Soal TOEFL Structure

1. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meeting in Indiana, she called for
a state woman's rights convention.
(A) begin
(B) began
(C) have begun
(D) to have begun

2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___.

(A) a small upright piano
(B) how a small upright piano
(C) a small upright piano is
(D) as a small upright piano

3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of
liberty.
(A) writer of eloquent
(B) whose eloquent writing
(C) an eloquent writer
(D) writing eloquent

4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater ___fifteen
minutes before having to surface for air.
(A) as long
(B) as long as
(C) so long
(D) so long that

5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.

(A) while
(B) and
(C) how
(D) because

6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up
(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules
(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up
(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules

7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.
(A) All of
(B) Of every
(C) All
(D) Every

8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.
(A) creeping colonies
(B) which colonies creep
(C) creeping colonies are
(D) colonies creep

9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women's rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970's,____
(A) of five winning them
(B) five winning of them
(C) of them five winning
(D) winning five of them

10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for
an organism's survival.
(A) to which directs
(B) of which directs it
(C) directs it
(D) that directs

11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic
Ocean with the Great Lakes.
(A) The extension of
(B) The extension
(C) Extending
(D) Extends

12.The chief sources of B12, a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.
(A) is not
(B) that is not
(C) not that is
(D) that not

13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.
(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture
(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture
(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture
(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history

14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____
(A) does water vapor condense
(B) condensed water vapor
(C) water vapor condenses
(D) the condensation of water vapor

15. Maufacturing is Canada's most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.
(A) engages
(B) and to engage
(C) that it engage
(D) engaging
Kunci jawaban dari soal TOEFL structure di atas yaitu: BACBB CCADD CBBCD. Di bawah kami telah
berikanpembahasan terkait soal-soal TOEFL tersebut. Semoga dapat membantu kecakapan Anda dalam
menajwabsoal-soal TOEFL ke depannya terutama pada hari ujian.

Pembahasan Soal TOEFL

1. Jawaban (B) began.

Kalimat tersebut terdiri dari dua clause:
1. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when
2. she called for a state woman's rights convention.
Anda bisa lihat bahwa clause pertama kehilangan verb (kata kerja) olehnya yang harus kita cari yaitu verb yang bisa
mengisi clause tersebut. Jawaban A salah. Clause ke dua menggunakan kata kerja bentuk past (called) jadi begin
yang berbentuk present tidak paralel dengan clause ke dua tersebut. Kalimat harus paralel.Jawaban C berbentu past
perfect. Ingat past perfect tak akan menggunakan kata keterangan waktu yang pasti seperti pada kalimat ini. Kata
keterangan waktu yang pasti pada klaimat ini yaitu in 1851. Jawaban D lebih jelas tak sesuai.
2. Jawaban (A) a small upright piano.
Kalimat ini membutuhkan objek dari kata kerja resemble = mirip.

3. Jawaban (C) an eloquent writer.

Di antara ke dua koma stelah subject itu membutuhkan appositive yang menjelaskan terkait identitas subject Thomas
Paine.

4. Jawaban (B) as long as.

as long as = and.

5. Jawaban (B) and.

dua kata kerja begins dan ends. jadi dibutuhkan kata penghubung and untuk menghubungkannya.

6. Jawaban (C) hydrocarbon molecules break up.

Kata its membutuhkan Noun (phrase) setelahnya. Phrase hydrocarbon molecules sesuai dengan persyaratan in,
sementara kata break up menjadi verb dari its hydrocarbon molecules.

7. kunci jawaban (C) All.

Jika menggunakan jawaban A maka seharusya all of the ballet dancers. Jawaban D salah. Kata every harus bertemu
noun singular sementara dancers berbentuk jamak.

8. Jawaban (A) creeping colonies.

Kata kerja form membutuhkan object.

9. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (D) winning five of them.

Hanya saja saya kurang yakin bagaimana cara menjelaskannya. Kalau saya lihat-lihat bentuk ini masuk di reduction
(adverb clause). Jadi winning five of them itu merupakan phrase yang direduksi (hasil reduction) dari adverb
clause. Hanya saja yang saya lihat di buku referensi saya -Betty semua contoh Phrase hasil reduction dari adverb
clause posisinya di depan kalimat. Jadi itulah mengapa saya kurang yakin dengan penjelasan terkait soal ini.
Menurut saya inilah soal TOEFL. Kalau kita perhatikan di buku-buku akademik tingkat advanced banyak kalimat yg
menurut kita agak aneh.

10. Jawaban yang sesuai adalah (D) that directs.

Jawaban soal ini terkait penggunaan adjective clause yang menjelaskan kata the process.

11. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (C) Extending.

Pelajari tentang reduction dalam adverb clause.
Extending 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State. merupkan hasil reduction dari the
Eric Canal extends 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State.

12. Jawaban yang tepat ialah (B) that is not.

Ada dua clause:
1. The chief sources of B12 include meat, milk and eggs.
2. a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body.
Clause ke dua menjelaskan subejct dari clause pertama. Clause ke dua tersebut membutuhkan verb.

13. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (B) The history of twentieth-century architecture.
Kalimat ini membutuhkas subject.

14. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (C) water vapor condenses.

Sudah jelas

15. Jawaban (D) engaging.

Mirip dengan bentuk soal no. 9.

