Building Regulations & Design Guidelines - Structural

&
BUILDING REGULATIONS
&
DESIGN GUIDELINES-
STRUCTURAL
Department of Planning and Development - TRAKHEES

Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporations
Government of Dubai, United Arab Emirates
BUILDING REGULATIONS & DESIGN GUIDELINES- STRUCTURAL
First Edition-2011
BUILDING
REGULATIONS
& DESIGN
Prepared & Issued by
GUIDELINES-
STRUCTURAL
Department of Planning and Development - TRAKHEES
Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporation
Government of Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Email: accreditation@trakhees.ae
Website: www.trakhees.ae
1st Edition-2011
This edition issued in October, 2011

Dubai, United Arab Emirates
All rights reserved to Department of Planning and Development – TRAKHEES - Ports, Customs & Free Zone
Corporation (PCFC) Government of Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). No parts of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of the copyright owner. Department of Planning and Development - TRAKHEES
These regulations and guidelines have been established to be applied within Trakhees - PCFC Jurisdiction.
Implementation of these regulations out of Trakhees jurisdiction is the sole responsibility of the concerned Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporations
parties, whereby the local authority regulations shall be precedent and govern. Government of Dubai, United Arab Emirates
2 3
SECTION SECTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
T he publication of this book could not have been possible without the ungrudging efforts
put in by a number of individuals working in ALL sections of the Department of Planning
and Development TRAKHEES. We would like to thank the Section Managers and their
respective teams for their meticulous effort in maintaining the Content, Structure and Quality
of the book. We also wish to acknowledge contributions made by PCFC legal department,
Consultants and Engineers from different organizations; and lastly, to Dubai Municipality
and to other International Organizations in the field of Construction whose publications and
articles in terms of local and international standards are frequently used.
In addition, our sincere thanks to all those who contributed their comments, feedback, and
suggestions, which have all been considered in this edition. As there is always room for
improvement, Trakhees will continuously welcome comments/suggestions on this Book,
and will consider all that are received. Your comments will continue to improve this book
leading to its ultimate acceptance. As always, it has been a great joint effort.
Eng. Nazek Al Sabbagh

Managing Director
Trakhees - Ports, Customs & Free Zone Corporation
4 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES & REGULATIONS SECTION 3: GUIDELINES FOR PRE STRESSED & PRECAST CONCRETE WORKS (SLABS)
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................12 3.1 General............................................................................................80

1.2 Basic Guidelines For Soil Investigation Report..................................12 3.2 Pre Stressed Concrete Systems Approval.........................................81
1.3 Recommendations To Be Included In The Soil
Investigation Report.........................................................................27 3.2.1 Approval Of Materials....................................................81
3.2.2 Registration Of Pt Specialist..........................................84
1.3.1 Excavation Works..........................................................27 3.2.3 Storage Of Materials......................................................85
1.3.2 Open Excavation And Protection....................................27 3.2.4 Approval Of Method Statement.....................................85
1.3.3 Backfill Materials And Compaction Criteria....................28 3.2.5 Permission To The First Project......................................85
1.3.4 Retaining Structures......................................................28
1.3.5 Dewatering....................................................................29 3.3 Software Approval & Design Guidelines..........................................86
1.3.6 Shallow Foundations.....................................................34 3.3.1 Software Approval.........................................................86
1.3.7 Pile Foundations............................................................34 3.3.2 Design Guidelines..........................................................86
1.3.8 Foundation Concrete.....................................................35
1.3.9 Liquifaction...................................................................35 3.4 General Notes For Specialist & System Approval.............................91
3.5 Documents Required For Obtaining Prestress Permit......................92
1.4 Soil improvement Guidelines...........................................................36 3.6 Guidelines For Pre Cast Concrete Works..........................................92
1.4.1 Soil Improvement..........................................................36
3.6.1 Pre Cast Specialist Registration.....................................92
1.4.2 Safety Against Liquefaction............................................47
3.6.2 Pre Cast Design Guidelines............................................94
1.4.3 Calculation Theory.........................................................48
