Grammar summary

0.3  Present simple – questions

Introduction
I
0.1  Present simple – affirmative Do
you
we
I they live here?
You he
visit
We Does she
They Germany every year. it
He Where do you live?
She visits
It 0.4  Present simple – short answers
a We use the present simple to talk about things that
happen again and again. I I
you you
I leave school at four o’clock every day. do. don’t.
we we
b We also use the present simple to talk about facts they they
Yes, No,
that are generally true.
he he
Cows eat grass. she does. she doesn’t.
c Note these spelling rules: it it
1 With verbs ending in -o, add -es. Do you play football? Yes, I do. (NOT Yes, I play.)
He goes to school at eight o’clock. Does she go to the cinema every day?
2 With verbs ending in -ch, -sh, -s, -x, or -z, No, she doesn’t. (NOT No, she doesn’t go.)
add -es.
0.5  Present simple and continuous
We pronounce -es as /ɪz/.
I have a shower at seven o’clock every morning.
He teaches English.
It’s seven o’clock now. I’m having a shower.
3 With verbs ending in -y after a consonant,
We use the present simple to talk about things that
remove -y and add -ies.
happen again and again.
He worries a lot.
We use the present continuous to talk about
BUT something that is happening at the moment we speak.
She often plays tennis.
0.6  Present continuous – affirmative
0.2  Present simple – negative
am
I
I ’m
You He
don’t is walking.
We She
They ’s reading a book.
like milk. It
wearing glasses.
He We
She doesn’t are
You
It ’re
They

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 We use the present continuous to talk about
something that is happening at the moment we 1  My life
speak. For spelling rules of the -ing form, see
Grammar Summary 3.1.
1.1  Past simple: be – affirmative
0.7  Present continuous – negative
I
am not He
I was
’m not She
He It at home last night.
is not We
She
isn’t swimming. You were
It
We They
are not
You
aren’t 1.2  Past simple: be – negative
They

0.8  Present continuous – questions I

He was not
Am I She wasn’t
he It at home last night.
Is she We
were not
it listening to the radio? You
weren’t
we They
Are you
they 1.3 Past simple: regular verbs
Why are you laughing?
– affirmative
I opened the door five minutes ago.
0.9 Present continuous – He watched the football match yesterday.
short answers
She cooked dinner last night.
I am. I ’m not. It looked cold this morning.
he he We visited my grandparents on Sunday.
she is. she isn’t. You needed help in June.
Yes, it No, it They started the race at two o’clock.
we we We use the past simple for actions and states which
you are. you aren’t. happened at a particular time in the past and are now
they they complete. We often use it with time expressions, such
Is he wearing a hat? Yes, he is. (NOT Yes, he’s.) as yesterday, ago, on (+ day), in (+ month / year), and
Are they visiting the school? No, they aren’t. at (+ clock time).

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 Grammar summary
Note these spelling rules:
1 With verbs ending in -e, remove -e and add -ed.
1.6  Past simple: be – questions
He closed the door. I
2 With verbs ending in a short vowel and one he
Was
consonant, double the consonant and add -ed. she
I stopped the car. it ready?
3 With verbs ending in -y after a consonant, remove we
-y and add -ied. Were you
they
He married the President’s daughter.
BUT When was the film on TV?
She played tennis yesterday.
Note these pronunciation rules:
1.7  Past simple: be – short answers
1 When the base form ends in -d or -t, we pronounce I I
-ed as /ɪd/. he he
2 When the base form ends in -p, -k, -f, -sh, -ch, was. wasn’t.
she she
we pronounce -ed as /t/. Yes, it No, it
3 In the other cases, we pronounce -ed as /d/. we we
you were. you weren’t.
1.4 Past simple: irregular verbs they they
– affirmative Was he here? Yes, he was.
Were they angry? No, they weren’t.
I broke my arm.
He went to France. 1.8 Past simple: regular and
She got a new hat.
irregular verbs – questions
It made me ill.
We rode our bicycles. I
You came to Britain last year. he
They gave me some money. she
A lot of verbs have an irregular past simple. There Did it buy that T-shirt?
are no rules for this. You need to learn the form for we
each verb. you
they
1.5  Past simple – negative
Why did you say that?
I
He 1.9  Past simple – short answers
She
did not drink the water. I I
It
didn’t go to France. he he
We
she she
You
Yes, it did. No, it didn’t.
They
we we
you you
they they
Did she pass her test yesterday?
Yes, she did. (NOT Yes, she passed.)
Did they go to London?
No, they didn’t. (NOT No, they didn’t go.)