Soal TOEFL (Structure Test 3)

1. After the funeral, the residents of the apartment building __________.
(a) sent faithfully flowers all weeks to the cemetery.
(b) sent to the cemetery each week flowers faithfully.
(c) sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each week.
(d) sent each week faithfully to the cemetery flowers.
2. Because the first pair of pants did not fit properly, he asked for __________.
(a) another pants (c) the others one
(b) other pants (d) another pair.
3. The committee has met and __________.
(a) they have reached a decision.
(b) it has formulated themselves some opinions.
(c) its decision was reached at.
(d) it has reached a decision.
4. Alfred adams has not __________.
(a) lived lonelynessly in times previous.
(b) never before lived sole.
(c) ever lived alone before.
(d) before lived without the company of his friends.
5. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; __________.
(a) he should study last night.
(b) he should have studied last night.
(c) he must have studied last night.
(d) he must had to study last night.
6. Henry will not be able to attend the meeting tonight because __________.
(a) he must to teach a class. (c) of he will teach a class.
(b) he will be teaching a class. (d) he will have teaching a class.
7. Having been served lunch, __________.
(a) the problem was discussed by the members of the committee.
(b) the committee members discussed the problem.
(c) it was discussed by the committee members the problem.
(d) a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee.
8. Florida has not yet ratified the equal rights amendment, and __________.
(a) several other states hasn’t either.
(b) neither has some of the others states.
(c) some other states also have not either.
(d) neither have several other states
9. The chairman request that __________.
(a) the member studied more carefully the problem.
(b) the problem was more carefulnessly studied.
(c) with more carefulness the problem could be studied.
(d) the members study the problem more carefully.
10. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and __________.
(a) florida also. (c) florida is as well
(b) florida too. (d) so does florida
11. The professor said that __________.
(a) the student can turn over their report on the monday.
(b) the report on monday could be received form the students by him.
(c) the students could hand in their reports on monday.
(d) the student will on monday the reports turn in.
12. This year will be difficult for this organization because __________.
(a)they have less money and volunteers than they had last year.
(b) it has less money and fewer volunteers than it had last year.
(c) the last year it did not have as few and little volunteers and money.
(d) there are fewer money and volunteers that in the last year there were.
13. The teacher have had some problem deciding __________.
(a)when to the students they shall return the final papers.
(b) when are they going to return to the students the final papers.
(c) when they should return to the final papers to the students.
(d) the time when the final papers they should return for the students.
14. She wanted to serve some coffee to her guests; however, __________.
(a) she hadn’t many sugar.
(b) there was not great amount of the sugar.
(c) she did not have much sugar.
(d) she was lacking in amount of the sugar.
15. There has not been a great response to the sale, __________?
(a) does there (b) hasn’t there (c) hasn’t it (d) has there
Kunci Jawaban Soal TOEFL (Structure 3)
1. C
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. D
10. D
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. C
15. D

Pembahasan Jawaban Soal TOEFL (Structure 3)

1. After the funeral, the residents of the apartment building __________.

(a) sent faithfully flowers all weeks to the cemetery.
(b) sent to the cemetery each week flowers faithfully.
(c) sent flowers faithfully to the cemetery each week.
(d) sent each week faithfully to the cemetery flowers.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Verb + Object. Di antara subject dan object tidak boleh ada yang
menghalangi. Sent (verb) + flowers (object)

2. Because the first pair of pants did not fit properly, he asked for __________.
(a) another pants (c) the others one
(b) other pants (d) another pair.
Pembahasan Jawaban: 'another pair' ---> the first pair of pants
Pronoun Preference

3. The committee has met and __________.

(a) they have reached a decision.
(b) it has formulated themselves some opinions.
(c) its decision was reached at.
(d) it has reached a decision.
Pembahasan Jawaban: it --> the commitee
Pronoun Preference

4. Alfred adams has not __________.

(a) lived lonelynessly in times previous.
(b) never before lived sole.
(c) ever lived alone before.
(d) before lived without the company of his friends.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Sangat jelas

5. John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; __________.

(a) he should study last night.
(b) he should have studied last night.
(c) he must have studied last night.
(d) he must had to study last night.
Pembahasan Jawaban: (c) he must have studied last night (Dia pasti sudah belajar tadi malam)

6. Henry will not be able to attend the meeting tonight because __________.
(a) he must to teach a class. (c) of he will teach a class.
(b) he will be teaching a class. (d) he will have teaching a class.
Pembahasan Jawaban: (b) he will be teaching a class (dia akan sedang mengajar)
Pilihan A salah karena modal tidak boleh ketemu to
Pilihan C salah karena 'because of' merupakan prepoisition yang butuh object 'phrase' bukan clause.
Pilihan D salah karena yang dia maksud ialah 'he will have taught a class'

7. Having been served lunch, __________.

(a) the problem was discussed by the members of the committee.
(b) the committee members discussed the problem.
(c) it was discussed by the committee members the problem.
(d) a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Having been served lunch (seusai dihidangkan makan malam)
Yang dihidangkan ialah 'the committee'
8. Florida has not yet ratified the equal rights amendment, and __________.
(a) several other states hasn’t either.
(b) neither has some of the others states.
(c) some other states also have not either.
(d) neither have several other states
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Pola sederhana: neither have I; neither has he.