3.6.3 Documents Required For Obtaining Precast
1.4.4 Evaluation Of Likely Liquefaction Induced Hazards.......49
Structure Permit...........................................................106
1.4.5 Lateral Extend of Ground improvement..........................51
1.5 Shorting Guidelines..........................................................................51
SECTION 4: STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – STEEL STRUCTURES
1.6 Design Guidelines For Building Piles.................................................56
1.6.1 Design Criteria For Piling Works.....................................56
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................110
1.6.2 Points To Be Checked During Construction....................59
4.2 Applicable Codes...........................................................................110
1.6.3 Piles Testing...................................................................61
4.2.1 Dead And Live Loads....................................................110
SECTION 2: STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – BUILDING STRUCTURES 4.2.2 Seismic Loads...............................................................111
4.2.3 Wind Load.....................................................................111
4.2.4 Design Codes.................................................................111
2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................64
2.2 Design Outcome..............................................................................64 4.3 Performance Criteria - Analysis, Design
2.3 Sustainability And Environmentally Responsible Design.................64 And Detailing........................................................................... .......111
2.4 Applicable Codes.............................................................................65
4.3.1 General.........................................................................112
2.4.1 Dead And Live Loads.......................................................65 4.3.2 Loading.........................................................................113
2.4.2 Seismic Loads...............................................................65 4.3.3 Limit State Of Strength.................................................113
2.4.3 Wind Loads....................................................................65 4.3.4 Limit State Of Serviceability................................. ........114
2.4.4 Design Codes.................................................................66 4.3.5 Foundation...................................................................116
4.3.6 Holding Down Bolts......................................................116
2.5 Performance Criteria........................................................................66 4.3.7 Fatigue................................................................. ........116
2.5.1 Design Life....................................................................66 4.3.8 Structural Integrity.......................................................117
2.5.2 Computer Models, Structural Analysis And 4.4 General Guidelines For Industrial
Design Requirements....................................................66 Steel Structures..............................................................................119
2.6 Structural Calculations.....................................................................72
2.7 Structural Drawings.........................................................................73
6 7
INTRODUCTION
T he main principles of the structural buildings design guidelines were released first time
in 2006, as set out in Chapter 25 amongst the CED-Blue Code. These guidelines were
aiming to provide the structural engineers with the general and minimum requirements for
very limited structures; and the weak point was being not extended to cover all types of
structural developments in terms of geometry and construction materials. Trakhees-CED, in its
ongoing and incessant communication with engineering community, have received an
adequate encouragements to go further in producing separate volume for structural de-
sign guidelines that can tackle all the common structural industry. Through the past year,
a comprehensive and oriented effort have been offered to establish a set of guidelines that
providing bases of analysis and design as well as the required documents for submissions
to meet the needs of approvals for residential, commercial and industrial buildings, whether
being made of concrete, steel or pre stressed materials through a set of unified consistence
and compatible rules. The information contained in this volume has been also compiled for
use, guidance since proposing the structure scheme, interpretation of geotechnical data,
computer modeling, loading, analysis and design. It is also providing the designers with the
basic requirements for review and checking of the design documents with CED team from
the submission time until the approval that will facilitate and ease the permits issuance. It is
anticipated that the use of these guidelines will result in a uniform design and construc-
tion of buildings throughout all types of structures.
8 9
SECTION SECTION
GEOTECHNICAL
GUIDELINES &
REGULATIONS
01
SECTION
10 11
SECTION
1 GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES & REGULATIONS SECTION: 1 GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES & REGULATIONS
location with specified coordinates as per affection plan and geographi-