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 1.10  ago 2.2  will – negative
I met him I
a long time
They moved ago. He
two months
house She
will not
We use ago with the past simple to say how long It buy a car next year.
won’t
before the present something happened. We put ago We
after the time expression. You
a week ago three years ago They

1.11  like + -ing 2.3  will – questions

I I
You he
like
We she
skiing.
They Will it meet the Prime Minister?
going to the cinema.
He we
She likes you
It they
We use like or likes and an -ing form to talk about When will they arrive?
hobbies and activities that we enjoy. For spelling rules
of the -ing form, see Grammar summary 3.1. 2.4  will – short answers
I I
2  The future he he
she she
Yes, it will. No, it won’t.
2.1  will – affirmative
we we
I you you
He they they
She Will you help me? Yes, I will. (NOT Yes, I’ll.)
will
It fly to the Moon one day. Will you be at the party tonight?
’ll
We No, I won’t. (NOT No, I won’t be.)
You
They 2.5  going to – affirmative
a We can use will to make predictions about the am
future. I
’m
I’ll be a famous singer. He
is
b We can use will to offer to do something. She going to have a party
’s
I’ll cook dinner tonight. It next week.
c We can use will for decisions that we make now. We
are
You
I’ve only got two pounds left. I’ll go to the bank ’re
They
and get some more money.
We use going to to talk about our plans and intentions
for the future.
I’m going to phone my friend tonight.
He’s going to buy a new mobile.

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 Grammar summary

2.6  going to – negative

3  Times and places
I ’m not
He 3.1  Past continuous – affirmative
She isn’t
It going to go to bed early. I
He
We was
She
You aren’t walking home at four
It
They o’clock yesterday.
We
2.7  going to – questions You were
They
Am I We use the past continuous to say that somebody or
he something was in the middle of an action or situation
Is she at a certain time in the past.
going to watch a film
it It was raining yesterday morning at ten o’clock.
tonight?
we We make the past continuous with was / were and
Are you the -ing form.
they Note these spelling rules of the -ing form:
When are you going to get up? 1 With most verbs, add -ing to the base form.
sing – singing play – playing
2.8  going to – short answers carry – carrying
2 With verbs ending in -e, remove -e and add -ing.
I am. I ’m not.
dance – dancing
he he
she is. she isn’t. 3 With verbs ending in a short vowel and one
Yes, it No, it consonant, double the consonant and add -ing.
we we sit – sitting
you are. you aren’t. 4 With verbs ending in -ie, remove -ie and
they they add -ying.
Are you going to spend all your money? lie – lying
Yes, I am. (NOT Yes, I’m.)
Is she going to be a teacher? No, she isn’t. 3.2  Past continuous – negative
I
He was not
She wasn’t
It watching TV last night.
We were
You not
They weren’t