9. The chairman request that __________.

(a) the member studied more carefully the problem.
(b) the problem was more carefulnessly studied.
(c) with more carefulness the problem could be studied.
(d) the members study the problem more carefully.
Pembahasan Jawaban: requested that + subject + Verb 1 murni
Subjunctive

10. California relies heavily on income from fruit crops, and __________.
(a) Florida also. (c) Florida is as well
(b) Florida too. (d) so does Florida
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Pola sederhana: so do I; so does he

11. The professor said that __________.

(a) the student can turn over their report on the Monday.
(b) the report on Monday could be received form the students by him.
(c) the students could hand in their reports on Monday.
(d) the student will on Monday the reports turn in.
Pembahasan Jawaban: said (past) --> could (past)

12. This year will be difficult for this organization because __________.
(a)they have less money and volunteers than they had last year.
(b) it has less money and fewer volunteers than it had last year.
(c) the last year it did not have as few and little volunteers and money.
(d) there are fewer money and volunteers that in the last year there were.
Pembahasan Jawaban: it --> this organization

13. The teachers have had some problem deciding __________.

(a)when to the students they shall return the final papers.
(b) when are they going to return to the students the final papers.
(c) when they should return to the final papers to the students.
(d) the time when the final papers they should return for the students.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Verb + object: deciding (verb) + when they should return to the final papers
to the students (object)

14. She wanted to serve some coffee to her guests; however, __________.
(a) she hadn’t many sugar.
(b) there was not great amount of the sugar.
(c) she did not have much sugar.
(d) she was lacking in amount of the sugar.
 Pembahasan Jawaban:

15. There has not been a great response to the sale, __________?
(a) does there (b) hasn’t there (c) hasn’t it (d) has there
Pembahasan Jawaban: There has not been a great response to the sale (Positive) + has there
(negative)
Jika pernyataan positif (+) maka pertanyaan negatif (-)
Jika pernyataan positif (-) maka pertanyaan negatif (+)

Soal TOEFL Structure

1. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meeting in Indiana,
she called for a state woman's rights convention.
(A) begin
(B) began
(C) have begun
(D) to have begun

2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___.

(A) a small upright piano
(B) how a small upright piano
(C) a small upright piano is
(D) as a small upright piano

3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with
the cause of liberty.
(A) writer of eloquent
(B) whose eloquent writing
(C) an eloquent writer
(D) writing eloquent

4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater
___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.
(A) as long
(B) as long as
(C) so long
(D) so long that

5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.

(A) while
(B) and
(C) how
(D) because

6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.
(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up
(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules
(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up
(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules

7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.
(A) All of
(B) Of every
(C) All
(D) Every

8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.
(A) creeping colonies
(B) which colonies creep
(C) creeping colonies are
(D) colonies creep

9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women's rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the
1970's,____
(A) of five winning them
(B) five winning of them
(C) of them five winning
(D) winning five of them

10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best
adapted for an organism's survival.
(A) to which directs
(B) of which directs it
(C) directs it
(D) that directs

11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link
the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.
(A) The extension of
(B) The extension
(C) Extending
(D) Extends

12.The chief sources of B12, a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and
eggs.
(A) is not
(B) that is not
(C) not that is
(D) that not

13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.
(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture
(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture
(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture
(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history

14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____
(A) does water vapor condense
(B) condensed water vapor
(C) water vapor condenses
(D) the condensation of water vapor

15. Maufacturing is Canada's most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.
(A) engages
(B) and to engage
(C) that it engage
(D) engaging
Kunci jawaban dari soal TOEFL structure di atas yaitu: BACBB CCADD CBBCD. Di bawah kami telah
berikan pembahasan terkait soal-soal TOEFL tersebut. Semoga dapat membantu kecakapan Anda
dalam menajwab soal-soal TOEFL ke depannya terutama pada hari ujian.

Pembahasan Soal TOEFL

1. Jawaban (B) began.

Kalimat tersebut terdiri dari dua clause:
1. Amanda Way's career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when
2. she called for a state woman's rights convention.
Anda bisa lihat bahwa clause pertama kehilangan verb (kata kerja) olehnya yang harus kita cari yaitu
verb yang bisa mengisi clause tersebut. Jawaban A salah. Clause ke dua menggunakan kata kerja
bentuk past (called) jadi begin yang berbentuk present tidak paralel dengan clause ke dua
tersebut. Kalimat harus paralel. Jawaban C berbentu past perfect. Ingat past perfect tak akan
menggunakan kata keterangan waktu yang pasti seperti pada kalimat ini. Kata keterangan waktu yang
pasti pada klaimat ini yaitu in 1851. Jawaban D lebih jelas tak sesuai.

2. Jawaban (A) a small upright piano.

Kalimat ini membutuhkan objek dari kata kerja resemble = mirip.

3. Jawaban (C) an eloquent writer.

Di antara ke dua koma stelah subject itu membutuhkan appositive yang menjelaskan terkait identitas
subject Thomas Paine.

4. Jawaban (B) as long as.

as long as = and.

5. Jawaban (B) and.

dua kata kerja begins dan ends. jadi dibutuhkan kata penghubung and untuk menghubungkannya.

6. Jawaban (C) hydrocarbon molecules break up.

Kata its membutuhkan Noun (phrase) setelahnya. Phrase hydrocarbon molecules sesuai dengan
persyaratan in, sementara kata break up menjadi verb dari its hydrocarbon molecules.

7. kunci jawaban (C) All.

Jika menggunakan jawaban A maka seharusya all of the ballet dancers. Jawaban D salah. Kata every
harus bertemu noun singular sementara dancers berbentuk jamak.

8. Jawaban (A) creeping colonies.

Kata kerja form membutuhkan object.

9. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (D) winning five of them.

Hanya saja saya kurang yakin bagaimana cara menjelaskannya. Kalau saya lihat-lihat bentuk ini masuk
di reduction (adverb clause). Jadi winning five of them itu merupakan phrase yang direduksi (hasil
reduction) dari adverb clause. Hanya saja yang saya lihat di buku referensi saya -Betty semua contoh
Phrase hasil reduction dari adverb clause posisinya di depan kalimat. Jadi itulah mengapa saya kurang
yakin dengan penjelasan terkait soal ini. Menurut saya inilah soal TOEFL. Kalau kita perhatikan di buku-
buku akademik tingkat advanced banyak kalimat yg menurut kita agak aneh.