cal maps from the concerned authorities and also with relevant to the
1.1 INTRODUCTION information about magnitude of superimposed loads, number of floors,
These Design Guidelines & Regulations are intended to provide minimum geo- shape of structure, past land use, surface topography, geological fea-
technical design requirements for RC buildings foundations and substructures to tures and surface drainage.
safeguard life or limb, environment, property and public welfares.
1.2.2 To specify the number of boreholes (one borehole for each 750 m2 for
Submission for no objection certificates for different types of applications structures small in plane area, exploration should be made at a minimum
by consultants to be as per this guidelines to avoid any delay for the project or of three points). For structures of moderate size, it is customary and sat-
abortive work to the CED part. Incomplete submissions will be returned without isfactory to anticipate making five boreholes, one at each corner and one
review and as such CED shall not be responsible for any delays to the project deeper at the centre or under the core area. In case of structures cov-
accordingly. CED reserves the right to levy additional appraisal fees for checking ering a large area, the exploration points may be placed in a grid. The
the incomplete and unchecked submissions noting that this fee shall be paid by mutual distance between the boreholes points that considered an ap-
the consultant and not to be passed on to the client.
The Guidelines are aimed to give the designers, geotechnical engineers, specialist
contractors and inspectors a general idea of the basic requirements for review
and checking the structures schemes until approval from the CED according to
principles and standards in order to facilitate and speed the completion of the
work efficiently. It is anticipated that the use of these guidelines will result in a
uniform design and construction of buildings throughout DW projects. Any
requests for revisions must be fully documented and presented to the Civil
Engineering Department for review and acceptance prior to any work commence-
ment. These guidelines are provided as a reference and may not be taken as au-
thority to construct without prior review. These guidelines supersede all previous
geotechnical guidelines and are subject to revision without notice.
These Guidelines contain Soil Investigation and Enabling Works requirements
and any items not covered specifically here in shall be in accordance with the
latest editions of British Standards. The Consultant shall ensure that the select-
ed design standards are the latest editions and fully compatible with Trakhees
Building Regulations and Design Guidelines-Structural.
1.2 BASIC GUIDELINES FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION REPORT
The purposes of site investigation is assessing its suitability for the construc-
tion of civil engineering and building works and of acquiring knowledge of the Fig. (1.1) Boreholes Distribution
characteristics of a site that affect the design and construction of such work and
the security of neighboring land and property. For new works, the objectives of propriate for structures should normally be 20 – 40 m. Where a certain
ground investigations are to obtain reliable information to produce an economic project consists of a number of adjacent units, one exploration point per
and safe design, to assess any hazards (physical or chemical) associated with the unit may suffice if the data of the boreholes have shown a uniform soil
ground, and to meet the construction requirements. The investigation should be formation. In uniform soil conditions, the borings or excavation pits may
designed to verify and expand information previously collected. be partially replaced by penetration tests or geophysical soundings. (B.S.
5930-1999). Fig. (1.1).5930-1999). Fig. (1.1).
1.2.1 Soil investigation report for any structure shall be mainly based upon its
12 13
SECTION: 1 GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES & REGULATIONS SECTION: 1 GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES & REGULATIONS
1.2.3 For pad and strip foundations, the depth of soundings or borings below formation obtained. The boring log shall highlight and describe any fluid
the anticipated foundation level should normally be between 2.5 and 3 loss (mud loss) during drilling at any depth interval, and where ever open
times the width of the foundation elements (minimum 8.0m depth for cavities were encountered, (as sudden drop of drilling rods, etc…) de-
any borehole). Greater depths should usually be investigated in some of scription of the depth interval and field observations shall be included.
the exploration points to assess the settlement conditions and possible Boreholes should be carefully backfilled, concreted or grouted up. Trial
ground water problems subject to the specialist recommendation. For excavations should be outside the proposed foundation areas.
rafts, the depth of in-situ tests or borings should normally be equal to the
1.2.9 Geological stratum or design borehole must clarify the thickness of each
foundation width.
soil layer with the characteristic properties.
1.2.4 Normally exploration should be undertaken below all deposits that may
1.2.10 At the top of Sand stratum, and thereafter at 1 m intervals of depth, a
be unsuitable for foundations purposes, e.g. made ground and weak
standard penetration test should be carried out as per Fig. (1.2). For Rock
compressible soils, including weak strata overlain by a layer of higher
layers, Continuous rotary core sampling should be used as shown in Fig.
bearing capacity. If rock is found, a penetration of at least 3.00 m in more
(1.3). Correlation between SPT Blows & Sand Relative Density is as per
than one borehole may be required to establish whether bedrock or a
Table (1.1).
boulder has been encountered.
1.2.5 For piled foundations, the borings, penetration tests or other in-situ tests
should normally be performed to explore the ground conditions to such
83.5-kg Drop Standard penetration Test (SPT)
depth that ensures the design certainty. The exploration depth below the Hammer P&D ASTM D 1586
pile toe level normally taken as 5 times the diameter of the pile shaft or Repeatedly
Falling 0.78m
5.00 m whichever is greater. However, there will be cases when substan- Need to Correct reference
AnvII energy eficiency of 60%
tially deeper soundings or borings are needed subject to the specialist (ASTM D 4633)
advice. It is also a requirement that the investigation depth shall be at Borehole
Drill Rod
least equal to the width of the rectangle circumscribing the group of piles (”N” or
forming the foundation measured downward from the pile toes level. *A” Type)
Note: Occasional
Split-Barrel Fourth Increment Used
1.2.6 The greater the natural variability of the ground, the greater the extent of (Drive) Sampler to provide additional
(Thick Hollow
the ground investigation required to obtain an indication of the character Tube):
soft material
of the growoints to establish the overall geological structure. The lateral O.D. = 50mm
I.D. = 35mm
and vertical extent of the investigation should cover all ground that may L = 780mm
per 0.3 meters Soothing

