1.

The drug DNP, or 2,4-dinitrophenol, disturbs the proton gradient formed within the electron
transport chain. What is the most likely consequence of this drug?

a. ATP production will increase.

b. Glycolysis will cease.
c.The cells will resort to using fermentation
d. Oxygen consumption by the cell will increase.
e. No effect is observed.

2. All the following are true about CRISPR/Cas except?

a. CRISPR was derived from fragments of DNA from viral cells

b. Cas is the protein that searches and cuts out invading viral DNA
c. CRISPR works in all cells including humans
d. CRISPR was first discovered in plants
e. There are ethical concerns about the use of CRISPR/cas9

3. Activators bind to regulatory sequences in…

a. DNA and prevent transcription.

b. DNA and stimulate transcription.
c. RNA and prevent transcription.
d. RNA and stimulate transcription.

4. Pyruvate is generated in which of the following pathways

a. PPP Pathway
b. ED Pathway
c. EMP Pathway
d. Both A & B
e. Both B & C
f. All of the above

5. If the codon AAA is mutated into AAG, but both codons code for lysine, what type of mutation is
this?

a. Silent Mutation
b. Missense mutation
c. Nonsense mutation
d. Frame-shift mutation

6. If an insertion frameshift mutation occurred on a gene encoding a sex pilus, what would occur?

a. Too many amino acid changes. Conjugation would no longer be able to occur
b. Too many amino acid changes. Transformation would no longer be able to occur
c. No change. Sex pilus protein will still be functional.
d. Only one amino acid will be changed. Sex pilus protein will still be functional enough.

7. Which of the following occurs in the cytoplasm?

 a. The EMP Pathway
b. Fermentation
c. The TCA cycle in eukaryotes
d. The TCA cycle in prokaryotes
e. All of the Above
f. A, B, and D only

8. Which of the following is an example of a transversion point mutation for the following DNA
sequence: AGCTTCGAAA?
a. agcttcgata
b. agctgcgaa
c. agctttgaaa
d. both A and B
e. all of the above

9. A mutation in the gene for phosphofructokinase that causes the enzyme to be deficient would
result in

a. Excess pyruvate in the cell

b. Less glycogen in the cell
c. Less glucose in the cell
d. Excess fructose-6-phosphate in the cell

10. Which of the following statements about transposable elements is FALSE?

a. Transposable elements can be found in virtually all life forms.

b. Transposable elements must be replicated in order to be inserted into a host genome
c. Transposons are complex transposable elements that contain additional genes.
d. Transposable elements can move both within and between chromosomes.
e. None of the above statements are false

11. Kevin, a microbiology student at UGA, is struck with high concentrations of gamma radiation. A
sequence of DNA is mutated and the amino acid sequence undergoes a nonsense mutation
where it originally had the codon for the amino acid Arginine. What are the consequences of this
incident?

a. Because Kevin underwent a missense mutation, the amino acid Arginine will be altered to a
different amino acid that will code for an entirely different gene.
b. The nonsense mutation altered the amino acid arginine into a stop codon, stopping his amino
acid sequence prematurely.
c. Nothing will happen to Kevin, the nonsense mutation simply means Arginine was altered to an
amino acid with similar attributes (polarity, charge, etc.)
d. The nonsense mutation causes a change in the reading frame for his gene making new amino
acids code for the sequence.
e. Helicase will come in and proofread the amino acid sequence and note that the amino acid
sequence is incorrect, and will remedy the situation.

12. One day during a blossoming month of April, Sue notices that her mother's once beautiful rose
bush now has what appears to be wart-like nodules at the root and trunk of the bush. Sue also
tests the soil for bacteria and identifies the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in her mother's
garden. With the information given, how did the warts most likely form on Sue's mother's rose
bush?
 a. Sue's mother's rose bush most likely underwent a random mutation that caused the expression
of warts to ward off predators.
b. The bacteria Agrobacteriam tumefaciens transferred its tumor-inducing plasmid (Ti) via
conjugation to the plant cells.
c. The bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens soaked up into the plant through the soil, destroying
the plant cells with toxins, to form clusters of bacterial cells.
d. None of the above because bacteria cannot transfer genes across biological domains.

13. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic describing the process of conjugation?

a. It can transfer DNA between different bacterial species

b. A special type of plasmid is required for conjugation to exchange genetic material
c. It is an example of a horizontal gene transfer
d. It is initiated by the pilus extending from the F– cell

14. A researcher finds that synthesis of the ribose 5-phosphate sugar intermediate is inhibited. Which
pathway can he assume is not functioning properly?

a. Pentose Phosphate Pathway

b. Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
c. Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway
d. A and B
e. All of the above

15. Spontaneous mutations do not occur often in DNA due to the thoroughness of DNA proofreading
and repairing. However, sometimes they can occur due to some errors. All of these can
contribute to spontaneous mutations except:

a. Formation of apurinic sites

b. Oxidative deamination of bases
c. Mutagens such as chemical agents
d. Tautomeric shifts in DNA bases that change their base-pairing properties