10. Jawaban yang sesuai adalah (D) that directs.

Jawaban soal ini terkait penggunaan adjective clause yang menjelaskan kata the process.

11. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (C) Extending.

Pelajari tentang reduction dalam adverb clause.
Extending 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State. merupkan hasil
reduction dari the Eric Canal extends 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York
State.

12. Jawaban yang tepat ialah (B) that is not.

Ada dua clause:
1. The chief sources of B12 include meat, milk and eggs.
2. a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body.
Clause ke dua menjelaskan subejct dari clause pertama. Clause ke dua tersebut membutuhkan verb.

13. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (B) The history of twentieth-century architecture.
Kalimat ini membutuhkas subject.

14. Jawaban yang benar yaitu (C) water vapor condenses.

Sudah jelas

15. Jawaban (D) engaging.

Mirip dengan bentuk soal no. 9.

1. Andy Warhol was —— in the Pop Art movement who was known for his multi-image silk-screen
paintings.
(A) that one of a leading figure
(B) a leading figure
(C) leading figures
(D) who leads figures
Pembahasan Jawaban: Andy Warhol merupakan seorang figur terkenal (a leading figure).
Tips: Di soal kita bisa identifikasi ada 2 clause:
1. Andy Warhol was —— in the Pop Art movement
2. who was known for his multi-image silk-screen paintings.
Clauseke dua kita lihat sudah lengkap (terdiri dari subjek dan kata kerja) jadi sudah tidak ada
masalah.
Clause pertama kita lihat terdapat subjek dan kata kerja yang belum lengkap. Dari pilihan yang
ada ada dua kemungkinan jawaban yang benar sesuai structure: jawaban B dan jawaban
C. Leading berfungsi sebagai kata sifat bukan kata kerja jadi sangat jelas jawabannya ialah B.
Soal ini juga mudah dijawab dengan menggunakan sistem pemaknaan.

2. Even with vast research, there is still a great deal that is —— known about the workings of the
human brain.
(A) neither
(B) none
(C) no
(D) not
Pembahasan Jawaban: not + verb.

3. —— the United States consists of many different immigrant groups, many sociologists believe
there is a distinct national character.
(A) In spite of
(B) Despite
(C) Even though
(D) Whether
Pembahasan Jawaban: yang kita butuhkan ialah connector kalimat (pilihan jawaban C).
Tips: Di soal terdapat dua clause:
1. ___ the United States consists of many different immigrant groups,
2. many sociologists believe there is a distinct national character.
Kita lihat terdapat dua clause yang lengkap (terdiri dari subject dan verb). Jadi yang kita
butuhkan hanyalah konektor untuk menghubungkan ke dua clause di ata.
Prinsip: Jika dua clause maka kita butuh 1 connector untuk menghubungkannya: jika 3 clause
maka kita butuh 2 connector dan begitu seterusnya.
Dari pilihan jawaban hanya pilihan D dan C yang merupakan connector. Sementara pilhan A dan
B merupakan preposition. Dari segi makna sangat jelas pilihan jawabannya ialah C.

4. Typically —— in meadows or damp woods and bloom in the spring.

(A) wild violets grow
(B) wild violets growth
(C) growing wild violets
(D) the growth of wild violets
Prinsip: Setiap kalimat mesti mempunyai minimal 1 kombinasi subject dan verb.
Pembahasan Jawaban: Di soal di atas tidak terdapata subject dan verb. Jadi kita butuhkan
subject dan verb. Dari pilihan jawaban hanya pilihan jawaban A yang mempunyai subject (wild
violets) dan verb (grows).

5. The art works of Madlyn-Ann Woolwich are characterized by strong, dark colors and fine
attention to patterns of light —— the viewer’s eye.
(A) that attract
(B) when attracted
(C) which attraction
(D) attract to
Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective Clause

6. A grass-eating, river-dwelling mammal, the hippopotamus —— to the pig.

(A) being related
(B) is related
(C) relate
(D) relating
Pembahasan Jawaban: Soal di atas kehilangan verb. Jadi kita butuh verb untuk melengkapi
kalimat. Hanya pilihan jawaban B dan C yang berisikan verb. Relate + to (relate merupakan
transitive verb yang membutuhkan object jadi tidak boleh ada to menghalangi). Yang cocok ialah
related + to (related tomerupakan phrase yang sangat umum digunakan).

7. Woodrow Wilson —— as governor of New Jersey before he was elected President of the
United States in 1912.
(A) to have served
(B) who has served
(C) serving
(D) served
Pembahasan Jawaban: Dari soal di atas kita bisa identifikasi terdapat dua clause dan 1
connector (before).
1. Woodrow Wilson —— as governor of New Jersey
2. he was elected President of the United States in 1912.
Kita lihat bahwa clause 1 kehilangan verb, jadi kita butuh verb dan di pilihan jawaban hanya
pilihan D yang menyediakan verb (utama).