be significantly affected by the new works or their construction. An inten-
Hollow sampler Driven in

Q 15m Q 15m Q 15m
3 successive increments
sive investigation can only reduce uncertainties.
First Increment SPT Resistance (N-value)
N = No. of Blows
or “ Blow Counts” is total
1.2.7 Boreholes coordinates (x, y) as well as the levels referred to DMD to be number of blows to drive
Second Increment
presented on the site layout. The site layout should reflect the essential sampler last 300mm
(or blows per feet).
data such as the plot limits, legend, north direction, neighbouring struc- Third Increment
tures, traffic, utilities, vegetation, hazardous chemicals …etc as shown in
Fig. (1.1). Schematic presentation of an standarf Penetration Test
1.2.8 Suitably qualified and experienced geotechnical engineer should nor-
mally be responsible for recording the information obtained from the
borehole as it arises at field; this should include a measured record of Fig. (1.2): Procedures for Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
strata, with simple soil and rock descriptions. The driller in charge of an
individual drilling rig should be skilled in the practice of exploration of
the ground by means of boreholes, simple sampling and testing, making
groundwater observations in boreholes, and properly recording the in-
14 15
1.2.15 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) MN/m2 (Minimum of Two

Standard Static Cone Angle of samples for each rock layer especially when pile foundation is used, ena-
Relative Penetration Resistance Internal
State of Density Resistance Friction bling the structural designer for calculations of the socket friction and
(qc )
Packing (N) ( ) end bearing). Table (1.4) indicates Rock Fracture State, Table (1.5) indi-
Tsf or cates Rock Strength Classification & Table (1.6) indicates Sandstone /
Percent Blows / ft kgf/cm 2 Degrees
Conglomerate Properties.
Very Loose < 20 <4 < 20 < 30 1.2.16 Pressure meter/dilatometer test, Fig. (1.4), must be done if the soil stiff-
Loose 20 - 40 4 - 10 20 - 40 30 - 35
Compact 40 - 60 10 - 30 40 - 120 35 - 40 ness values versus depths are required as and when soil stratum is mod-
Dense 60 - 80 30 - 50 120 - 200 40 - 45 elled using advanced material model through finite element analysis of
Very Dense > 80 >50 > 200 > 45
the geotechnical structure. Table (1.7) indicates Elastic Parameters for
Various Soils.
Table (1.1): Correlation between SPT Blows & Sand Relative Density
1.2.17 Piezo Cone Penetration Test for reclaimed soil.
Conductor cable
Logger/Recorder
Cable Head
Head Reducer
Winch
Upper Geophone
Lower Geophone
Fig. (1.3): Rock Core
Borehole Fluid
Filter Tube
1.2.11 Soil identification, including Atterberg limits; sieve analysis; moisture
content and sulfate content tests should be performed for each soil as
Source
per the attached soil classification system in Table (1.2).
Source Driver
1.2.12 c kN/m2 (cohesion of soil) and (angle of internal shearing resistance)
by providing direct shear test (Minimum of Two Samples for each layer). Weight
Correlations to be as per Table (1.3). Overall Length
1.2.13 Unit weight of soil ( s) kN/m3 (above and below the ground water table).
Correlations to be as per Table (1.3).
Concept illustrataion of P.S logging system
1.2.14 Active, passive, and at rest earth pressure coefficients (ka, kp, and ko).
Correlations to be as per Table (1.3).
Fig. (1.4). Pressure meter / Dilatometer Test
16 17
Term RQD (%)

Very Poor 0 - 25
Poor 25 - 50
Fair 50 - 75
Good 75 -110
Excellent 90 -100
Table (1.4): Rock Fracture State
Unconfined
Term Field definition compressive
strength(MN/m)
Very weak Gravel size lumps can be crushed between finger and thumb. <1.25
Weak Gravel size lumps can be broken in half by heavy hand pressure. 1.25 to 5
Moderately weak Only thin slabs, corners or edges can be broken off with heavy hand 5 to 12.5
* indicates term to be used as suffix with the principal soil type pressure
*** indicates that soil can be classified as SAND/GRAVEL depending on the engineering behavior of the soil
Moderately strong When held in the hand rock can be broken by hammer blows. 12.5 to 50
Plasticity Chart for classification of Fine Soils
Strong When resting on a solid surface, rock can be broken by hammer blows. 50 to 100
Low priority range Intermediate High Very High Extremely High
L I H V E Very strong Rock chipped by heavy hammer blows. 100 to 200
Extremely strong Rock rings on hammer blows. Only broken by sledgehammer. <200
Table (1.5): Rock Strength Classification

Plasticity index %
Parameters Sandstone Conglomerate

Dry Density (Mg/m 3 ) 1.35 to 1.83 3.14 to 5.15
Unconfined Compressive 0.81 to 3.18 1.50 to 1.63
Strength (MN/m2 )
Table (1.6): Sandstone / Conglomerate Properties

Liquid Limit, %
Reference: BS:5930.1999
Type of Soil Modulus of Elasticity (MN/m 3) Poisson's Ratio

Table (1.2): Soil Classification System
Loose Sand 10.35 - 24.15 0.20 - 0.40
Soil Parameters Loose to Medium Dense to Medium Dense Sand 17.25 - 27.60 0.25 - 0.40
dense to Engineered
Medium dense very dense fill
dense Dense Sand 34.50 - 55.20 0.30 - 0.45
Bulk Density (Mg/m 3 ) 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.0 Silty Sand 10.35 - 17.25 0.20 - 0.40
Submerged Density (Mg/m3 ) 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0
Sand and Gravel 60.00 - 172.50 0.15 - 0.35
Internal Friction Phi (degrees) 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40 > 40
Soft Clay 4.10 - 20.70
Coefficients of lateral earth
pressures K0 0.58 - 0.50 0.36 Medium Clay 20.70 - 41.40 0.20 - 0.50
0.50 - 0.43 0.43 - 0.36
Ka 0.44 - 0.33 0.33 - 0.27 0.33 - 0.22 0.22 Stiff Clay 41.40 - 96.60
Kp 2.46 - 3.00 3.00 - 3.60 3.00 - 4.50 4.50
Table (1.7): Elastic Parameters for Various Soils

