 .002 .083 .007 1.959 3.014 .532 2.06 7 15960 2786 484 348

The above information was otained from the following specification standards:
AS™ B68-1971, AS™ B88-1971, AS™ B-251-1971, and ANSI H23.1-1970.
The bursting pressures and the hydrostatic test pressures have been figured using the nominal dimensions of the tub-
ing and the appropriate formula listed below:
P = S X (D2 - d2) P= 2tS
.334d2 + 1.333D2 D - 0.8t
Where S = 30,000 psi (ultimate tensile) Where P = Hydrostatic pressure (psi)
P = Bursting pressure (psi) t = Wall thickness (in)
D = Outside diameter (in) D= Outside diameter (in)
d = Inside diameter (in) S = Allowable stress of the material = 6000 psi

† This pressure listed to conform with formula. However, the tube need not be tested at a hydrostatic pressure over 1000 psi unless specified.
* Calculated from Clavarino’s formula.
** Calculated from formula for thin hollow cylinders. See specifications AS™ B88-1962.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
STEEL PIPE DATA
19.9
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Commercial wrought steel pipe data

Note 1: The letters “s”, “x”, and “xx” in the column of
Schedule Numbers indicate Standard, Extra Strong,
and Double Extra Strong Pipe, respectively.
Note 2: The values shown in square feet for the
Transverse Internal Area also represent the volume in
cubic feet per foot of pipe length.

Nominal Outside Sched- Wall Inside Area of Moment of Weightof Weightof External Section
pipe diame- ule thick- diameter metal Traverseinternal inertia pipe Water surface modulus
size ter(D) number ness (t) (a) area (I)
(d)
inches inches (see inches inches
note1)
square
inches
square
inches
square
feet(see
inchesto
4thpower
pounds pounds sq.ft.per
perfoot perfootof footof (2 DI )
note 2) pipe pipe
40s .068 .269 .0720 .0568 .00040 .00106 .244 .025 .106 .00523
1/8 0.405
80x .095 .215 .0925 .0364 .00025 .00122 .314 .016 .106 .00602
40s .088 .364 .1250 .1041 .00072 .00331 .424 .045 .141 .01227
1/4 0.540
80x .119 .302 .1574 .0716 .00050 .00377 .535 .031 .141 .01395
40s .091 .493 .1670 .1910 .00133 .00729 .567 .083 .178 .02160
3/8 0.675
80x .126 .423 .2173 .1405 .00098 .00862 .738 .061 .178 .02554
40s .109 .622 .2503 .3040 .00211 .01709 .850 .132 .220 .04780
80x .147 .546 .3200 .2340 .00163 .02008 1.087 .102 .220 .04780
1/2 0.840
160 .187 .466 .3836 .1706 .00118 .02212 1.300 .074 .220 .05267
...xx .294 .252 .5043 .0500 .00035 .02420 1.714 .022 .220 .05762
40s .113 .824 .3326 .5330 .00371 .03704 1.130 .231 .275 .07055
80x .154 .742 .4335 .4330 .00300 .04479 1.473 .188 .275 .08531
3/4 1.050
160 .218 .614 .5698 .2961 .00206 .05269 1.940 .128 .275 .10036
...xx .308 .434 .7180 .1480 .00103 .05792 2.440 .064 .275 .11032
40s .133 1.049 .4939 .8640 .00600 .08734 1.678 .375 .344 .13280
80x .179 .957 .6388 .7190 .00499 .10560 2.171 .312 .344 .16060
1 1.315
160 .250 .815 .8365 .5217 .00362 .12510 2.840 .230 .344 .19030
...xx .358 .599 1.0760 .2820 .00196 .14050 3.659 .122 .344 .21360
40s .140 1.380 .6685 1.4950 .01040 .19470 2.272 .649 .435 .23460
80x .191 1.278 .8815 1.2830 .00891 .24180 2.996 .555 .435 .29130
1-1/4 1.660
160 .250 1.160 1.1070 1.0570 .00734 .28390 3.764 .458 .435 .34210
...xx .382 .896 1.5340 .6300 .00438 .34110 5.214 .273 .435 .41100
40s .145 1.610 .7995 2.0360 .01414 .30990 2.717 .882 .497 .32620
80x .200 1.500 1.0680 1.7670 .01225 .39120 3.631 .765 .497 .41180
1-1/2 1.900
160 .281 1.338 1.4290 1.4060 .00976 .48240 4.862 .608 .497 .50780
...xx .400 1.100 1.8850 .9500 .00660 .56780 6.408 .420 .497 .59770
40s .154 2.067 1.0750 3.3550 .02330 .66570 3.652 1.450 .622 .56060
80x .218 1.939 1.4770 2.9530 .02050 .86790 5.022 1.280 .622 .73090
2 2.375
160 .343 1.689 2.1900 2.2410 .01556 1.16200 7.440 .970 .622 .97900
...xx .436 1.503 2.6560 1.7740 .01232 1.31100 9.029 .770 .622 1.10400
40s .203 2.469 1.7040 4.7880 .03322 1.53000 5.790 2.070 .753 1.06400
80x .276 2.323 2.2540 4.2380 .02942 1.92400 7.660 1.870 .753 1.33900
2-1/2 2.875
160 .375 2.125 2.9450 3.5460 .02463 2.35300 10.010 1.540 .753 1.63800
...xx .552 1.771 4.0280 2.4640 .01710 2.87100 13.700 1.070 .753 1.99700
40s .216 3.068 2.2280 7.3930 .05130 3.01700 7.580 3.200 .916 1.72400
80x .300 2.900 3.0160 6.6050 .04587 3.89400 10.250 2.860 .916 2.22500
3 3.500
160 .437 2.626 4.2050 5.4160 .03761 5.03200 14.320 2.350 .916 2.87600
...xx .600 2.300 5.4660 4.1550 .02885 5.99300 18.580 1.800 .916 3.42400
40s .226 3.548 2.6800 9.8860 .06870 4.78800 9.110 4.290 1.047 2.39400
3-1/2 4.000
80x .318 3.364 3.6780 8.8880 .06170 6.28000 12.510 3.840 1.047 3.14000
40s .237 4.026 3.1740 12.7300 .08840 7.23300 10.790 5.500 1.178 3.21400
80x .337 3.826 4.4070 11.5000 .07986 9.61000 14.980 4.980 1.178 4.27100
4 4.500
120 .437 3.626 5.5780 10.3300 .07170 11.65000 19.000 4.470 1.178 5.17800
160 .531 3.438 6.6210 9.2800 .06450 13.27000 22.510 4.020 1.178 5.89800
...xx .674 3.152 8.1010 7.8000 .05420 15.28000 27.540 3.380 1.178 6.79100
40s .258 5.047 4.3000 20.0100 .13900 15.16000 14.620 8.670 1.456 5.45100
80x .375 4.813 6.1120 18.1900 .12630 20.67000 20.780 7.880 1.456 7.43100
5 5.563 120 .500 4.563 7.9530 16.3500 .11360 25.73000 27.100 7.090 1.456 9.25000
160 .625 4.313 9.6960 14.6100 .10150 30.03000 32.960 6.330 1.456 10.79600
...xx .750 4.063 11.3400 12.9700 .09010 33.63000 38.550 5.610 1.456 12.09000
40s .280 6.065 5.5810 28.8900 .20060 28.14000 18.970 12.510 1.734 8.50000
80x .432 5.761 8.4050 26.0700 .18100 40.49000 28.570 11.290 1.734 12.22000
6 6.625 120 .562 5.501 10.7000 23.7700 .16500 49.61000 36.400 10.300 1.734 14.98000
160 .718 5.189 13.3200 21.1500 .14690 58.97000 45.300 9.160 1.734 17.81000
...xx .864 4.897 15.6400 18.8400 .13080 66.33000 53.160 8.160 1.734 20.02000
20 .250 8.125 6.5700 51.8500 .36010 57.72000 22.360 22.470 2.258 13.39000
30 .277 8.071 7.2600 51.1600 .35530 63.35000 24.700 22.170 2.258 14.69000
8 8.625 40s .322 7.981 8.4000 50.0300 .34740 72.49000 28.550 21.700 2.258 16.81000
60 .406 7.813 10.4800 47.9400 .33290 88.73000 35.640 20.770 2.258 20.58000
80x .500 7.625 12.7600 45.6600 .31710 105.70000 43.390 19.780 2.258 24.51000
100 .593 7.439 14.9600 43.4600 .30180 121.30000 50.870 18.830 2.258 28.14000
120 .718 7.189 17.8400 40.5900 .28190 140.50000 60.630 17.590 2.258 32.58000
140 .812 7.001 19.9300 38.5000 .26730 153.70000 67.760 16.680 2.258 35.65000
...xx .875 6.875 21.3000 37.1200 .25780 162.00000 72.420 16.100 2.258 37.56000
160 .906 6.813 21.9700 36.4600 .25320 165.90000 74.690 15.800 2.258 38.48000
19.10 ENGINEERING INFORMATION-
STEEL PIPE DATA
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Commercial wrought steel pipe data (continued)