8. —— fish in Great Salt Lake, but its waters do contain small brine shrimp.
(A) Why no
(B) No
(C) Not only
(D) There are no
Prinsip: Jika dua clause maka kita butuh 1 connector untuk menghubungkannya: jika 3 clause
maka kita butuh 2 connector dan begitu seterusnya

9. An etude is a short musical composition written especially —— a particular technique.

(A) enable students practicing
(B) enables students practicing
(C) enable students to practice
(D) to enable students to practice
Pembahasa Jawaban: subject dan verb sudah terdapat pada soal jadi kita hanya butuh
pelengkap (complement) tidak butuh lagi verb (utama). Di pilihan A, B, dan C terdapat verb
(utama). To infinitive (to enable) merupakan contoh sebuah complement.

10. Seldom —— games been of practical use in playing real games.

(A) theories of mathematics
(B) theorized as mathematics
(C) has the mathematical theory of
(D) the mathematical theory has
Pembahasan Jawaban: Inversion (pembalikan). Subject + Verb ---> Verb + Subject. Seldom
(negative expression) merupakan sala satu karakteristik dari bentuk inversion.

11. The city of Kalamazoo, Michigan, derives its name from a Native American word —–
“bubbling springs.”
(A) meant
(B) meaning
(C) that it meant
(D) whose meaning
Pembahasan Jawaban: present participle

12. Jet propulsion involves —— of air and fuel, which forms a powerful exhaust.
(A) a mixture of ignited
(B) to ignite a mixture
(C) a mixture of igniting
(D) the ignition of a mixture
Pembahasan Jawaban: involves + object (noun). Untuk lebih mudah perhatikan kata of <-- noun
+ of.

13. Salt is manufactured in quantities that exceed those of most ——– other commercial
chemicals.
(A) of all not
(B) not if all are
(C) are not all
 (D) if not all
Pembahasan Jawaban: Soal ini mempunyai dua klausa yang telah dilebur menjadi 1.
1. Salt is manufactured in quantities that exceed those of most other commercial chemicals.
2. Salt is manufactured in quantities that exceed all of most other commercial chemicals.
Soal ini juga dengan mudah bisa dijawab dengan menggunakan pendekatan makna / translation.

14. The United States consists of fifty states, ——- has its own government.
(A) each of which
(B) each they
(C) they each
(D) each of
Pembahasan Jawban: Adjetive clause --> each of which yang menjelaskan states.

15. Though smaller than our solar system, a quasar, which looks like an ordinary star, emits more
light —— galaxy.
(A) than an entire
(B) entirely as
(C) that the entire
(D) entirely than
Pembahasan Jawaban: comparison degree ----> dapat diketahui dari frasa more light.
2. Soal TOEFL Structure dan Pembahasan Jawaban
1.The musical comedy Oklahoma did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it
encouraged others to attempt......
(a)original themes
(b)to original themes
(c)that were original themes
(d)how original themes
Pembahasan Jawaban: attempt (T) + Noun
--> Attempt (transitive verb)
--> Attempt + to infinitive
pilihan B salah karena to original themes bukan to infinitive.

2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.
(a)an animal breathes air that
(b)an animal that breathes air
(c)an animal breathes air
(d)that an animal breathes air
Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective Clause

3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.
(a)is the largest
(b)the largest
(c)that is the largest
(d)the largest that is a
Pembahasan Jawaban: Superlative Degree

4. It is said that United Stales literature ____________ individuality and identity in the twentieth
century, after long imitation of European models.
(a)was achieved
(b)achieved
(c)to achieve
(d)achieving
Pembahasan Jawaban: Subject + Verb (Sentences with Multiple Clause -Noun Clause)
 5. Lucy Stone, ____________ first feminists in the United States, helped organize the American
Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.
(a)the one
(b)who was the
(c)another
(d)one of the
Pembahasan Jawaban: one of the + plural nouns / Appositive

6. _______, including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands
may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.
(a)Depending on many factors
(b)Many factors depending on
(c)Factors depending on many
(d)On many factors depending
Pembahasan Jawaban: Sentences with one clause -Subject + Verb
Yang menjadi subject adalah gerund dan verb adalah may be

(7) Duke Ellington's orchestra, _______ his own often complex compositions, made many
innovations in jazz.
(a)he played
(b)playing
(c)that it played
(d)was playing
Pembahasan Jawaban: Present Participle (Adjective) / Reduction in Adjective Clause

(8) The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably
more of Earth's surface _______.
(a)as is today
(b)than today is
(c)than they do today
3. (d)that today
4. Pembahasan Jawaban: Comparative degree

(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the
theory......directly from services that the government could provide.
(a)property owners benefited so that
(b)why property owners benefited
(c)that if property owners benefited
(d)that property owners benefited
Pembahasan Jawaban: Adjective Clause

(10)Helium is not flammable and, next to hydrogen, is......

(a)known the lightest gas
(b)lightest the known gas
(c)the lightest gas known
(d)the known gas lightest
Pembahasan Jawaban: Superlative & Past participle

(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to 30 years.

(a)live
(b)to live
(c)they live
(d)their living
Pembahasan Jawaban: Sentences with multiple clause / verb + to invinitive

(12)Portland, ......, is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its
many island.
(a)which Maine's largest city
(b)Maine's largest city where
(c)is Maine's largest city
(d)Maine's largest city
Pembahasan Jawaban: Appositive

13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the
glass industry.
(a)Despite
(b)Whether
(c)Though
(d)Except for
Pembahasan Jawaban: Reduction in adverbial clause

14.Cells, first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered ...... in the nineteenth
century.
(a)them as microcosm of living organisms
(b)the microcosm of living organisms
(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be
(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms
Pembahasan Jawaban: Consider + noun + noun/adjective
Contoh lain:
I consider you an excellent student. --> an excellent student (noun)
I consider you intelligent. --> intelligent (adjective)