Table (1.3): Soil Properties Correlations
18 19
1.2.18 All equipments, materials and procedure associated with the geotechni- - BS 1377. Part 2: 1990 Method 8.3 for Specific Gravity (Particle
cal work should comply with the latest editions of relevant standards and Density). Method soil samples to be prepared according to BS
codes of practice as listed: 1377, Part 1 1990, clauses 7.3 & 7.4.4.
- BS 5930: 1999 British Code of Practice for site investigation. - BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 5.2(Acid Extract) / (Water
Extract). For Test Method: BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd./9028) Cl.
- BS 8002-1994 British Code of Practice for Earth retaining struc-
5.5 (Water Extract / Acid Extract). Sulphate Content of Soil: For
tures
Sample Preparation.
- BS 6031-1981 British Code of Practice for Earth works
- BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 7.2.3 (Water Extract) /
- BS 8004-1986 British Code of Practice for Foundations 7.3.3 (Acid Extract). For Test Method: BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd.
9028/96) Cl. 7.2 (Water Extract) / 7.3 (Acid Extract). Chloride
- ASTM Volume 4.08 “Soil & Rock”, where applicable.
Content of Soil: For Sample Preparation.
- ASTM D 2938-95 for Unconfined Compressive Strength and
- BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 9.4. For Test Method:
sample comply with ASTM D 4543 – 08, Cl.3.1.
BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl 9.5. pH of Soil: For
- BS 1377-1990 Methods of tests for Soils for civil engineering Sample Preparation.
purposes
- BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 5.4. For Test Method:
- BS1377-9:1990, 3.3 for standard penetration test. BS 1377: Part 3; 1990 (AMD. 9028/96) Cl. 5.5. Sulphate Content
of Ground Water: For Sample Preparation.
- BS 1377-9:1990, 4.1 for plate load test.
- BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (AMD. 9028/96) Cl. 5.4. For Test Method:
- BS 1377-9:1990, 2.1 and 2.2”, Core cutter methods “BS 1377-
BS 1377: Part 3 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 7 (Mohr Method). Chlo-
9:1990, 2.4”, Water replacement method “BS 1377-9:1990, 2.3”,
ride Content of Ground Water: For Sample Preparation.
Rubber ballon method “ASTM D 2167-08” and Nuclear methods
“BS 1377-9:1990, 2. For soils bulk densities, Sand replacement - BS 1377: Part 3: 1990. Gypsum Content.
method “
- BS 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) CI.9.4. Test Method: 8S
- BS 1377:1990 Part 3 AMD 9028/96 C l.5, Cl.7 & C1.9 for Chemical 1377: Part 3: 1990 (Amd. 9028/96) Cl. 9.5. pH of Ground Water:
Analysis of Soil and Water. For Sample Preparation.
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 AMD 9027, Method 3 for moisture content. - BS 1377: Part 3: 1990, Cl.6 (Amd. 9028/96) - Determination of the
Carbonate Content .
- BS 1377:1990 Part 1 Cl.7.3 AMD 8258/95 for Particle Size Analysis
and BS 1377:1990 Part 2 Cl.9.2 AMD 9027/96 for test method. - BS 1377 : Part 3 : 1990, Cl.3 (Amd. 9028/96) - Determination of
the Organic Matter Content. Table (1.8) is for Carbonate Classifi-
cation System
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 AMD 9027, Method 4.3 for liquid limit for
- ASTM D 5731-02 - Determination of the Point Load Strength Index
clayey soils.
of Rock
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 AMD 9027, Method 5 for plastic limit and
- BS 1377: Part 7: 1990, Cl.4 (Amd.8262/94) - Determination of
plasticity index for clayey soils.
Shear Strength by direct Shear (small shear box apparatus)
- BS 1377:1990 Part 2 Cl. 6.5.4 for linear shrinkage.
- ASTM D 2664-04 -Standard Test Method for Tri-axial Compres-
- BS 1377: 1990 Part 4 Cl. 7 for CBR tests. sive Strength of Un-drained Rock Core Specimens without pore
Pressure Measurements.
20 21
- ASTM D 3148-02 - Standard Test Method for Elastic modulii of the subsurface explorations.
intact rock core specimen in uni-axial compression.
1.2.23 Presenting the ground or subsurface conditions and the geology of the
- Where conflicts exist, the most stringent specification should be site through the findings of the boreholes giving full details of the strata
applied. encountered on boreholes Logs having an accurate classification of
INCREASING GRAIN SIZE OF PARTICULATE DEPOSITS
the soils according to BS 5930:1999. The boreholes Logs must indicate
0.002mm 0.06mm 2mm 60mm the necessary figures that describing the relative density of the coarse
Carbonate MUD (carb. clay) Carbonate SILT Carbonate SAND Carbonate GRAVEL
90 grained-soils and the quality and the strength of rock such as:
Clayey Carbonate MUD Siliceous Carbonate Siliceous Carbonate Siliceous Carbonate
(carbonate clay) SILT SAND GRAVEL • Standard Penetration Test (S.P.T) with cone or without. Fig. (1.2)
50
Calcareous Silica SILT Calcareous Silica SAND Calcareous Silica GRAVEL
Calcareous CLAY • Water content (W.C.) for cohesive soils.
10
CLAY Silica SILT Silica SAND Silica GRAVEL
CALCILUTITE(carb.mudstone) CALCISILTITE(carb.siltstone) CALCARENITE(carb.mudstone) CALCIRUDITE(carb.congl. or breccia) • Liquid Limit (L.L.) for cohesive soils.
90
INCR EAS ING LITHIFICATION
• Plastic Limit (P.L.) for cohesive soils.
TOTOAL CAR B ONATE CONTENT