Nominal Outside Sched- Wall Inside Area of Moment of Weight of Weight of External Section
pipe diame- ule thick- diameter metal Traverse internal inertia pipe Water surface modulus
size ter (D) number ness (t) (a) area (I)
(d)
I
inches inches (s ee note
1)
inches inches square
inches
square
inches
s quare
feet (s ee
inches to
4th power
pounds per pounds per sq. ft. per
foot foot of pipe foot of pipe (2 D )
note 2)
20 .250 10.250 8.24 82.52 .5731 113.7 28.04 35.76 2.814 21.15
30 .307 10.136 10.07 80.69 .5603 137.4 34.24 34.96 2.814 25.57
40s .365 10.020 11.90 78.86 .5475 160.7 40.48 34.20 2.814 29.90
60x .500 9.750 16.10 74.66 .5185 212.0 54.74 32.35 2.814 39.43
10 10.75 80 .593 9.564 18.92 71.84 .4989 244.8 64.33 31.13 2.814 45.54
100 .718 9.314 22.63 68.13 .4732 286.1 76.93 29.53 2.814 53.22
120 .843 9.064 26.24 64.53 .4481 324.2 89.20 27.96 2.814 60.32
140 1.000 8.750 30.63 60.13 .4176 367.8 104.13 26.06 2.814 68.43
160 1.125 8.500 34.02 56.75 .3941 399.3 115.65 24.59 2.814 74.29
20 .250 12.250 9.82 117.86 .8185 191.8 33.38 51.07 3.338 30.20
30 .330 12.090 12.87 114.80 .7972 248.4 43.77 49.74 3.338 38.10
...s .375 12.000 14.58 113.10 .7854 279.3 49.56 49.00 3.338 43.80
40 .406 11.938 15.77 111.93 .7773 300.3 53.53 48.50 3.338 47.10
...x .500 11.750 19.24 108.43 .7528 361.5 65.42 46.92 3.338 56.70
12 12.75 60 .562 11.626 21.52 106.16 .7372 400.4 73.16 46.00 3.338 62.80
80 .687 11.376 26.03 101.64 .7058 475.1 88.51 44.04 3.338 74.60
100 .843 11.064 31.53 96.14 .6677 561.6 107.20 41.66 3.338 88.10
120 1.000 10.750 36.91 90.76 .6303 641.6 125.49 39.33 3.338 100.70
140 1.125 10.500 41.08 86.59 .6013 700.5 133.68 37.52 3.338 109.90
160 1.312 10.126 47.14 80.53 .5592 781.1 160.27 34.89 3.338 122.60
10 .250 13.500 10.80 143.14 .9940 255.3 36.71 62.03 3.665 36.60
20 .312 13.376 13.42 140.52 .9758 314.4 45.68 60.89 3.665 45.00
30s .375 13.250 16.05 137.88 .9575 372.8 54.57 59.75 3.665 53.20
40 .437 13.126 18.61 135.32 .9397 429.1 63.37 58.64 3.665 61.30
...x .500 13.000 21.21 132.73 .9217 483.8 72.09 57.46 3.665 69.10
14 14.00 60 .593 12.814 24.98 128.96 .8956 562.3 84.91 55.86 3.665 80.30
80 .750 12.500 31.22 122.72 .8522 687.3 106.13 53.18 3.665 98.20
100 .937 12.126 38.45 115.49 .8020 824.4 130.73 50.04 3.665 117.80
120 1.093 11.814 44.32 109.62 .7612 929.6 150.67 47.45 3.665 132.80
140 1.250 11.500 50.07 103.87 .7213 1027.0 170.22 45.01 3.665 146.80
160 1.406 11.188 55.63 98.31 .6827 1117.0 189.12 42.60 3.665 159.60
10 .250 15.500 12.37 188.69 1.3103 383.7 42.05 81.74 4.189 48.00
20 .312 15.376 15.38 185.69 1.2895 473.2 52.36 80.50 4.189 59.20
30s .375 15.250 18.41 182.65 1.2684 562.1 62.58 79.12 4.189 70.30
40x .500 15.000 24.35 176.72 1.2272 731.9 82.77 76.58 4.189 91.50
60 .656 14.688 31.62 169.44 1.1766 932.4 107.50 73.42 4.189 116.60
16 16.00 80 .843 14.314 40.14 160.92 1.1175 1155.8 136.46 69.73 4.189 144.50
100 1.031 13.938 48.48 152.58 1.0596 1364.5 164.83 66.12 4.189 170.50
120 1.218 13.564 56.56 144.50 1.0035 1555.8 192.29 62.62 4.189 194.50
140 1.437 13.126 65.74 135.32 .9397 1760.3 223.64 58.64 4.189 220.00
160 1.593 12.814 72.10 128.96 .8956 1893.5 245.11 55.83 4.189 236.70
10 .250 17.500 13.94 240.53 1.6703 549.1 47.39 104.21 4.712 61.10
20 .312 17.376 17.34 237.13 1.6467 678.2 59.03 102.77 4.712 75.50
...s .375 17.250 20.76 233.71 1.6230 806.7 70.59 101.18 4.712 89.60
30 .437 17.126 24.11 230.36 1.5997 930.3 82.06 99.84 4.712 103.40
...x .500 17.000 27.49 226.98 1.5763 1053.2 92.45 98.27 4.712 117.00
40 .562 16.876 30.79 223.68 1.5533 1171.5 104.75 96.93 4.712 130.10
18 18.00
60 .750 16.500 40.64 213.83 1.4849 1514.7 138.17 92.57 4.712 168.30
80 .937 16.126 50.23 204.24 1.4183 1833.0 170.75 88.50 4.712 203.80
100 1.156 15.688 61.17 193.30 1.3423 2180.0 207.96 83.76 4.712 242.30
120 1.375 15.250 71.81 182.66 1.2684 2498.1 244.14 79.07 4.712 277.60
140 1.562 14.876 80.66 173.80 1.2070 2749.0 274.23 75.32 4.712 305.50
160 1.781 14.438 90.75 163.72 1.1369 3020.0 308.51 70.88 4.712 335.60
10 .250 19.500 15.51 298.65 2.0740 756.4 52.73 129.42 5.236 75.60
20s .375 19.250 23.12 290.04 2.0142 1113.0 78.60 125.67 5.236 11.30
30x .500 19.000 30.63 283.53 1.9690 1457.0 104.13 122.87 5.236 145.70
40 .593 18.814 36.15 278.00 1.9305 1703.0 122.91 120.46 5.236 170.40
60 .812 18.376 48.95 265.21 1.8417 2257.0 166.40 114.92 5.236 225.70
20 20.00
80 1.031 17.938 61.44 252.72 1.7550 2772.0 208.87 109.51 5.236 277.10
100 1.281 17.438 75.33 238.83 1.6585 3315.2 256.10 103.39 5.236 331.50
120 1.500 17.000 87.18 226.98 1.5762 3754.0 296.37 98.35 5.236 375.50
140 1.750 16.500 100.33 213.82 1.4849 4216.0 341.10 92.66 5.236 421.70
160 1.968 16.064 111.49 202.67 1.4074 4585.5 379.01 87.74 5.236 458.50
10 .250 23.500 18.65 433.74 3.0121 1315.4 63.41 187.95 6.283 109.60
20s .375 23.250 27.83 424.56 2.9483 1942.0 94.62 183.95 6.283 161.90
...x .500 23.000 36.91 415.48 2.8853 2549.5 125.49 179.87 6.283 212.50
30 .562 22.876 41.39 411.00 2.8542 2843.0 140.80 178.09 6.283 237.00
40 .687 22.626 50.31 402.07 2.7921 3421.3 171.17 174.23 6.283 285.10
24 24.00 60 .968 22.064 70.04 382.35 2.6552 4652.8 238.11 165.52 6.283 387.70
80 1.218 21.564 87.17 365.22 2.5362 5672.0 296.36 158.26 6.283 472.80
100 1.531 20.938 108.07 344.32 2.3911 6849.9 367.40 149.06 6.283 570.80
120 1.812 20.376 126.31 326.08 2.2645 7825.0 429.39 141.17 6.283 652.10
140 2.062 19.876 142.11 310.28 2.1547 8625.0 483.13 134.45 6.283 718.90
160 2.343 19.314 159.41 292.98 2.0346 9455.9 541.94 126.84 6.283 787.90
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
PLASTIC PIPE DATA
19.11
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Hoop stress calculations in plastic tubing and pipe