15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large, gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.
(a)it is mostly
(b)mostly
(c)almost
(d)both are almost
Pembahasan Jawaban: composed + mostly of

1. Over the centuries, ____ that try to explain the origins of the university.
(A) although many theories
(B) many theories
(C) have many theories been
(D) there have been many theories
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Langkah 1: 'that try to explain the origins of the university' merupakan adjective clause.
Adjective clause menjelaskan noun yang letaknya sebelum adjective clause itu sendiri. Jadi
sebelum adjective clause di atas mesti ada noun yang dijelaskan. Pilihan C sudah jelas salah
karena bukan noun yang sebelum adjective clause tapi 'been'.
Langkah 2: Kalimat di atas terdapat 1 clause 'that try to explain the origins of the university'
yang terdapat connector 'that' yang juga berfungsi sebagai subject dari verb 'try'. Adanya 1
connector menandakan dalam kalimat tersebut terdapat dua clause. Olehnya yang kita
butuhkan dari pilihan jawaban ialah 1 clause. Clause ialah kumpulan kata yang didalamnya
terdapat subject dan verb. Pilihan A dan B bukanlah clause. Jadi pilihan yang tepat ialah
pilihan D.

2. The planet Venus is almost exactly the same size and mass _____ Earth, with a similar
interior, including a nickel-iron core.
(A) to
(B) as
(C) is
(D) than
Pembahasan Jawaban: the same + as

3. George Washington Carver ____ international fame for revolutionizing agriculture research
in the southern United States during the early twentieth century.
(A) won
(B) winning
(C) who has won
(D) the winner of
Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas kehilangan verb jadi kita butuh verb.

4. Constituting one of the earliest engineering techniques, ______ in Paleolithic time was
done in order to extend natural caves.
(A) tunnels were built
(B) which built tunnels
(C) the building of tunnels
(D) tunnels whose building
Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas buuth subject. Verb dari kalimat di atas ialah 'was
done'.

5. The tulip tree is native to the eastern United States, _____ the tallest and largest broadleaf
tree.
(A) where
(B) where it is
(C) it is where
(D) is where
Pembahasan Jawaban: 'where it is the tallest and largest broadleaf tree' merupakan
adjective clause yang menjelaskan noun sebelumnya 'the eastern United States'.

6. Elementary schools in the United states provide formal education ______ arithmetic,
science, social science, and communication skills that including reading, writing, spelling, and
speaking.
(A) such subjects as basic in
(B) as basic subjects in such
(C) in such basic subjects as
(D) as in such basic subjects
Pembahasan Jawaban: pasangan kata yang benar ialah such as bukan as such. Jadi
pilihan B dan D sudah jelas salah. Ingat pola noun phrase (adjective + noun). Kita lihat
dipilihan jawaban ada kata basic (adjective) dan subjects (noun). Antara A dan C hanya C
yang memnuhi syarat pola noun phrase (adj. + noun).

7. ______ land and money enabled construction of the Union Pacific railroad to begin from
Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1865.
(A) By the government granting of
(B) Government grants of
(C) For the government to grant
(D) Government grants so that
Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan dari kalimat di atas ialah subject. Verb nya ialah
'enabled'.

8. Appointments to the United States Supreme Court and all lower federal courts ____ by the
President with the advice and consent of the Senate.
(A) making
(B) to make
(C) are made
(D) have made
Pembahasan Jawaban: Terdapat 'by' jawabannya mesti passive 'are made'.

9. The name “squirrel” is commonly used for those forms of the family Sciuridae that live in
trees, _____ it is equally accurate for ground dwelling types.
(A) whether
(B) that
(C) although
(D) in spite of
Pembahasan Jawaban: Ada dua clause. Clause 1 = 'The name “squirrel” is commonly
used'; Clause 2 = 'it is equally accurate'. Untuk menghubungkan ke dua clause di atas kita
butuh connector. Connector yang tepat ialah 'although' (pilihan C)

10. Green plants combine _____ with water and carbon dioxide to make food.
(A) energy derived from light
(B) energy, derived it from light
(C) energy is derived from light
(D) from light, and energy derived
Pembahasan Jawaban: kalimat di atas sudah terdapat subject dan verb jadi kita tinggal
butuh object. Pilihan C sudah salah karen terdapat clause tanpa connector (tidak bisa jadi
object). Pilihan D salah karena terdapat 'from' --> combine + noun tanpa 'from'. Pilihan B
salah karen 'derived' menjelaskan 'energy' jadi tidak lagi butuh it.
Materi ini masuk dalam topik Adjective Clause (Reduction) atau juga Past Participle

11. From the archeologist’s perspective, understanding the past is vitally important and
requires ______ of earlier cultures.
(A) the ruins examined
(B) examining the ruins
(C) of the ruins to be examined
(D) that the examined ruins

12. The Texas Legislature selected Vassar Miller _____ in 1982, and again in 1988.
(A) was the state’s poet laureate
(B) as the state’s poet laureate
(C) the state’s poet laureate
(D) become the state’s poet laureate
Pembahasan Jawaban:
Langkah 1: Kalimat di atas sudah lengkap Subject dan Verb. Jadi kita tidak lagi butuh verb
lainnya. Pilihan A dan D olehnya sudah jelas salah.
Langkah 2: Ketika kita menggunakan kata 'selected' tidak lagi perlu menggunakan kata 'as'
tapi langsung saja noun setelahnya.
Contoh lain: I selected you the president of the meeting club. Kata kerja yang lain masuk
dalam kategori kata kerja semacam ini ialah: consider, find, believe, think, prove call, name,
elect, appoint, nominate, make, paint, suppose, turn (mengubah), dan build.