Clayey CALCILUTITE Siliceous CALCILUTITE Siliceous CALCARENITE Siliceous CALCIRUDITE
50
• Unit weight of soil ( s) above and below the ground water table.
Calcareous CLAYSTONE Calcareous SILTSTONE Calcareous SANDSTONE Calcareous CONGOLOMERATE
10
Table (1.3).
CLAYSTONE SILTSTONE SANDSTONE CONGLOMERATE or BRECCIA
Fine grained LIMESTONE Detrital LIMESTONE 90 • Sieve analysis of soils.
Fine grained Fine grained Siliceous Detrital Conglomeratic LIMESTONE
Argilaceous LIMESTONE Siliceous LIMESTONE LIMESTONE • Hydrometer analysis for soils having %fines greater than 10%.
50
Calcareous CLAYSTONE Calcareous SILTSTONE Calcareous SANDSTONE Calcareous CONGOLOMERATE • Free Swell (F.S.) for swelling soils.
10
CLAYSTONE SILTSTONE SANDSTONE CONGLOMERATE or BRECCIA • Rock Quality Designation (RQD) for rock soils. Table (1.4)
CRYSTALLINE LIME STONE or MARBLE
50
• Total and Solid Core Recovery (TCR & SCR) for rock soils. Fig.
(1.3).
Conventional metamorphic nomenclature applies in this section
• Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) for rock soils. Table (1.6)
• Point load tests on rock samples.
Approximate
Compressive
Uncontined
Hard to
Strenth
Very soft moderately strong strong to

to hard moderately weak to strong extremenly strong
(<36 to 300kn/m2) (0.3 to 12.5 MN/mn2) (12.5 to 100MN/m2) (70 to > 240MN/m2) • Pressure meter test. Fig (1.4)
• And other any specialized tests that may be specified in the
induration
Degree of
Non-indurated Slightly indurated Moderately indurated Highly indurated project specification including:
- Instrumented UCS tests to measure the small local
Table (1.8): Carbonate Classification System modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Table (1.7).
1.2.19 Performing engineering analysis of field and laboratory findings. - UU and CD tri-axial compression tests on soil and weak
rock, including instrumented tests for local modulus de-
1.2.20 The visual description of the geotechnical engineer at site for soil samples termination. Table (1.7).
and procedures used for sampling, transportation and storage.
- Consolidation tests on cohesive soils.
1.2.21 Method of sampling the undisturbed, Split Spoon (for SPT) for disturbed
samples. Fig. (1.2). - Collapse potential tests on upper sand within the upper
zone of un-saturation.
1.2.22 Tabulation of quantities of field and laboratory work, presentation of field
observations which were made by the supervising field personnel during
22 23
= 44.6
S= 100
Shear stress (k Pa)

20 = 9.8
(
100%
Maz. Dry
Dry Unit Weight,

15 Unit Weight
80% cv =36.2
70% 50
10 Measured
SECTION: 1 GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES & REGULATIONS SECTION: 1 GEOTECHNICAL GUIDELINES
5
Optimum
& REGULATIONS
at varying
moisture
Moisture contents
opt 0
0 Content, w
0 50 100 150 200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Water Content, w (%) Normal stress (k Pa) 1 mm = 0.03in
b) Shear strenghts envelopes 1 kPa = 0.145 lbf/in2
- Borehole Log must confirm scale, sample key, legend
for type of soil, ends of stratum and ground water table
(kg/cm2)
level. 600
Sample No: NU1
1.2.24 Stating the depths range at which the ground water table was encoun- 500 4
tered and to show if the ground water table is subjected to tidal weather A = 8.5
2
Stress on piston, pst