Hoop stress in plastic tubing and ASTM D1785 Polyvinyl Chloride Based on Controlled
pipe may be calculated by the ISO (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Outside Diameter
Equation: Schedules 40, 80, and 120 AWWA C900 Polyvinyl Chloride
or ASTM D2241 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe,
P (D - t) OR P (R - 1) (PVC) Plastic Pipe 4" through 12" for Water
S= S=
2t 2 (SDR-PR) AWWA C901 Polyethylene (PE)
ASTM D2104 Polyethylene (PE) Pressure Pipe, Tubing,
S = Stress in circumferential Plastic Pipe Schedule 40 and Fittings, 1/2" though
direction, psi ASTM D2239 Polyethylene (PE) 3" for Water
P = Internal pressure, psig Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
D = Average outside diameter, ASTM D2447 Polyethylene (PE)
inches Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40
t = Minimum wall thickness, and 80 Based on Outside
inches Diameter
R = D = SDR = Standard thermo- ASTM D2666
plastic dimension Polyethylene (PB)
t ratio Plastic Tubing
ASTM D2737 Polyethylene (PE)
Various plastic tubing and pipe di- Plastic Tubing
mensional information can be found ASTM D2740 Polyvinyl Chloride
in the following standards or may be (PVC) Plastic Tubing
obtained from pipe ASTM D3035 Polyethylene (PE)
manufacturers. Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR)
19.12 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
CAST IRON PIPE DATA
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Outside diameter s, inside diameter s and thic knesses of various pipes

CENTRIFUGALLY CAST PIPE PIT CAST PIPE

Nominal ANSI A21.6 ANSI A21.8 ANSI A21.2
size AWWA C106 AWWA C108 AWWA C102
O.D. I.D. THICKNESS O.D. I.D. THICKNESS
CLASS 50 50 PSI 115 FT. HD.
3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .37
4" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .40
6" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .43
8" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46
10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 10.10 .50
12" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 12.12 .54
14" 15.30 14.34 .48 15.30 14.22 .54
16" 17.40 16.32 .54 17.40 16.24 .58
18" 19.50 18.42 .54 19.50 18.24 .63
20" 21.60 20.46 .57 21.60 20.28 .66
24" 25.80 24.54 .63 25.80 24.32 .74
30" 32.00 30.42 .79 31.74 30.00 .87
36" 38.30 36.56 .87 37.96 36.02 .97
42" 44.50 42.56 .97 44.20 42.06 1.07
48" 50.80 48.68 1.06 50.50 48.14 1.18
54" - - - 56.66 54.06 1.30
60" - - - 62.80 60.02 1.39

CLASS 100 100 PSI 231 FT. HD.

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .37
4" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .40
6" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .43
8" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46
10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 10.10 .50
12" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 12.12 .54
14" 15.30 14.28 .51 15.30 14.14 .58
16" 17.40 16.32 .54 17.40 16.14 .63
18" 19.50 18.34 .58 19.50 18.14 .68
20" 21.60 20.36 .62 21.60 20.18 .71
24" 25.80 24.44 .68 25.80 24.20 .80
30" 32.00 30.42 .79 32.00 30.12 .94
36" 38.30 36.56 .87 38.30 36.20 1.05
42" 44.50 42.56 .97 44.50 42.00 1.25
48" 50.80 48.68 1.06 50.80 48.06 1.37
54" - - - 57.10 54.08 1.51
60" - - - 63.40 60.16 1.62

CLASS 150 150 PSI 346 FT. HD.

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .37
4" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .40
6" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .43
8" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46
10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 10.02 .54
12" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 12.04 .58
14" 15.65 14.63 .51 15.65 14.39 .63
16" 17.80 16.72 .54 17.80 16.44 .68
18" 19.92 18.76 .58 19.92 18.46 .73
20" 22.06 20.82 .62 22.06 20.40 .83
24" 26.32 24.86 .73 26.32 24.46 .93
30" 32.00 30.30 .85 32.40 30.20 1.10
36" 38.30 36.42 .94 38.70 36.26 1.22
42" 44.50 42.40 1.05 45.10 42.40 1.35
48" 50.80 48.52 1.14 51.40 48.44 1.48
54" - - - 57.80 54.54 1.63
60" - - - 64.20 60.42 1.89
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
CAST IRON PIPE DATA
19.13
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Outside diameters, inside diameters and thicknesses of various pipes

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .37

4" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .40
6" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .43
8" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.13 .46
10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.10 9.94 .58
12" 13.20 12.24 .48 13.20 11.94 .63
14" 15.65 14.55 .55 15.65 14.29 .68
16" 17.80 16.64 .58 17.80 16.22 .79
18" 19.92 18.66 .63 19.92 18.22 .85
20" 22.06 20.72 .67 22.06 20.26 .90
24" 26.32 24.74 .79 26.32 24.32 1.00
30" 32.00 30.16 .92 32.74 30.36 1.19
36" 38.30 36.26 1.02 39.16 36.30 1.43
42" 44.50 42.24 1.13 45.58 42.42 1.58
48" 50.80 48.34 1.23 51.98 48.52 1.73
54" - - - 58.40 54.60 1.90
60" - - - 64.82 60.42 2.20

3" 3.96 3.32 .32 3.80 3.06 .37

4" 4.80 4.10 .35 4.80 4.00 .40
6" 6.90 6.14 .38 6.90 6.04 .43
8" 9.05 8.23 .41 9.05 8.05 .50
10" 11.10 10.22 .44 11.40 10.14 .63
12" 13.20 12.16 .52 13.50 12.14 .68
14" 15.65 14.47 .59 15.65 14.07 .79
16" 17.80 16.54 .63 17.80 16.10 .85
18" 19.92 18.56 .68 19.92 18.08 .92
20" 22.06 20.62 .72 22.06 20.12 .97
24" 26.32 24.74 .79 26.32 24.16 1.08
30" 32.00 30.02 .99 32.74 29.96 1.39
36" 38.30 36.10 1.10 39.16 36.08 1.54
42" 44.50 42.06 1.22 45.58 42.16 1.71
48" 50.80 48.14 1.33 51.98 47.94 2.02
54" - - - 58.40 53.98 2.21
60" - - - 64.82 60.06 2.38
AWWA - 1908 STANDARD
19.14 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
DIAMETER CONVERSION CHART - METRIC
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Imperial Cast Iron & Asbestos Cement Metric Asbestos Cement

