Science CLUB

February 15, 2016 ·

The correct answer for each question is indicated
by a .
1 INCORRECT Which of the following helps define the term
personality?
A) characteristics that are typical for a person
B) characteristics that make a person unique
C) acting, thinking, and feeling
D) all of the above
Feedback: The answer is D. Although it might
appear contradictory on the surface, the
definition focuses on characteristics that are
typical for the person, yet make the individual
different from others.
2 CORRECT Allport calls the traits that influence and organize
much of our behavior
A) cardinal traits
B) central traits
C) secondary traits
D) source traits
Feedback: The answer is C. According to Freud,
the conscious mind contains our present
awareness, but is actually just the "tip of the
iceberg" of our mind. The preconscious mind,
just below the surface, contains memories of
which we are not currently conscious, but can
easily be brought into our consciousness. The
unconscious mind contains information that is
not easily brought into consciousness.
3 INCORRECT According to Freud, which part of the mind is
composed mainly of life and death instincts?
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) none of these
Feedback: The answer is B. According to Freud,
the id is composed primarily of life instincts and
death instincts. Life instincts consist largely of
sexual and aggressive urges. The ego attempts to
find realistic ways of satisfying the id's urges.
The superego, the moral part of the mind, strives
to attain a goal of perfection.
4 INCORRECT Each of the following is considered to be one of
the "big five" personality traits except
A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) friendliness
Feedback: The answer is D. Neuroticism,
extroversion, openness, agreeableness, and
conscientiousness are the considered to be the
“big five” personality traits; “friendliness,”
however, is not. There is a considerable degree of
consensus exists among trait theorists that there
are five basic personality traits.
5 CORRECT According to Freud, primitive instinctual motives
and repressed memories are stored in the
A) conscious mind
B) preconscious mind
C) unconscious mind
D) superego
Feedback: The answer is C. For more
information, review the section on “Freud’s Mind:
Three Levels of Consciousness” found in Chapter
11 of your text.
6 INCORRECT
According to Freud, information that you are not
currently aware of that can be easily recalled into
awareness resides in which part of the mind?
A) preconscious
B) conscious
C) unconscious
D) subconscious
Feedback: The answer is A. The preconscious
mind is the vast storehouse of easily accessible
memories. The conscious mind is the portion of
the mind of which we are presently aware. The
unconscious mind is the storehouse of primitive
instinctual motives and repressed memories.
7 INCORRECT The executive of the personality, which operates
according to the reality principle, is the
A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) none of the above
Feedback: The answer is B. For more
information, review the section on “Freud’s Mind:
Id, Ego and Superego” found in Chapter 11 of
your text.
8 INCORRECT According to Freud, which part of the mind is
dominated by the pleasure principle?
A) the id
B) the ego
C) superego
D) the superid
Feedback: The answer is A. According to Freud,
the id operates according to the pleasure
principle—the desire for immediate pleasure and
the avoidance of pain, regardless of how harmful
it might be to others.
9 CORRECT According to Freud, which part of the mind
corresponds roughly to conscience?
A) the id
B) the ego
C) the superego
D) the superid
Feedback: The answer is C. According to Freud,
parental punishment creates the set of moral
inhibitions known as the conscience, which is
part of the development of one’s superego, the
goal of one’s ideal perfection.
10 INCORRECT All of the following are examples of sublimation
except
A) competing in contact sports
B) robbing a bank
C) painting nude portraits
D) competing in business
Feedback: The answer is B. Sublimation is where
a socially desirable goal is substituted for a
socially harmful goal. Robbing a bank is
obviously harmful to society.
11 INCORRECT
To prevent itself from being overwhelmed by
excessive demands from the id and superego, the
ego relies on
A) the Oedipus complex
B) defense mechanisms
C) the reality principle
D) the pleasure principle
Feedback: The answer is B. An example of such a
defense mechanism is displacement, the process
of substituting a more acceptable goal.
12 INCORRECT According to Jung, the unconscious mind with
which all humans are born is called the
A) innate id
B) collective unconscious
C) collective superego
D) electra complex
Feedback: The answer is B. According to Jung,
the collective unconscious is the unconscious
mind with which all humans are born
13 INCORRECT According to Adler, to develop a healthy
personality it is necessary to learn to express
A) the social interest
B) the selfish interest
C) the superego
D) sexual and aggressive motives
Feedback: The answer is A. According to Adler,
the full development of a healthy personality
requires that the individual learn to express the
social interest motive fully in his or her
relationships with others
14 INCORRECT According to Karen Horney
A) Anxious insecurity is the source of all conflicts.
B) Self-actualization is a basic human motive.
C) Conflict is the inevitable result of the inborn
motives of the id.
D) We each possess both a personal unconscious
and a collective unconscious.
