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Scattering
angle
Light scatters in
all directions
Detector
If particles remain
fixed, so does Detector
intensity at detector
I = I0
If particles move,
intensity at detector Detector
changes
I = I(Δt) = I0
Duration of Δt before intensity changes
gives time scale of motion
I (t ')
I (t '+ t)
I (t '+ 2t)
.…
I (t '+ 9t)
t
Lag time: D
If: I (t '+ D t) » I (t '), then G(D t) is large
Real-time hardware
correlators measure
lag time Δt at which
I(Δt) = I0
From time-scale to size scale
• Units of Diffusion = [length2/time]
• Length scale given by scattering vector q
( 2)
q = 4p nsin q l
l : laser wavelength
J : scattering angle
n: solvent index of refraction
H+
-COO- H+
-COO- H+
-COO-H+
-COO-
H+ H+
-COO-
-COO-H+
-COO-H+
-COO-
Differential loss of ions from the
surface
Ag+
Ag+
Ag+
Ag+
Ag+ Ag+
I- I-
I I Ag I Ag I I Ag I Ag Ag I Ag I I Ag Ag I Ag I Ag I I Ag Ag I Ag I Ag I
Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag I Ag
How do Surfaces Acquire Charge?
• Specific adsorption of ions, e.g. ionic
surfactants
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
Why ZP?
Good way of evaluating electrostatic stabilization of suspensions
Can use to predict interactions
provides information about the
material surface-solution interface
The presence/or absence of surface
charged moieties on materials affect
their performance and processing
characteristics in suspension
The sig a d ag itude of ζ affects
process control, quality control and
product specification
at simplest level: help maintain a
more consistent product
at complex level: can improve
product quality and performance
Stability and Zeta Potential (ζ)
• The magnitude of the ZP gives an indication of the potential
stability of the colloidal system. A colloidal system is when one of
the three states of matter: gas, liquid and solid, are finely dispersed
in one of the others.