Steel uPVC ABS DI
(turned end) (turned end)
Nom. Bore BST1211 BS78
BS78 BS486
(UTI 27* BS486 ISO/4200 - -
1981 1981
NB) 1966
BS1387 BS534 BS3600 AP15L* BS3505 BS3506 BS5391 BS4772**
Class Non-
Class Class Series Series Class Class Class
Inch mm CD Stan- Series 3
ABCD AB Only 1 2 15 20 25
Only dard
1/2 15 - - - - 21.3 - - - 21.3 - 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 21.3 - - - -
3/4 20 - - - - 26.9 25.0 25.4 - 26.9 - 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 26.9 - - - -
1 25 - - - - 33.7 32.0 30.0 35.0 33.7 - 33.7 33.7 33.7 33.7 33.7 - - - -
1-1/4 32 - - - - 42.4 40.0 44.5 - 42.4 - 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.4 - - - -
1-1/2 40 - 55.9 55.9 57.0 48.3 57.0 54.0 - 48.3 - 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3 48.3 56.0 - - -
DIN
2 50 - 69.1 69.1 - 60.3 63.5 - - 60.3 60.3 60.3 60.3 60.3 60.3 60.3 66.0 - - -
DIN
28601
2-1/2 65 - 82.3 82.3 82.5 76.1 70.0 73.0 - 76.1 76.1 76.1 76.1 - 75.1 - 82.0 - - -
DIN
28605
3 80 - 95.5 95.5 - 88.9 - 82.5 - 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 88.9 98.0 - - 96.0
28605
3-1/2 90 - - - - 101.6 101.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - -
4 100 - 121.9 121.9 - 114.3 127.0 108.0 - 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 114.3 118.0 - - 122.0
5 125 - 149.9 149.9 - 139.7 133.0 141.3 152.4 139.7 139.7 139.7 139.7 140.2 140.2 - 144.0 - - -
DIN
6 150 - 177.3 177.3 - 168.3 - 159.0 177.8 165.1 168.3 168.3 168.3 168.3 168.3 168.3 170.0 177.0 - 177.0
28601/3
7 175 - 204.7 204.7 - - - 193.7 - - 193.7 193.7 193.7 - 193.7 - - - - -
8 200 - 232.2 232.2 - 219.1 - - - - 219.1 219.1 219.1 219.1 219.1 219.1 222.0 232.0 232.0 240.0
9 225 - 259.1 259.1 - - - 244.5 - - 244.5 244.5 244.5 - 244.5 - - 259.0 259.0 268.0
10 250 - 286.0 286.0 - 273.0 - - - - 273.0 273.0 273.0 273.0 273.0 - 274.0 286.0 286.0 295.0
11 275 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
12 300 - 333.8 345.4 - 323.9 - - - - 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 323.9 - 326.0 334.0 345.0 356.0
14 350 - 386.6 399.3 - 355.6 - - - - 355.6 355.6 355.6 355.6 355.6 - 378.0 392.0 405.0 419.0
15 375 - 413.0 426.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
16 400 - 439.4 453.1 - 406.4 - - - 406.4 406.4 406.4 406.4 406.4 - 429.0 448.0 463.0 478.0
18 450 - 492.3 506.9 - 457.0 - - - 457.0 457.0 457.0 457.0 457.0 - 480.0 498.0 515.0 532.0
BS
ONLY
20 500 - 545.1 560.3 - 508.0 - - - 508.0 508.0 508.0 508.0 508.0 - 532.0 568.0 586.0 605.0
21 525 - 571.5 587.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
22 550 - 597.9 613.7 - - - 559.0 - - 559.0 559.0 559.0 - 559.0 - - - - -
24 600 - 650.2 667.0 - 610.0 - - - - 610.0 610.0 610.0 610.0 610.0 - 635.0 654.0 672.0 691.0
26 650 - 702.6 720.3 - - - 660.0 - - 660.0 660.0 660.0 - - - - - - -
27 675 - 728.9 746.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
28 700 - 754.9 773.2 - 711.0 - - - - 711.0 711.0 711.0 - - - 738.0 761.0 780.0 801.0
30 750 826.0 807.2 826.0 - - 762.0 - - - 762.0 762.0 762.0 - - - - 808.0 830.0 852.0
32 800 - 859.5 879.3 - 813.0 - - - - 813.0 813.0 813.0 - - - 842.0 869.0 891.0 915.0
33 825 905.8 886.0 905.8 - - - 864.0 - - - - - - - - - - - -
34 850 - 912.4 - - - - - - - 864.0 864.0 864.0 - - - - 927.0 952.0 977.0
36 900 984.5 964.2 984.5 - 914.0 - - - - 914.0 914.0 914.0 - - - 945.0 970.0 996.0 1024.0
40 1000 - 1068.3 1090.2 - 1016.0 - - - - 1016.0 1016.0 1016.0 - - - 1048.0 - - -
42 1050 1143.0 1120.6 1143.0 - 1067.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
44 1100 - 1172.5 - - 1118.0 1168.0 - - - - - - - - - 1152.0 - - -
BS
ONLY
48 1200 1300.5 1276.6 1300.5 - 1219.0 - - - - 1220.0 1220.0 1220.0 - - - 1255.0 - - -

NOTE: To convert to inches, multilpy the mm by 25.4

*BS 1600 UTI 36" NB
** DIN 28601, 28602, 28603, 28605
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
PIPE DATA
19.15
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

uPVC Asbestos Cement

Nom. Bore (ANSI/AWWA
Cast Iron Steel Cu DI PE
C905-88 14"- Class 100 Class 150 Class 200
36")
ASNI/
ANSI/ AWWA ANSI/
Class Class Class IPS Turned RB RB Turned RB RB Turned RB RB
Inch mm Class D Standard API 5L AWWA Tubing C151 AWWA
A B C PVC End min Max End min Max End min Max
C900-89 A21.51 C906-90
-91
1/2 15 - - - - 0.84 0.84 0.84 - 0.625 - - - - - - - - - - -
3/4 20 - - - - 1.05 1.05 1.05 - 0.875 - - - - - - - - - - -
1 25 - - - - 1.315 1.315 1.315 - 1.125 - - - - - - - - - - -
1-1/4 32 - - - - 1.66 1.66 1.66 - 1.375 - - - - - - - - - - -
1-1/2 40 - - - - 1.90 1.90 1.90 - 1.625 - - - - - - - - - - -
2 50 2.5 - - - 2.375 2.375 2.375 - 2.125 - - - - - - - - - - -
2-1/2 65 - - - - 2.875 2.875 2.875 - 2.625 - - - - - - - - - - -
3 80 3.8 3.96 3.96 3.96 3.5 3.5 3.5 - 3.125 3.96 - 3.74 - - 3.84 - - 3.84 - -
4 100 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.8 4.125 4.8 4.5 4.64 4.79 5.26 4.81 4.97 5.32 4.81 5.22 5.57
5 125 - - - - 5.56 5.56 - - 5.125 - 5.563 - - - - - - - - -
6 150 6.9 7.1 7.1 7.1 6.625 6.625 6.625 6.9 6.125 6.9 6.625 6.91 7.05 7.4 6.91 7.07 7.37 6.91 7.26 7.6
8 200 9.05 9.05 9.3 9.3 8.625 8.625 8.625 9.05 - 9.05 8.625 9.11 9.22 9.57 9.11 9.27 9.62 9.11 9.39 9.79
10 250 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.4 10.75 10.75 10.75 11.1 - 11.1 10.75 11.24 11.25 11.77 11.66 11.82 12.12 11.66 11.77 12.12
12 300 13.2 13.2 13.5 13.5 12.75 12.75 12.75 13.2 - 13.2 12.75 13.44 13.37 14.04 13.92 14.08 14.38 13.92 14.08 14.38
14 350 15.3 15.3 15.65 15.65 14.0 14.0 14.0 15.3 - 15.3 14.0 15.07 15.4 15.8 16.22 16.38 16.73 16.22 16.48 16.88
16 400 17.4 17.4 17.8 17.8 16.0 16.0 16.0 17.4 - 17.4 16.0 17.15 17.54 17.94 18.46 18.62 18.97 18.46 18.79 19.19
18 450 19.5 19.5 19.92 19.92 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.5 - 19.5 18.0 19.9 - - 20.94 - - - - -
20 500 21.6 21.6 22.06 22.06 20.0 20.0 20.0 21.6 - 21.6 20.0 22.12 - - 23.28 - - - - -
22 550 - - - - - - - - - - 22.0 26.48 - - - - - - - -
24 600 25.8 25.8 26.32 26.32 24.0 24.0 24.0 25.8 - 25.8 24.0 - - - 27.96 - - - - -
26 650 - - - - 26.0 26.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
28 700 - - - - 28.0 28.0 - - - - 28.0 - - - - - - - - -
30 750 31.74 32.0 32.4 32.74 30.0 30.0 30.0 32.0 - 32.0 - - - - - - - - - -
32 800 - - - - 32.0 32.0 - - - - 32.0 - - - - - - - - -
34 850 - - - - 34.0 34.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
36 900 37.96 38.3 38.7 39.16 36.0 36.0 36.0 38.3 - 38.3 36.0 - - - - - - - - -
40 1000 - - - - 40.0 40.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
42 1050 44.2 44.5 45.1 45.58 - 42.0 - - - 44.5 42.0 - - - - - - - - -
44 1100 - - - - - 44.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
48 1200 50.5 50.8 51.4 51.98 48.0 48.0 - - - 50.8 48.0 - - - - - - - - -
52 1300 - - - - - 52.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
54 1400 56.66 57.1 57.8 58.4 - - - - - - 54.0 - - - - - - - - -
60 1500 62.8 63.4 64.2 64.82 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
64 1600 - - - - 64.0 64.0 - - - - 63.0 - - - - - - - - -
72 1800 75.34 76 76.88 77.74 72.0 72.0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
80 2000 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
84 2200 87.54 88.54 89.58 90.58 80.0 80. - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
19.16 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
PIPE THREAD DATA
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Standard thread dimensions