13. The distinguishing feature of a fluid, in contrast to a solid, is the ease _____ .
(A) that a deformed fluid
(B) to deform a fluid
(C) when a fluid that is deformed
(D) with which a fluid may be deformed

14. Oxygen and nutrients reach the body’s tissues ____ from the blood through the capillary
wall.
(A) pass
(B) by passing
(C) to be passing
(D) have passed
Pembahasan Jawaban: Kalimat di atas sudah lengkap subject dan verb jadi tidak butuh lagi
verb. Pilihan A dan D sudah jelas salah. Pilihan C tidak sesuai dengan konteks kalimat.

15. _____ important development of the Neolithic age was not in the manufacture of stone
tools but in the production of food.
(A) The most
(B) Most
(C) Most of
(D) Of the most
Pembahasan Jawaban: Ada beberapa aturan dalam menggunakan most / most of
1. Most of digunakan sebelum plural noun yang mempunyai determiner atau pronoun di
depannya.
Contoh: Most of the students live with host families.
Most of students live with host families. (Salah karena tanpa determiner)
2. Most digunakan sebelum plural noun yang tidak mempunyai determiner atau pronoun di
depannya
Contoh: Most students live with host families.
Most of students live with host families.
Before a plural noun that does not have a determiner or pronoun in front of it, don't say 'most
of', just say most :

Dari penjelasan di atas sudah jelas bahwa pilihan B dan C tidak sesuai pada kalimat.
Pilihan D salah karena jika menggunakan bentuk of the most itu bearti akan ada beberapa
benda / hal yang di-list dan biasanya ditandai dengan koma. Di atas tidak ada tanda-tanda
 adanya yang di-list.
Contoh; Of the seven students, Anto is the best one at speaking English.

1. Among the 450 artworks in the White House art collection __

(A) as is Mary Cassatt’s Young Mother and Two Children
(B) is Mary Cassatt’s Young Mother and Two Children
(C) which is Mary Cassatt’s Young Mother and Two Children
(D) Mary Cassatt’s Young Mother and Two Children
Pembahasan Jawaban: Materi ini masuk dalam Inversion (pembalikan) ditandai dengan adanya 'place
expression' di depan kalimat. Subject dari kalimat ialah 'Mary Cassatt’s Young Mother and Two Children'
Inversion --> Verb + Subject

2. An unconsolidated aggregate of silt particles is also termed silt, __ a consolidated aggregate is called
siltstone.
(A) which
(B) why
(C) whereas
(D) whether
Pembahasan Jawaban: Dalam kalimat atas, terdapat dua clause. Clause 1 = 'An unconsolidated
aggregate of silt particles is also termed silt'. Clause 2 'a consolidated aggregate is called siltstone'.
Olehnya kita butuh 1 connector untuk mengubungkan dua clause. Pilihan B sudah jelas salah karena why
bukanlah connector. Pilihan A salah karena 'which' merupakan connector yang digunakan dalam
'adjective clause' yang menjelaskan noun. Jadi posisi 'which' ketika digunakan untuk menghubungkan
dua clause berada setelah noun yang dijelaskan. Pilihan D salah karena 'whether' masuk dalam 'noun
clause' yang berposisi sebagai 'subject' atau 'object'.
2 Clause butuh 1 Connector; 3 Clause butuh 2 Connector

3. In 1864 the American Shakespearean actor Edwin Booth gained critical acclaim when he __ Hamlet at
the Winter Garden Theater in New York City.
(A) perform
(B) performed
(C) had been performing
(D) having performed
Pembahasan Jawaban: Dalam kalimat atas, terdapat dua clause dan 1 connector 'when'. Clause 1 = 'the
American Shakespearean actor Edwin Booth gained critical acclaim'. Clause 2 'he __ Hamlet at the
Winter Garden Theater in New York City'. Clause 2 kehilangan verb olehnya kita butuh verb untuk
melengkapinya. Pilihan yang benar ialah B karena waktu nya berbentuk past (in 1864).

4. -- are chiefly derived from petroleum.

(A) Plastics today
(B) There are plastics today
(C) Because today plastics today
(D) Due to plastics today
Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan ialah subject kalimat

5. Most tangerine trees and their flowers and fruits resemble __ the orange, although tangerines are
generally smaller.
(A) of those
(B) which of those
(C) those of
(D) which are of
Pembahasan Jawaban: 'resemble' ialah intransitive verb (kata kerja butuh object).
Jadi resemble langsung ketemu 'those' sebagai object.

6. Ohio, the center of __ the Hopewen culture, has the greatest concentration of ancient burial mounds in
the United States.
(A) called
(B) what is called
(C) that is called
(D) is called
Pembahasan Jawaban: setelah 'of' mesti noun. 'what is called' meruapakan noun clause.

7. __, such as jazz, are often played from memory rather than from a written score.
(A) Of some types music
(B) Music some of types
(C) Some types of music
(D) Types of music some
Pembahasan Jawaban: yang dibutuhkan ialah subject kalimat

8. During the 1850’, reform movements __ temperance and the abolition of slavery gained strength in the
United States.
(A) advocating
(B) they had advocated
(C) to advocating
(D) to advocate when
Pembahasan Jawaban: 'advocating temperance and the abolition of slavery' merupaka adjective yang
menjelaskan / memberi informasi tambahan terkait 'reform movements'.

9. Many meteorites are thought to have originated from __ that once existed between the orbits of Mars
and Jupiter.
(A) where a planet or planets
(B) a planet or planets so
(C) which a planet or planets
(D) a planet or planets
Pembahasan Jawaban: 'that once existed between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter' merupakan adjective
clause yang menandakan adanya noun yang dijelaskan sebelumnya.