400
seasonal variations or by artificial induced effects. Therefore reconfir- B c = 1.10
0
mation is recommended prior to any works related to the ground water 300
1 2 4 6 8 10 (kg/cm2)
regime. Standpipe peizometers to be installed inside minimum two bore-
(kg/cm2)
200
Sample No: NU2
holes for each site after drilling and cleaning of drilling mud by clean
100
water flushing for monitoring the ground water depth. 4
0 2 = 5.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1.2.25 Conducting a number of field permeability tests (Falling head for soil and c = 1.90
0 0.1 0.2
packer tests for consolidated and rock material) to measure the conduc- 0
1 2 4 6 8 10 (kg/cm2)
PENETRATION, INCHES
tivity of ground materials.
1.2.26 Earth profile must be plotted using the findings of boreholes in different
Fig. (1.6): Describing Soil Properties
ground sections as per Fig. (1.5).
1.2.27 Mentioning all the field and laboratory tests achieved in details and il-
lustrating the results properly as per Fig. (1.6).
BH.1
18.00m
BH.2
18.00m
BH.3
18.00m
BH.4
18.00m
BH.5
16.00m
BH.6
37.00m BH.7 1.2.28 Chemical analysis to study the possible susceptibility of foundation con-
GROUND FILL GROUND FILL GROUND FILL GROUND FILL
crete to aggressive in-situ conditions and corrosivity and thereby to de-
GROUND FILL GROUND FILL
SAND SAND
SAND
termine the concrete mix specifications by determining pH, Sulphur Triox-
SAND
SAND SAND SAND SAND SAND
ide and Chloride content of the soils and ground water. Minimum number
SANDSTONE SANDSTONE SANDSTONE SANDSTONE
to be considered should be three soil samples from above the ground
CONGLIMERATE
CONGLIMERATE
CONGLIMERATE
CONGLIMERATE CONGLIMERATE
water table, and three ground water samples for each plot.
CALCISILTITE CALCISILTITE CALCISILTITE CALCISILTITE CALCISILTITE
1.2.29 Recommendations for choice and the type of foundation based on the
geotechnical study carried out by the geotechnical engineer and the local
BOREHOLE CROSS SECTION experience in the area.
Fig. (1.5). Earth Profile 1.2.30 Information about the seismicity of the area; Soil Profile Type to be con-
sidered in the seismic analysis according to (Table 16-J) as per UBC 1997,
Volume 2, ‘Structural Engineering Design Provisions’, Division IV ‘Earth-
Compacation Curve 150
30 ZAV = zero air void curve peak = 4 3.4 quake Design’. Conduct a representative downhole / cross hole seismic
(kN/m3)
25
(G 8 = 2.70)
Nonlinear logging test(s), Fig. (1.7), for an appropriate number of boreholes based
= 4 4 .6
S= 100 on the area of the site and geologic variations, to measure the shear and
Shear stress (k Pa)
20 = 9.8
Maz. Dry 100%
primary seismic wave profiles and dynamic soil / rock parameters. Table
Dry Unit Weight,
15 Unit Weight 80% cv =3 6.2

10
70% 50 (1.9) is for UBC 1997 Soil Profile Class Estimation.
Measured
Optimum at varying
5
Moisture
moisture
contents
1.2.31 Liquefaction analysis in case of reclaimed soil: (CPTU is highly recom-
opt 0
0 Content, w mended).
0 50 100 150 200
0 5 10 15 20 25
Water Content, w (%) Normal stress (k Pa) 1 mm = 0.03in
b) Shear strenghts envelopes 1 kPa = 0.145 lbf/in2
Fig. (1.6): Describing Soil Properties

(kg/cm2)
Sample No: NU1

600
24 500 4 25
A = 8.5
2
ston, pst
400
B c = 1.10
1.2.32 Calculation of cyclic stress ratio (CSR, earthquake “Load”) induced in the
soil by earthquake. The ground motion parameters are: UBC zone class:
Well 2A, Richter Magnitude M=6.0 & maximum ground acceleration a=0.225g
at ground level or 0.15g at cap rock level (Amplification Factor = 1.5)
Ground Surfaces unless otherwise specified by the main developer.
1.2.33 Calculation of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR, soil “strength”) based on
in-situ test data from SPT (Seed & Idriss) or CPT method (1996 NCEER
ve
workshop on Liquefaction Evaluation).
t Wa
Direc
1.2.34 Evaluation of liquefaction potential by calculating the factor of safety
Lower Reciver against liquefaction from the earthquake load and soil strength.
2m 1.2.35 [F.S. = CRR/ (1.2-1.5) CSR]. There are a potential for liquefaction if the F.S.
Downhole Hydrone
Upper Reciver
less than unity, the layer is susceptible to liquefy and the ground densifi-
cation or mitigation measures are needed.
1.2.36 Estimation of liquefaction induced settlement.
Fig. (1.7). Standard Down Hole Seismic 1.3 RECOMMENDATIONS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE SOIL INVESTIGATION
Shear Wave REPORT:
Soil/Rock Velocity SPT UCT Range Soil Profile Type
Description (m/s) Range (Kpa) 1.3.1 EXCAVATION WORKS: Excavation works should be carried out in
Hard Rock 1500 - - SA accordance with good construction practice and following BS 6031:2009
Rock 760 to 1500- - SB “Code of Practice for Earthworks”. Recommendations for excavation of
Very Dense SC rock for cases of deep excavations should be provided. Fig. (1.8).
Soil & Soft Rock 360 to 760 > 50 100
Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100 SD
23 q=100kps
Soft Soil Profile 180 <15 50 SE 21
31
22
Soil Requiring Site - Specific Evaluation SF 20