Ring gauge
0.8P = Thread depth - Amer. Std.
0.760P = Thread depth - A.P.I. Std.
Total taper 3/4" per foot
(measured on diameter)

by hand
F = Thickness of working ring gauge
due to lead or die
Plug gauge
Gauge to go on flush
Imperfect threads
Plug gauge to enter
until notch is flush
with first thread
standard tolerance
is +- one thread

C = Straight pipe thread pitch diameter for locknut connections

G = Minimum pitch diameter straight female locknut thread

1/8 .405 27 .0370 .3635 .180 .3748 .2639 .3800 .1111 .3566 .3924
1/4 .540 18 .0556 .4774 .200 .4899 .4018 .5025 .1667 .4670 .5946
3/8 .675 18 .0556 .6120 .240 .6270 .4078 .6375 .1667 .6016 .6006
1/2 .840 14 .0714 .7584 .320 .7784 .5337 .7918 .2143 .7450 .7815
3/4 1.050 14 .0714 .9677 .339 .9889 .5457 1.0018 .2143 .9543 .7935
1 1.315 11-1/2 .0870 1.2136 .400 1.2386 .6828 1.2563 .2609 1.1973 .9845
1-1/4 1.660 11-1/2 .0870 1.5571 .420 1.5834 .7068 1.6013 .2609 1.5408 1.0085
1-1/2 1.900 11-1/2 .0870 1.7961 .420 1.8223 .7235 1.8413 .2609 1.7798 1.0252
2 2.375 11-1/2 .0870 2.2690 .436 2.2963 .7565 2.3163 .2609 2.2527 1.0582
2-1/2 2.875 8 .1250 2.7195 .682 2.7622 1.1375 2.7906 .2500 2.7039 1.5712
3 3.500 8 .1250 3.3406 .766 3.3885 1.2000 3.4156 .2500 3.3250 1.6337
3-1/2 4.000 8 .1250 3.8375 .821 3.8880 1.2500 3.9156 .2500 3.8219 1.6837
4 4.500 8 .1250 4.3344 .844 4.3871 1.3000 4.4156 .2500 4.3188 1.7337
* 4-1/2 5.000 8 .1250 4.8313 .875 4.8859 1.3500 4.8418 ..... ..... .....
5 5.563 8 .1250 5.3907 .937 5.4493 1.4063 5.4786 .2500 5.3751 1.8400
6 6.625 8 .1250 6.4461 .958 6.5060 1.5125 6.5406 .2500 6.4305 1.9462
*7 7.625 8 .1250 7.4398 1.000 7.5023 1.6125 7.4524 ..... ..... .....
8 8.625 8 .1250 8.4336 1.063 8.5000 1.7125 8.5406 .2500 8.4180 2.1462
*9 9.625 8 .1250 9.4273 1.130 9.4980 1.8125 9.4415 ..... ..... .....
10 10.750 8 .1250 10.5453 1.210 10.6209 1.9250 10.6656 .2500 10.5297 2.3587
* 11 11.750 8 .1250 11.5391 1.285 11.6194 2.0250 11.5549 ..... ..... .....
12 12.750 8 .1250 12.5328 1.360 12.6178 2.1250 12.6656 .2500 12.5172 2.5587
14 14.000 8 .1250 13.7750 1.562 13.8726 2.2500 13.9156 .2500 13.7594 2.6837
* 15 15.000 8 .1250 14.7688 1.687 14.8742 2.3500 14.7872 ..... ..... .....
16 16.000 8 .1250 15.7625 1.812 15.8758 2.4500 15.9156 .2500 15.7469 2.8837
* 17 17.000 8 .1250 16.7563 1.900 16.8750 2.5500 16.7762 ..... ..... .....
18 18.000 8 .1250 17.7500 2.000 17.8750 2.6500 17.9156 .2500 17.7344 3.0837
20 20.000 8 .1250 19.7375 2.125 19.8703 2.8500 19.9156 .2500 19.7219 3.2837
* 22 22.000 8 .1250 21.7250 2.250 21.8656 3.0500 21.7488 ..... ..... .....
24 24.000 8 .1250 23.7125 2.375 23.8609 3.2500 23.9156 .2500 23.6969 3.6837

Data per American Standad B2.1-1945 (For Taper Pipe Threads) and API Standard 6-A (for line pipe threads).
* Sizes discontinued in American Standards listed for reference only.
† Also length of plug gauge.
‡ Length of ring gauge and length from gauging notch to small end of plug gauge.
The American Standard Pipe Thread and the API Standard Line Pipe Thread are interchangeable.
Reprinted by permission from Catalog No. 55, Ladish Co.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION - STANDARD
MECHANICAL JOINT DIMENSIONS
19.17
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

K1 S Bolts

Size A B C D F O X J CentrifuPit
cast
pipe K2 L M O P CentrifuPit
cast
pipe Number
-gal -gal Size Length
pipe and fit-
tings pipe and fit-
tings

48 50.80 4.00 52.09 52.25 50.97 20º 1-3/8 57.50 60.00 60.00 60.00 2.00 2.00 .38 1.00 1.61 2.2

Chart taken from ANSI A21.11 and AWWA C111 Standard Specifications.
19.18 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
CAST IRON FLANGE DIMENSIONS
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Cast iron flange dimensions - Class 125

Thickness Diameter Diameter L ength of
Nominal Diameter of flange of bolt Number of Diameter of bolt Length of bolt-s tud
pipe size of flange (minimum) bolts of bolts bolts with two
circle holes nuts
1 4-1/4 7/16 3-1/8 4 1/2 5/8 1-3/4 .....
1-1/4 4-5/8 1/2 3-1/2 4 1/2 5/8 2 .....
1-1/2 5 9/16 3-7/8 4 1/2 5/8 2 .....
2 6 5/8 4-3/4 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/4 .....
2-1/2 7 11/16 5-1/2 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....
3 7-1/2 3/4 6 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....
3-1/2 8-1/2 13/16 7 8 5/8 3/4 2-3/4 .....
4 9 15/16 7-1/2 8 5/8 3/4 3 .....
5 10 15/16 8-1/2 8 3/4 7/8 3 .....
6 11 1 9-1/2 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/4 .....
8 13-1/2 1-1/8 11-3/4 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/2 .....
10 16 1-3/16 14-1/4 12 7/8 1 3-1/4 .....
12 19 1-1/4 17 12 7/8 1 3-3/4 .....
14 21 1-3/8 18-3/4 12 1 1-1/8 4-1/4 .....
16 23-1/2 1-7/16 21-1/4 16 1 1-1/8 4-1/2 .....
18 25 1-9/16 22-3/4 16 1-1/8 1-1/4 4-3/4 .....
20 27-1/2 1-11/16 25 20 1-1/8 1-1/4 5 .....
24 32 1-7/8 29-1/2 20 1-1/4 1-3/8 5-1/2 .....
30 38-3/4 2-1/8 36 28 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-1/4 .....
36 46 2-3/8 42-3/4 32 1-1/2 1-5/8 7 .....
42 53 2-5/8 49-1/2 36 1-1/2 1-5/8 7-1/2 .....
48 59-1/2 2-3/4 56 44 1-1/2 1-5/8 7-3/4 .....
* 54 66-1/4 3 62-3/4 44 1-3/4 2 8-1/2 10-1/2
* 60 73 3-1/8 69-1/4 52 1-3/4 2 8-3/4 10-3/4
* 72 86-1/2 3-1/2 82-1/2 60 1-3/4 2 9-1/2 11-1/2
* 84 99-3/4 3-7/8 95-1/2 64 2 2-1/4 10-1/2 12-3/4
*96 113-1/4 4-1/4 108-1/2 68 2-1/4 2-1/2 11-1/2 14
All dimensions are in inches.
* These sizes are included for convenience and do not carry a definite rating.
Extracted from American Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (ANSI B16.1), with the permission of publisher, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.