Feedback: The answer is A. According to Horney,
anxious insecurity is the source of all conflicts
15 INCORRECT
To the social learning theorist, each of the
following processes is important in the
development of personality except
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) modeling
D) feelings of inferiority
Feedback: The answer is D. It was Alfred Adler, a
psychoanalyst, who focused much of his work on
feelings of inferiority
16 INCORRECT
According to Bandura, self-efficacy and self-
regulation emphasize the importance of what
determinant of behavior?
A) learning
B) traits
C) situations
D) cognitions
Feedback: The answer is D. According to
Bandura, our learned cognitions are the prime
determinant of behavior
17 INCORRECT
The mutual interaction between a person's
behavior and his or her social learning
environment is called
A) reciprocal determination
B) self-efficacy
C) self-regulation
D) efficient regulation
Feedback: The answer is A. Social learning
theorists believe in reciprocal determination; we
learn our behavior from interactions with other
persons, but our behavior influences how other
persons interact with us
18 INCORRECT
The view that behavior is influenced by
characteristics of both the person and the
situation is called
A) situationism
B) interactionism
C) the trait approach
D) a and b above
Feedback: The answer is B. Situationism
suggests that behavior is consistent only as long
as situations (especially those regarding other
people) remain consistent. Interactionism
represents a compromise view between the trait
and situationism approaches
19 INCORRECT The humanistic view states that
A) humans possess an inner-directedness
B) humans possess an objective view of reality
C) people should not frustrate themselves by
continually trying to change and improve
D) personality is dominated by an active
unconscious
Feedback: The answer is A. Humanistic
psychologists believe that the inner-directedness
with which we are born is basically a positive
force. Social learning theorists, however, judge
our slate to be clean (neutral) at birth; we can
learn to be good or bad
20 INCORRECT Rogers believes that differences between the self
and the ideal self
A) are uncomfortable
B) lead to incongruence
C) lead to unsymbolized feelings
D) all of the above
Feedback: The answer is D, all of the above. For
more information, review the section on “The
Self-Concept” found in Chapter 11 of your text
21 CORRECT Which approach to psychology is referred to as
the "third force"?
A) psychoanalysis
B) social learning theory
C) humanistic theory
D) trait theory
Feedback: The answer is C. Humanistic theory
burst on the psychological scene relatively late in
psychology's history: in the 1950s, after
psychoanalysis and behaviorism were already
established forces
22 INCORRECT
Humanistic psychologists believe that people are
born __________ , whereas social learning theorists
believe that people are born .
A) good, selfish
B) selfish, good
C) neutral, good
D) good, neutral
Feedback: The answer is D. Humanists believe
that people are born good, whereas social
learning theorists believe people are born neutral
23 INCORRECT
Which of the following is a problem with the use
of interviews as a method of personality
assessment?
A) They are subjective.
B) They are artificial situations.
C) They may bring out atypical behavior.
D) all of the above
Feedback: The answer is D. The interview is the
most universally used, yet one of the most
limited, methods for obtaining information about
personality.
24 INCORRECT Which method of personality assessment
attempts to delve into unconscious areas?
A) projective tests
B) interviews
C) objective tests
D) none of the above
Feedback: The answer is A. Projective tests ask
the individual to interpret ambiguous stimuli.
They assume that the individual will project his
or her unconscious needs into the interpretation
of the stimulus.
25 INCORRECT Which of the following is an example of a
projective personality test?
A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personalty Inventory
(MMPI-2)
C) Rorschach inkblot test
D) a and c above
Feedback: The answer is D. Projective personality
tests use ambiguous stimuli in an effort to get
the client to project his or her unconscious mind.
The TAT asks the client to make up a story about
ambiguous pictures. The Rorschach presents the
client with a series of symmetrical inkblots.
26 CORRECT Which of the following characterizes the MMPI-2?
A) It consists of multiple-choice and fill-in
questions.
B) It is designed to reveal unconscious conflicts.
C) It allows for objective interpretation of the results.
D) The items are divided into 25 different "scales."
Feedback: The answer is C. The MMPI-2 is an
objective test-no effort is made by the test to
consider what the respondent meant by each
answer. Items on the test are presented as true-
false questions and are divided into 10 scales,
each measuring a different aspect of personality.
27 INCORRECT Which objective personality test can be used to
assess depression?
A) MMPI-2
B) TAT
C) interview
D) observation
Feedback: The answer is A. The only objective
test listed among the choices is the MMPI-2.
28 INCORRECT Which of the following statements is correct?
A) projective tests are generally good predictors of
behavior
B) psychologists generally agree about the
usefulness of personality tests
C) objective personality tests are generally more
effective than projective tests in distinguishing
among groups with different traits
D) projective tests are generally more effective than
objective tests in distinguishing among groups
with different traits.
Feedback: The answer is C. Research suggests
that projective tests are generally not successful
in predicting behavior . The results suggest
caution in the interpretation of personality tests.
29 CORRECT
According to the text, most personality
researchers agree that personality is influenced
strongly by
A) traits
B) situations
C) situations and personal characteristics
D) human altruism
Feedback: The answer is C. The research cited in
the "Application" section strongly supports the
influence of person _ situational factors in
determining personality.