16. Which of the following elements would not be found on an mRNA molecule?

a. Protein coding region

b. 3' untranslated region
c. 5' untranslated region
d. Promoter
e. Start and Stop Codons

17. What is not a reason why species undergo natural transformation?

a. Use indiscriminate DNA as food

b. Use specific DNA to repair damaged genomes.
c. Acquire new genes through horizontal gene transfer
d. Acquire new genes through vertical gene transfer
18. What is the difference in how Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria transform DNA?

a. Gram-positive bacteria transform DNA using a transformasome complex while gram-negative

bacteria do not
b. Gram-negative bacteria transform DNA using competence factors;gram-positive bacteria use
peptidoglycan.
c. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria transform DNA in the same way.
d. Gram-positive species have sequence specific transformation; gram-negative species can
transform any part of the DNA.
e. Gram-positive bacteria use a transformasome complex;gram negative bacteria use
competence factors(CF).

19. How do bacterial cells' restriction endonucleases differentiate between foreign and host DNA?

a. Utilizing antibodies corresponding to foreign DNA

b. DNA methylation of foreign DNA
c. DNA methylation of host
d. Adding palindromic DNA sequences to host DNA
e. Adding palindromic DNA sequences to foreign DNA

20. Gene transfer by conjugation requires ______________ between donor and recipient cell, and a
_______________ such as the F plasmid.

a. Transformation between F+ and F-, and a vector

b. Cell to cell contact between F+ and F-, transferable plasmid
c. Cell to cell contact between F' and a donor, merodiploid
d. Quorum sensing, and a high-frequency recombination strain

21. A mutation occurs in a bacterial cell. The mutation causes a single nucleotide to change from a
purine to a purine and does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein. What is the best
way to describe this mutation?

a. Point mutation: transition, silent mutation

b. Point mutation: transversion, missense mutation
c. Point mutation: transition, missense mutation
d. Insertion, silent mutation
e. Point mutation: transition, nonsense mutation

22. Which of the following would DECREASE expression of lacZ?

a. A mutation in lacI that causes it to be unable to bind to the lacO region

b. A significant increase in intracellular lactose concentration
c. A significant increase in intracellular glucose concentration
d. Severe misfolding of CAP
e. A and B
f. C and D

23. If the reading frame is shifted by three nucleotides during translation (note: the stop codon is
unaffected), the result is
 a. The production of a protein that has one less or one more amino acid
b. A substitution only at the last amino acid
c. The production of an entirely different protein that is most likely non-functional
d. A possible misfolded protein
e. A and D

24. A glycolytic enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. What is this process called?

a. Oxidative Phosphorylation
b. Aerobic Respiration
c. Cellular Respiration
d. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
e. None of the above

25. If the sigma factor were to be defective and could no longer bind to RNA polymerase to form the
RNA polymerase holoenzyme, what would be the result on transcription?

a. Transcription would not be affected

b. Transcription would not be able to occur because the RNA polymerase would not be able to
find the promoter sequence
c. Transcription can occur partially because RNA polymerase can still bind to the promoter
sequence but can't complete transcription
d. None of the above

26. If a gene encoding for antibiotic resistance were inserted into a bacterial chromosome using a
CRISPR/Cas system, how many generations would this trait persist through the population?

a. Only the immediately following generation would possess the resistance.

b. The gene would persist in the generation for 2n^2 generations.
c. The gene would persist until the antibiotic was experienced, then would cease function
because of the normal function of viral proteins.
d. Only the parent would possess the gene.
e. The gene would code for resistance to other antibiotics, but disappear after three generations.
f. All of the offspring of the modified bacterium would possess the gene.

30. What would be an indicator that lactose is present in a bacterium?

a. High levels of Beta-galactosidase

b. Low levels of Beta-galactosidase
c. High levels of allolactose
d. Low levels of CRP

31. The Lac operator is a ______where ______binds.

a. Binding site on DNA, RNA polymerase

b. Binding site on DNA, LacI repressor
c. Binding site on mRNA, LacI repressor
d. Domain on RNA polymerase, sigma-70
e. Domain on Lac repressor, RNA polymerase
32. Transcription is encouraged in lacZ by allolactose when it binds to what?

a. Binds to a repressor protein and alters its conformation

b. Binds to the RNA polymerase, increasing efficiency
c. Directly binds to the DNA to prevent the ending of transcription
d. Binds to activator protein and assists in RNA polymerase binding to the promoter in a way to
begin transcription

33. CRISPR functions as a bacterial "immune system" by manipulating bacterial DNA in what way?

a. By turning on and activating phage genes that protect the bacterial cell
b. By incorporating phage DNA into methylated regions of the bacterial chromosome
c. By turning off phage genes that actively attack the bacterial cell
d. By incorporating phage DNA into regions of the bacterial chromosome

34. What do Entner-Doudoroff, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and Pentose Phosphate Pathway have in

common?

a. They synthesize NADPH.

b. The net product yields at least 2 pyruvate.
c. Glucose 6-phosphate can be utilized
d. They all produce ribose 6 phosphate