Cast iron flange dimensions - Class 250

Thickness Diameter Diameter Length of
Nominal Diameter of flange of raised of bolt Number Diameter Diameter
of bolt Length bolt-s tud
pipe size of flange (min.) of bolts of bolts of bolts w/ two
face circle holes nuts
1 4-7/8 11/16 2-11/16 3-1/2 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....
1-1/4 5-1/4 3/4 3-1/16 3-7/8 4 5/8 3/4 2-1/2 .....
1-1/2 6-1/8 13/16 3-9/16 4-1/2 4 3/4 7/8 2-3/4 .....
2 6-1/2 7/8 4-3/16 5 8 5/8 3/4 2-3/4 .....
2-1/2 7-1/2 1 4-15/16 5-7/8 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/4 .....
3 8-1/4 1-1/8 5-11/16 6-5/8 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/2 .....
3-1/2 9 1-3/16 6-5/16 7-1/4 8 3/4 7/8 3-1/2 .....
4 10 1-1/4 6-15/16 7-7/8 8 3/4 7/8 3-3/4 .....
5 11 1-3/8 8-5/16 9-1/4 8 3/4 7/8 4 .....
6 12-1/2 1-7/16 9-11/16 10-5/8 12 3/4 7/8 4 .....
8 15 1-5/8 11-15/16 13 12 7/8 1 4-1/2 .....
10 17-1/2 1-7/8 14-1/16 15-1/4 16 1 1-1/8 5-1/4 .....
12 20-1/2 2 16-7/16 17-3/4 16 1-1/8 1-1/4 5-1/2 .....
14 23 2-1/8 18-15/16 20-1/4 20 1-1/8 1-1/4 6 .....
16 25-1/2 2-1/4 21-1/16 22-1/2 20 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-1/4 .....
18 28 2-3/8 23-5/16 24-3/4 24 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-1/2 .....
20 30-1/2 2-1/2 25-9/16 27 24 1-1/4 1-3/8 6-3/4 .....
24 36 2-3/4 30-1/4 32 24 1-1/2 1-5/8 7-3/4 9-1/2
* 30 43 3 37-3/16 39-1/4 28 1-3/4 2 8-1/2 10-1/2
* 36 50 3-3/8 43-11/16 46 32 2 2-1/4 9-1/2 11-3/4
* 42 57 3-11/16 50-7/16 52-3/4 36 2 2-1/4 10-1/4 12-1/2

All dimensions are in inches.

Extracted from American Standard Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (ANSI B16.1), with the permission of publisher, The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY
AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATER
19.19
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Table 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water

These charts have been reprinted from pp. 63-66 of John R. Freeman’s book “Experiments upon the Flow of Water in Pipes and Pipe Fittings - Made at Nashua, New
Hampshire June 28 to October 22, 1892” with permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
19.20 ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY
AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATER
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Table 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water (continued)

These charts have been reprinted from pp. 63-66 of John R. Freeman’s book “Experiments upon the Flow of Water in Pipes and Pipe Fit-

tings - Made at Nashua, New Hampshire June 28 to October 22, 1892” with permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY
AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATER
19.21
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Table 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water (continued)

These charts have been reprinted from pp. 63-66 of John R. Freeman’s book “Experiments upon the Flow of Water in Pipes and Pipe Fittings - Made at Nashua, New
Hampshire June 28 to October 22, 1892” with permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
19.22 ENGINEERING INFORMATION - DENSITY
AND VISCOSITY OF PURE WATER
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Table 6: Density and Viscosity of Pure Water (continued)

These charts have been reprinted from pp. 63-66 of John R. Freeman’s book “Experiments upon the Flow of Water in Pipes and Pipe Fittings - Made at Nashua, New
Hampshire June 28 to October 22, 1892” with permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
FLOW CHARTS - “C” FACTORS
19.23
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Flow charts and “C” factors The flow charts

The following three charts show the
corresponding friction losses of cast iron
and similar water mains; of schedule 40
steel pipe; and Type K copper pipe.
Most field contractors and engineers
dealing with the construction
and design of water mains are
accustomed to thinking of losses in
feet of water and flow of gallons per
minute as determined by the Williams
and Hazen’s formula. The flow chart
for cast iron and similar mains is
based on this formula and expresses
the losses as head in feet lost per
1000 feet of pipe at the various flows
in gallons per minute.
Service line designers usually are can be used for plastic pipe and any
interested in losses expressed in smooth pipe where the actual inside
pounds per square inch. The flow diameter is known.
charts for schedule 40 steel pipe In a similar manner the flows through
and Type K copper pipe give the
odd size pipes of similar internal
losses as pounds per square inch
roughness to schedule 40 steel and
lost in 100 feet of service line at
cast iron pipe can also be estimated,
various flows in gallons per minute.
since the auxillary inside diameter
These latter charts are taken scales have likewise been added to
from the Bureau of Standards these charts.
Publication BMS - 79, with some
larger sizes added and with
additional scales added for use in
estimating special pipes by actual
inside diameters. For instance,
the chart for Type K copper pipe

Williams and Hazen “C” fac- tors* for use with flow chart shown on page Eng Info - 24

Values of “C” recommended for

use in the Williams and Ha- zen
Formula
C = 140 for “extremely smooth and C = 110 - 130 for “new full-
straight pipes” with riveted” steel or wrought-iron C = 90 for brick sewers.
“continuous interior” and pipe, depending on thickness
welded or coupled joints, such of plate and extent to which C = 60 for “corrugated” pipe or
as New brass, copper, lead, tin. rivets are countersunk (see “badly tuberculated” iron or
New cast iron. also Scobey formula). steel pipes.
New welded or seamless steel.
Smooth concrete (see Scobey C = 110 for old cement-lined * By permission from PIPING HANDBOOK, 4th Ed.,
by Sabin Crocker. Copyright, 1945. McGraw- Hill
concrete formula for full details pipe, or vitrified-crock sewers in Book Company, Inc.
on various degrees of good condition
roughness).
Smooth cement-lined cast iron C = 100 for old cast-iron or “old
or steel pipe. continuous interior” steel
Asbestos-Cement. pipes where the carrying
capacity over a long period of
C = 130 for “very smooth” pipes, years is somewhat impaired
such as Welded or seamless through tuberculation or
steel with “continuous interior” in sedimentation. For sizes
“fair” condition. below 6 inches, somewhat
New welded-steel pipe with lower values should be used.
riveted girth joints. Velocities in feet per second
New cast iron, usual value. and loss of head in feet per
Old brass, copper, lead, tin. 1,000 feet of pipe for C = 100
are given in Table XLIV (see
C = 120 for “smooth” pipes, such Piping Handbook).
as Smooth wooden pipes or
woodstave pipes. Ordinary C = 95 for “old full-riveted” steel
concrete. under the same conditions.
19.24 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
CAST IRON PIPE FLOW CHART
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Flow chart for cast iron and similar mains

From Williams-Hazen formula
"C"= 100
With auxillary scales by actual inside diameters for use with other pipes of similar roughness.