10.The modem automobile is a __ composed of more than 14,000 parts.

(A) complex technical system
(B) system of complex technical
(C) complex technical system that
(D) system is technically complex
Pembahasan Jawaban: article 'a' menandakan adanya noun setelahnya. Selain itu 'composed of more
than 14,000 parts' merupakan adjective yang menandakan adanya noun debelumnya.

11. __ over 100 years since the invention of the square-bottomed paper bag.
(A) Now is
(B) Now it has
(C) There is now
(D) It is now
Pembahasan Jawaban: Yang dibutuhkan ialah subject dan verb. dari pilihan jawaban yang paling sesuai
dg kalimat ialaha 'It is now'.

12.The novelist John Dos Passos developed a style of fiction incorporating several documentary devices
__ to his works.
(A) lent realism
(B) that lending realism
(C) to lend realism
(D) of whose realism lent
Pembahasan Jawaban: developed + to lend
Verb + to + verb
Verb + gerund (verb ing)

13. In Earth’s infancy, its surface was warm enough for life __ the young Sun was fainter than it is today.
(A) in spite of
(B) whether
(C) neither of which
(D) even though
Pembahasan Jawaban: yang dibutuhkan ialah connector untuk menghuungkan dua clause di atas.
Pilihan A sudah jelas salah karena 'in spite of' merupakan preposition bukan connector. Pilihan B salah
karena 'whether' berposisi sebagain noun: subject dan object. Pilihan C salah karena 'neither of which'
masuk dalam kategori adjective clause yaitu menjelaskan noun setelahnya. Seteah neither of which pun
langsung ketemu verb yg berarti tida sesuai dnegan kalimat.
Pilihan D benar. Materi ini masuk dalam kategori 'Adverb Clause'.

14. The invention of the compound microscope (which allowed much higher magnification through
multiple lenses) made __ the great strides in life sciences.
(A) it possible
(B) possibly
(C) possible
(D) it was possible
Pembahasan Jawaban: Make + possible + sth (noun)

15. Hares generally have longer ears and hind legs than rabbits and move by jumping __ running
(A) rather to be
(B) rather than
(C) are rather
(D) as rather
Pembahasan Jawaban: rather than = (dibanding). Digunakan untuk perbandingan

1. In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, the United States developed the reusable space shuttle
________to space cheaper and easier.
A. to make access
B. and making access
C. which made accessible
D. and made accessible.
Pembahasan: to Infinitive
2. Genetically, the chimpanzee is more similar to humans _______.
A. are than any other animal
B. than is any other animal
C. any other animal is
D. and any other animal is
Pembahasan: Comparative Degree
3._______more than 65,000 described species of protozoa, of which more than half are fossils.
A. Being that there are
B. There being
C. Are there
D. There are
Pembahasan: There are (Subject di belakang verb)
4.The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 ___ nearly unanimously through the United States
Congress.
A. passed
B. in passage
C. having passed
D. passing
Pembahasan: Kehilangan verb
5.Modern skyscrapers have a steel skeleton of beams and columns ___a three-dimensional grid.
A. forms
B. from which forming
C. and forming
D. that forms
Pembahasan: Adjective Clause
6.The average level of United States prices grew very little from 1953 until the mid-1960’s when
____________.
A. did inflation begin
B. inflation began
C. the beginning of inflation
D. did the beginning of inflation
Pembahasan: Adverb clause --> kehilangan subject & verb
7.The basis premise behind all agricultural production is _____available the riches of the soil for
human consumption.
A. to be made
B. the making
C. making is
D. to make
Pembahasan: to infinitive --> be (is, are, am, was, were) + to inf.
8.___to the United States House of Representatives in 1791, Nathaniel Macon remained in office
until 1815.
A. Election
B. Why he was elected
C. Elected
D. Who was elected
Pembahasan: Past Participle / Reduction in Adjective Clause
9.________ of classical ballet in the United States began around 1830.
A. To teach
B. Is teaching
C. It was taught
D. The teaching
Pembahasan: Kehilangan Subject. Ingat Noun + of + Noun
10.The universe is estimated ___between 10 billion and 20 billion years old.
A. being
B. to be
C. which is
D. is
Pembahasan: to infintive
11. A situation in which an economic market is dominated by a ____ is known as a monopoly.
A. single of a product seller
B. product single of a seller
C. seller of a product single
D. single seller of a product
Pembahasan: Adjective (single) + Noun (seller) ---> Noun + of + Noun
12.____ freshwater species of fish build nests of sticks, stones, or scooped-out sand..
A. As the many
B. Of the many
C. Many
D. Many of them are
Pembahasan: Butuh pelengkap subject.
13.Newspaper publishers in the united states have estimated ___________reads a newspaper
every day.
A. nearly 80 percent of the adult population who
B. it is nearly 80 percent of the adult population
C. that nearly 80 percent of the adult population who
D. that nearly 80 percent of the adult population
Pembahasan: Noun Clause kehilangan subject
14. The foundation of all other branches of mathematics is arithmetic, _ science of calculating
with numbers.
A. is the
B. the
C. which the
D. because the
Pembahasan: Appositive
15.Nylon was ___the human-made fibers.
A. the first of which
B. what the first of
C. it the first of
D. the first of
Pembahasan: butuh complement ... B dan C sudah pasti salah karena kalimat di atas telah
memiliki Subject dan Verb (lengkap u/ 1 clause).