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 c With theatres and cinemas, we usually use the.
3.3  Past continuous – questions
the Playhouse (theatre)
I the Odeon (cinema)
he d We use the with all place names with of.
Was
she the Tower of London
it eating breakfast at eight o’clock? the City of London
we the Bank of England
Were you e With most bridges, we don’t use the.
they
Tower Bridge
Why was she smiling at me? Note these exceptions:
What were you looking for? the Golden Gate Bridge
the Severn Bridge
3.4  Past continuous – short answers
f With possessive forms (’s), we don’t use the.
I I near Nelson’s Column
he he at Durrant’s Hotel
was. wasn’t.
she she
Yes, it No, it 4.2 Definite and indefinite
we we articles: the and a / an
you were. you weren’t.
Is there a supermarket near here?
they they
Yes, there is. Go straight on until you see a bridge.
Were you using the Internet last night? Cross the bridge and turn left.
Yes, I was. (NOT Yes, I was using.)
a We use the:
Was she playing the violin yesterday?
No, she wasn’t. 1 when we talk about something again.
I had a meal at a Chinese restaurant last week.
3.5  Past continuous and past simple The meal was good, but the restaurant was very
We often use the past continuous and the past simple noisy.
together when a shorter action (past simple) comes in 2 with superlatives and ordinal numbers.
the middle of a longer one (past continuous). It was the biggest house on the street.
While Mrs Jones was shopping, she met her friend. Our flat is on the second floor.
The telephone rang while Tom was having a bath.
3 when there is only one possibility.
He wrote a letter to the Prime Minister.
4 Cities (Britain has only one Prime Minister.)
b We use a:
4.1  the with place names 1 after There’s … / Is there …?
a With most roads, streets, squares and parks, we Is there a doctor in the building?
don’t use the. There’s a fly in my soup.
on Churchill Road Trafalgar Square 2 when we talk about something for the first time.
in Oxford Street Hyde Park I watched a film last night.
Note this exception: the High Street
When the next word starts with a vowel, we use an:
b With seas, rivers, oceans and canals, we usually use the. There’s an interesting museum in this town.
across the Mediterranean (sea)
the (River) Thames
in the Atlantic (ocean)
the Suez Canal

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 Grammar summary

4.3  something, etc. 5.2  Present perfect – negative

everything everybody I
something somebody We have not
anything anybody You haven’t
nothing nobody They read that book.
We need to buy some food – there‘s nothing in He
has not
the fridge. She
hasn’t
Somebody has taken my pen – who was it? It
Everybody knows that London is the capital
of the UK. 5.3  Present perfect – questions
4.4 Present continuous for I
future arrangements we
Have
you been in a film?
We use the present continuous to talk about an they
arrangement for the future.
he
I’m meeting Joe tomorrow evening.
Has she
We’re flying to Barbados in July.
it
Why have you hidden my keys?
5 Experiences
5.4  Present perfect – short answers
5.1  Present perfect – affirmative
I I
I we we
have. haven’t.
We have you you
You ’ve Yes, they No, they
They climbed a mountain. he he
He she has. she hasn’t.
has it it
She
’s
It Has he visited France? Yes, he has.
a We use the present perfect to talk about (NOT Yes, he has visited.)
experiences in someone’s life, without saying when Have they met the Queen? No, they haven’t.
something happened.
5.5  Present perfect – ever and never
We‘ve seen the Tower of London. (NOT We‘ve
seen the Tower of London last year.) Have you ever played rugby?
b To make the present perfect, we use the present Yes, I have. But I’ve never played baseball.
simple of the verb to have + a past participle. We can use ever with a question in the present
c To make the past participle, we add -ed to the perfect. It means the same as ‘at any time in your life’.
base form of regular verbs. Have you ever met a famous person?
The past participle has the same spelling and We can use never with the present perfect. It means
pronunciation rules as the past simple – see the same as ‘at no time in your life’.
Grammar Summary 1.3. I live in the USA, but I’ve never eaten pizza!
d A lot of past participles are irregular. There is no
rule to make these past participles. You need to
learn the form for each verb.

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 5.6  Present perfect – just 6.2  must / mustn’t
Martin isn’t hungry. He’s just had breakfast. I
I’m tired. I’ve just run 10 kilometres! He
We can use just with the present perfect to talk about She
something which happened very recently. It must be home before nine o’clock.
I’ve just started going to a new school. I don’t know We
anyone there. You
They

6  What’s up? I
He
6.1  should / shouldn’t She
It mustn’t swim in the river.
I We
He You
She They
It should visit a doctor. We use must to say that something is necessary.
We You must buy a ticket to go into the museum.
You
They We use mustn’t to say that something is not permitted.
You mustn’t shout in the classroom.
I
6.3  mustn’t and don’t have to
He
She You mustn’t tell her – it’s a secret.
should not
It talk to strangers. I don’t have to go to school today – it’s Saturday.
shouldn’t
We
You Mustn’t and don’t have to have different meanings:
They We use mustn’t to say that something is a bad idea.
We use should and shouldn’t to give advice. You mustn’t drive fast. It’s dangerous.
You should be more careful. We use don’t have to to say that something isn’t
He should listen to his doctor. necessary.
They shouldn’t run in the corridor. You don’t have to drive fast. We’ve got a lot of time.

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