Multipliers for other values of “C”

C = 140, multiply loss by 0.536 C = 100, multiply loss by 1.000
C = 130, multiply loss by 0.615 C = 95, multiply loss by 1.100
C = 120, multiply loss by 0.712 C = 90, multiply loss by 1.220
C = 110, multiply loss by 0.838 C = 60, multiply loss by 2.580
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
STEEL PIPE FLOW CHART
19.25
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Flow chart for schedule 40 steel pipe

With auxiliary scales by actual inside diameters for use with other pipe approximating a fairly smooth condition

3500 GPM - 12"

2500 GPM - 10"

1500 GPM - 8"

STEEL

700 GPM - 6"

400 GPM - 5"

230 GPM - 4"

110 GPM - 3"

62 GPM - 2 1/2"

40 GPM - 2"

20 GPM - 1 1/2"
COPPER

12 GPM - 1 1/4"

6.5 GPM - 1"

3.5 GPM - 3/4"

Curves plotted from formula per Note: Flow formula and chart are
P = Q 1.83 100 ft. of pipe length. accurate for Reynolds numbers of
16.13 d 4.83 Q= Flow in gallons per minute. 200,000 or less; less accurate for
d = Actual pipe I.D. in inches. higher Reynolds numbers.
Where P = Friction loss in p.s.i.
19.26 ENGINEERING INFORMATION - COPPER
TUBING FLOW CHART
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Flow chart for Type “K” copper tubing

Auxillary scale by inside diameters for use with other pipes of extremely smooth interiors.

Curves plotted from formula

P = Q 1.75
16.4 d 4.75
Example 1. Type “K” copper nominal
size. The dotted lines above Q = Flow in gallons per minute. Note: Flow formula and chart are
that for 3/4" Type “K” pipe, d = Pipe I.D. in inches. accurate for Reynolds numbers of
a flow of 6.5" gallons per Example 2. Smooth pipe not Type “K” 200,000 or less; less accurate for
minute produces a friction copper sizes. The dotted higher Reynolds numbers.
loss of 6.7 p.s.i. per 100 lines in the upper left hand
feet of pipe length at an corner show that for a 3"
average velocity of 4.8 feet I.D. smooth pipe, a flow of
per second. 55G.P.M. produces a
Where P = Friction loss in pounds per friction loss of 0.36 p.s.i.
square inch 100 ft. of pipe per 100 feet of pipe length
length. at an average velocity of
2.5 feet per second.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION - PIPE
RESISTANCE AND MUELLER PRODUCT FLOW DATA
19.27
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Equivalent resistence of bends, fittings, and valves, length of straight pipe in feet *

15 30 60 20 15 45 60 7 333 167 83

12 11.94 13.9 29.8 66.3 59.6 15.9 11.9 8.95 6.96 8.95 11.9 14.9 29.8 59.6 19.9 14.9 44.8 59.6 6.96 332.0 166.0 83.0
14 13.13 15.3 32.8 73.0 65.6 17.5 13.1 9.85 7.65 9.85 13.1 16.4 32.8 65.6 21.9 16.4 49.2 65.6 7.65 364.0 182.0 91.0
16 15.00 18.5 37.5 83.5 75.0 20.0 15.0 11.2 8.75 11.2 15.0 18.8 37.5 75.0 25.0 18.8 56.2 75.0 8.75 417.0 208.0 104.0
18 16.88 19.7 42.1 93.8 84.2 22.5 16.9 12.7 9.85 12.7 16.9 21.1 42.1 84.2 28.1 21.1 63.2 84.2 9.85 469.0 234.0 117.0
20 18.81 22.0 47.0 105.0 94.0 25.1 18.8 14.1 11.0 14.1 18.1 23.5 47.0 94.0 31.4 23.5 70.6 94.0 11.0 522.0 261.0 131.0
24 22.63 26.4 56.6 126.0 113.0 30.2 22.6 17.0 13.2 17.0 22.6 28.3 56.6 113.3 37.8 28.3 85.0 113.0 13.2 628.9 314.0 157.0
* By permission from PIPING HANDBOOK 4th Edition by Sabin Crocker, Copyright, 1945, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

FLOW DATA THROUGH MUELLER SERVICE MATERIALS EXPRESSED AS EQUIVALENT LENGHTS OF STRAIGHT PIPE
Equiv alent Length in Feet Meter Equivalent
Size Fitting Size Yokes Riser Lengthin Feet
Sched. 40 Type K
Steel Copper Catalog
Number Sched.40 Type K
1/2" Corp. Stop 9.16 6.12 Steel Copper
3/4" Corp. Stop 6.08 5.86 5/8"x 3/4" H-1412 - 7.8 5.65
1" Corp. Stop 5.86 6.67 5/8”x 3/4" H -1414 - 8.33 5.96
1-1/4" Corp. Stop 8.16 7.46 5/8"x 3/4" H -1404 9" 15.35 12.80
1-1/2" Corp. Stop 7.82 7.70 5/8"x 3/4" H -1400 9" 10.20 7.18
2" Corp. Stop 7.48 8.38 5/8"x 3/4" H -1400 15" 11.30 7.92
1/2" CurbStop 4.73 3.14 5/8"x 3/4" H -1400 18" 14.60 10.20
3/4" CurbStop 3.55 4.04 5/8"x 3/4" H -14092 20" 12.50 9.15
1" CurbStop 3.37 3.85 5/8"x 3/4" H -5020† - 11.50 7.83
1-1/4" CurbStop 4.08 3.56
1-1/2" CurbStop 4.43 4.43
2" - 4.38 4.79
5/8" H- 10890- 10891 .69 .28
Meter Coupling
3/4" H- 10890- 10891 1.28 .89
Meter Coupling
5/8" H- 10892 Meter 2.48** 1.22**
Coupling
3/4" H- 10892 Meter 1.70 1.09
Coupling
** Referred to 1/2" Pipe.
NOTE. Only a partial list of Mueller Meter Yokes are in above list. Generally a flat allowance of 10 feet of pipe is adequate for any Meter Yoke as few services are de-
signed with narrow friction allowances.
19.28
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes
Determination of proper size of service pipe
Determination of the proper size of
service for any particular type of building
is of the utmost importance, if ample
pressures are to be available at all
fixtures and the service pipe is not to be
subjected to excessive velocities. Many
homes supplied by a 3/4" service, which
may have been ample when the service
was installed are now inadequately
served because the demand has been
increased, by adding extra laundry
tap, additional bathrooms, lawn
sprinklers and similar water consuming
conveniences. Such increased demand
either subjects the service to excessive
velocities, with attendant annoyances
due to noise and water hammer, or
results in unsatisfactory delivery at times
from source of the fixtures.
Excessive velocities always aggravate
corrosion, partly through the mechanism
of erosion and partly by washing away
protective films or coatings formed
naturally by the action of the water.
Corrosion combined with erosion is
particularly destructive where continuous
operation of a service at high velocities in
active water occurs, as a service feeding
a fountain or some commercial process
requiring a continuous flow of water.
In these latter conditions, it is advisable
to keep the velocities low - from three to
five feet per second or less. In non-active
waters, velocities as high as 10 feet per
second might be tolerated if the service
is intermittent and the demand at the flow
is not too frequent, provided, of course,
that the main pressures are adequate.
The following factors affect the choice of
proper size of the service line:
1. Pressure available at the main.
2. Pressure desired at the most to the National Bureau of Standards,
remote fixture, usually the
highest installed fixture above
the main level, commonly assumed
as 6 to 8 p.s.i.
3. Friction loss through corporation
valve, service line, curb valve,
water meter and customer’s piping
at maximum expected demand flow.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
PIPE CAPACITY AND FLOW DATA
4. Velocity desired through the service
line at maximum desired flow. No
absolutely fixed rule can be set up
for the proper velocity, and past
experience with a particular water
will, to a great extent, govern the
maximum velocity desired.
5. Maximum expected demand
flow. This factor is not the total
combined flow with all fixtures
wide open at the same time, but
is proportional to the number of
fixtures that may be expected to
be in use simultaneously. The
National Bureau of Standards has
determined the probable peak
demand flow for any housing unit
based on the number and type of
fixtures installed.
Table 6 lists the demand weights in
“fixture units” as determined by the
National Bureau of Standards. It is
used in conjunction with Chart, Fig. 8 in
determining the expected normal peak
flow for any housing unit and any number
or combination of fixtures as listed in
table 6.
Table 10 is a simplified table showing the
estimated demand flow in gallons per
minute for various classes of structures.
Chart, Fig. 9 shows the pressure loss
through disc type meters of various
sizes.
(Special Note) Tables 6, 10, and
charts Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are reprinted
by permission of the U.S. Dept.
of Commerce, National Bureau of
Standards publication “Building Materials
and Structures Report BMS - 79”. For
a more detailed treatise, a copy of this
publication may be obtained by writing
Washington, D.C.
Example of sizing a service
The following is a set of calculations
showing the determination of the proper
service for a Class A dwelling - with flush
tank water closet, one bathroom, one
kitchen sink with combination fixtures, no
laundry tray, and hose outlet.
The peak expected demand flow is
estimated as follows:
Referring to table 6,
Demand weight in Fixture fixture units
Water Closet,
Flush Tank ...... 3
Lavatory ......... 1
Bathtub .......... 2
Kitchen Sink
Combination ..... 3
9
Referring to Chart, Fig. 8, the demand
in gallons per minute for 9 fixture units is
found to be about 7 gallons per minute.
To this, should be added the hose outlet
demand, in this example assumed at
5 gallons per minute which brings the
expected total demand up to 12 gallons
per minute.
For the purpose of this example, the
following conditions are further assumed:
1. The dwelling is single story with
maximum elevation above the main
to the most remote fixture of 10
feet.
2. Minimum main pressure - 50 p.s.i.
3. Copper Service pipe is to be used.
4. A curb valve is to be installed.
5. A disc type water meter will be
used.
6. Minimum pressure at most remote
fixture desired, 8 p.s.i.
7. Distance from meter to main,
75 feet.
8. Developed length of customer’s
piping to most remote fixture,
including equivalent length of
straight pipe due to elbows, tees,
special fittings, etc. (considered
for purpose of calculation to be
of same size and type of pipe as
service). Determination of friction
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
PIPE CAPACITY AND FLOW DATA
19.29
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Determination of proper size of service pipe (cont.)

