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Turning Knowledge Into Action David Kitchen

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Global Climate Change: Turning Knowledge Into Action (Kitchen)

Chapter 1 "So what's up with the weather?"

1.1 Short Answer Questions

1) Define radiative forcing and climate positive and negative feedback.

Answer: Radiative forcing is the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation at the top
of the atmosphere. Climate positive feedback is any mechanism that increases the climate change
already underway. Climate negative feedback is any mechanism that decreases the climate
change already underway.
Section: 1.6 - Major Factors that Affect Climate Change
Bloom's Taxonomy: #1 - Knowledge
Learning Outcome: 1.4 - Determine possible causes of recent changes in global temperature
Pearson Outcomes: G8

2) Provide an example of climate positive feedback and climate negative feedback.

Answer: Positive: Warming climate melts ice causing less reflection and more absorption of
incoming solar radiation thus increasing warming. Negative: Warmer climate increases
evaporation of surface water into air increasing cloud cover. Increased cloud cover, depending
on type of cloud, could reflect away incoming solar radiation thus offsetting the warming.
Section: 1.6 - Major Factors that Affect Climate Change
Bloom's Taxonomy: #2 - Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 1.4 - Determine possible causes of recent changes in global temperature
Pearson Outcomes: G2, G8

3) Describe how plate tectonics changed climate (both warmer and cooler) over millions of
years.
Answer: When the land mass was concentrated in one large supercontinent and isolated from
oceans and their moisture, the climate became very hot and dry. As these continents broke apart
and drifted over millions of years they prevented warm ocean currents from reaching higher
latitudes thus causing a cooler climate and ice formation. Smaller landmasses also allow
moisture to reach most locations so less dry conditions.
Section: 1.6 - Major Factors that Affect Climate Change
Bloom's Taxonomy: #2 - Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 1.2 - Identify some of the principle factors that control global climate over
different time scales
Pearson Outcomes: G2, G8
4) Describe how volcanic eruptions and El Niños cause climate change. How long do these
changes last?
Answer: El Niño allows heat from within the ocean to enter the atmosphere at an increasing rate
thus warming the climate. The cycle also changes weather patterns in a way that increases the
frequency of droughts and floods. Volcanoes emit sulfate aerosols and dust into the upper
troposphere and stratosphere thus dimming the sun (increased albedo) and causing cooling. Both
of these factors occur on timescales less than ten years.
Section: 1.6 - Major Factors that Affect Climate Change
Bloom's Taxonomy: #2 - Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 1.2 - Identify some of the principle factors that control global climate over
different time scales
Pearson Outcomes: G2, G8

5) Why do scientists think climate models are probably pretty good at projecting future climate
change?
Answer: Models are based on well-established laws of physics, are able to simulate current
climate, and have been successful in simulating past climate using a technique known as
hindcasting.
Section: 1.7 - Climate Models
Bloom's Taxonomy: #2 - Comprehension, #6 - Evaluation
Learning Outcome: 1.5 - Understand how climate models can be used to project climate change
Pearson Outcomes: G1, G2, G8

6) Why do models have such a large spread in their projections of the warming by the year 2100
with values between +1.1°C to +6.4°C above current global temperatures?
Answer: Projections are based on various emission scenarios that are influenced by future
economic and technological conditions that are unknown at this time.
Section: 1.7 - Climate Models
Bloom's Taxonomy: #2 - Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 1.5 - Understand how climate models can be used to project climate change
Pearson Outcomes: G1, G2, G8

18) Changes in the strength of the sun may be a significant cause of the global warming in the
past 30 years.
Answer: False. Solar radiation is decreasing and pattern of warming does not fit.
Section: 1.6 - Major Factors that Affect Climate Change
Bloom's Taxonomy: #4 - Analysis
Learning Outcome: 1.2 - Identify some of the principle factors that control global climate over
different time scales, 1.4 - Determine possible causes of recent changes in global temperature
Pearson Outcomes: G2