loss allowable per 100 feet of pipe
is based on the assumption that the
entire peak demand issues from the
most remote fixture through piping
of same size as the service.
Pressure desired at most
remove fixture ..................... 8 p.s.i.
Pressure loss due to
10 feet elevation.................. 4.34 p.s.i.
Pressure loss at peak
demand, meter (Fig. 9)........ 9.0 p.s.i.
21.34 p.s.i.
Actual length of
service pipe......................... 75 ft.
Developed length of
customer’s piping to
most remote fixture
including equivalent
length elbows,
tees, etc. ............................. 40 ft.
where the peak demand would be
expected to occur frequently, it might
be advisable to install a 1" service to
reduce the erosion-corrosion effect if the
water was somewhat active. A velocity
approaching 10 feet per second may
cause annoyance from water hammer
and noise.
Table 10 offers considerable simplification
in determining the demand estimate.
Referring to table 10, it will be noted
that the building in our example falls in
Class A, and that the demand estimate
is 6 GPM, to which is added the 5 GPM
demand for the hose outlet for a total
demand of 11 GPM - close near enough
for estimating purposes.

Corporation Stop/Valve.
Equivalent length
straight pipe......................... 5.86 ft.

Curb Stop/Valve.
Equivalent length
straight pipe......................... 4.08 ft.
124.94 ft.

Main to most
remote fixture................ (approx. 125 ft.)

Pressure available for pipe friction

Main pressure 50 p.s.i. - 21.34 =

28.66 p.s.i.

Max friction loss allowable per 100 ft.

100 x 28.66 = 23.00 p.s.i.
125
Referring to chart “Flow Chart for Type
”K” Copper Pipe,” it will be noted that a
3/4" pipe loss is 20 p.s.i. per 100 feet at
12 GPM. Therefore, it is satisfactory from
the standpoint of pressure loss.

It will be noted that the velocity is 9

ft/sec which is near the upper limit.
However, the peak flow may only occur
during use of hose outlet, and the 3/4"
service is probably ample. In a service
19.30 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
DEMAND WEIGHTS
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Table 5 - Suggested allowances for decrease in capacity of ferrous

Recommended allowances to be applied to estimated load or to

capacity of new ferrous pipe to provide for aging
Estimated Noncaking Slightly caking Caking, moderately Caking, very bad
load bad
(gpm) To capac- To load To capac- To load To capac-
ity To load To capac-
ity To load
ity ity
% % % % % % % %
0.0 to 2.5 - 20 + 25 - 40 + 60 - 60 + 150 - 80 + 400
2.6 to 5.0 - 20 + 25 - 35 + 50 - 55 + 130 - 75 + 300
5.1 to 10 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 45 - 55 + 110 - 65 + 200
11 to 8 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 45 - 50 + 100 - 65 + 200
19 to 37 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 40 - 45 + 80 - 60 + 150
38 to 56 - 20 + 25 - 30 + 40 - 40 + 65 - 60 + 150
57 to 100 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 35 + 50 - 55 + 125
111 to 175 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 35 + 50 - 55 + 125
176 to 310 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 30 + 45 - 50 + 100
311 to 635 - 20 + 25 - 25 + 35 - 30 + 45 - 50 + 100
Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Department of Commerce.

Table 6 - Demand weights of fixtures in fixture units 1

Fixture of group 2 Occupancy Type of supply control Weight in fixture units 3

Flush valve 10
Water closet Public
Flush tank 5
Pedestalurinal Public Flush valve 10
Flush valve 5
Stall or wall urinal Public
Flush tank 3
Lavatory Public Faucet 2
Bathtub Public Faucet 4
Shower head Public Mixing valve 4
Service sink Office, etc. Faucet 3
Kitchen sink Hotel or restaurant Faucet 4
Private Flush valve 6
Water closet
Private Flush tank 3
Lavatory Private Faucet 1
Bathtub Private Faucet 2
Shower head Private Mixing valve 2
Private Flush valve for closet 8
Bathroomgroup
Private Flush tank for closet 6
Separateshower Private Mixing valve 2
Kitchen sink Private Faucet 2
Laundry trays (1-3) Private Faucet 3
Combinationfixture Private Faucet 3
1
For supply outlets likely to impose continuous demands, estimate continuous supply separately and add to total demand for fixtures.
2
For Fixtures not listed, weights may be assumed by comparing the fixture to a listed one using water in similar quantities and at similar rates.
3
The given weights are for total demand. For fixtures with both hot-and cold-water supplies, the weights for maximum separate demands may be taken as 3/4 the
listed demand for the supply.

Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Department of Commerce.
ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
DEMAND WEIGHTS
19.31
Shaded area indicates change Rev. 4-99

Figure 8 - Chart of demand weights in fixture units

Kinds of fixtures Total fixture units 1 Total demand 2

Type of Kitchen
building as Gr oups of 1 With flush With flush With flush With flush
sinks or valves for tanks for valves for tanks for
to number Bathr ooms combination to 3 laundr y
and kind of tra ys water water water water
fixtures closets closets closets closets
fixtures
Number Number Number Number Number gpm gpm
A 1 1 0 10 8 27 6
B 1 1 1 13 11 30 8
C 2 1 1 21 17 36 12
D 3 2 1 31 25 42 17
E 4 4 2 46 38 49 24
F 8 8 3 89 73 64 36
1
Total fixture units from Table 6.
2
Total demand from Figure 8.

Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Department of Commerce.

Figure 8 - Chart of demand weights in fixture units

Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Department of Commerce
19.32 ENGINEERING INFORMATION -
DEMAND WEIGHTS
Rev. 4-99 Shaded area indicates changes

Table 9 - Pressure losses in water meters

Reprinted from National Bureau of Standards publication BMS 79, by permission of U.S. Department of Commerce.