50 30
33
19 90 3
SPT: Standard Penetration Test on Soil 1718 18 Roack ArmourCole Maloe 34 35 36 38 37
UCT: Unconfined Compressive Strength Test on Rock 7 8 9 10 11 14 15
16
27 52 5354 55 50 57 40 5040
12 13 44 25 18 5050 51 4
Hence, the following coefficent can be adopeted: 48 26 484748 66 72 55 74 87
52 70 64 64
For very dense SAND and soft rock, the soil Profile Type is Sc
82 81
In addition, the following other parameters can be considered:
7
The Seismic Coefficients C vand C acan be considered with depending on the Bedrock
Seismic
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Zone Factor (Z):
Soil Profile Type Swismic Zone Factor Z=0.15
SA SB SC SD SE Fig. (1.8): Safe angle for open excavation
Swismic Coefficient 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.30
Ca
Swismic Coefficient 0.12 0.15 0.25 0.32 0.50 1.3.2 OPEN EXCAVATION AND PROTECTION: Where space permits and
Cv
above the water table, sides of the excavation would be necessary to be
Hence, the following coefficients can be adopted also:
For Soil Profile Type SD, The Seismic Coefficient Ca is 0.22 battered. The CIRIA Report No. 97 “Trenching Practice” recommends a
For Soil Profile Type SD, The Seismic Coefficient C is 0.32 maximum safe temporary slope of 35 degrees to the horizontal. Recom-
mendations for the safe angle for open excavation in different related soil
Table (1.9): UBC 1997 Soil Profile Class Estimation
26 27
and / or rock materials are to be provided, in accordance to related tech- 1.3.5 DEWATERING: Care should be taken during dewatering to ensure that
nical guidelines and local requirements. fines are not removed during pumping since this could result in unpre-
dicted settlements of the surrounding ground and associated structures.
1.3.3 BACKFILL MATERIALS AND COMPACTION CRITERIA: The material
used for backfilling purpose (Maximum 2.00 m thickness) shall be of - Fig. (1.10) Indicates Surface Dewatering System (French Drains).
selected fill composed of sand/granular mixture free from organic
- Fig. (1.11) Indicates Well Point Dewatering System
materials or other deteriorates substances. The Plasticity Index of the
backfill material shall not exceed 10%. The maximum particle size of back- - Fig. (1.12) Indicates Deep Wells Dewatering System.
fill material shall not exceed 75m and the percentage passing 75m Sieve
- Fig. (1.13) Shows the Well Pit Details during running dewatering
shall not exceed 20%. The organic materials content should not exceed
and after dewatering
2% and the water soluble salt content shall not exceed 5%. The backfill
materials shall be placed in layers of thickness 150mm to 250 mm and - Fig. (1.14) Indicates the Details of Dewatering Deep Well
to be compacted to not less than 95% of the maximum dry density. The
specialist must state whether the material available in site could be used
for general backfilling or not after performing the necessary analysis.
Sand cone test may be carried out to determine the degree of compac-
tion while the plate load test (as per ASTM D1195/D1195M– 09) also is an 50-100 cm
acceptable test where the bearing capacity corresponds to the allowable

settlement will be confirmed.
3/8 Aggregate fill
1.3.4 RETAINING STRUCTURES: The specialist must recommend the most
80-100 om
preferable shoring system, Fig. (1.9), (if required) as well as the soil pa- 100-150 mmPVC Slotted Pipe
rameters to be adopted for the design as per Table (1.3). Geo Textile Wrap
Step Walls Concrete Water

Seal above
Ground
Final Excavation Level
Complicated
Ground
Typical Section of French Drain System

Deadman
and Helix
Brace Raker and
above Fixed Tieback
Ground Length Anchor
Fig. (1.10): Surface Dewatering System (French Drains)
E-80
ah Cooper
av External Railroad
Force
Surcharge Different on Wall
and Lagging
Limited Embedment Earthquake Spacing
due to bedrock
Fig. (1.9): Shoring Systems
28 29
Installation level
FLEXIBLE PIPE
Diaphragm wall shoring
Deep well
Installation level
Diaphragm wall shoring
Deep well
Anmored cable Discharge Hose
GROUND LEVEL
Deep well
Submersipie Pump
First Stage
Anmored cable Discharge Hose
PVC WELL POINT PLASTIC PIPE
Fig. (1.12):
Deep well
Discharge Deep Wells
to approved point Dewatering System
Submersipie Pump
First Stage
Discharge buried 30 cm below excavation level (if required).

AGGREGRATE AROUND
WELL POINT PIPE Trench
Discharge to approved point
WELL POINT PIPE
Final excavation level

FILTER OF
1 METER
Well pit
Discharge buried 30 cm below excavation level (if required).
Anmored cable Trench

Discharge hose
Diaphram Wall
Well pit
CONNECTION OF PVC WELL POINT PIPE Deep well
Submersibia pump
TO THE STEEL HEADER PIPE Inner
Well Discharge
face
Anmored cable Final Stage

Discharge hose
Fig. (1.11): Well Point Dewatering System Diaphram Wall
Deep well
Submersibia pump
Inner
face Well Discharge
Final Stage
Fig. (1.12): Deep Wells Dewatering System
30 31
To Main Line Installation level

DEWATERING WELL
Water Prooling Flowmeter
RAFT membrane RAFT Internal tube for
Platform measurement fi 40 PVC
Well caslng( 400-450mm Dla)
1600mm
Smooth External tube for
Bored hole(800-1000mm) Steel Tube measurement fi 40 PVC
Smooth Tube
R.c.c Discharge from pump
pipe entry form
deep well open 600mm Tube of
Repression
Filing Calibrate Filtration Gravel
Depth
block work Filter material(3/8 Aggregate)
400mm
P.C.C
100mm Internal tube for
measurement fi 40 PVC
200mm 80mm Perforated
Steel Tube
TYPICAL WELL PIT External tube for
PERFORMED TUBE
Submersible pump measurement fi 40 PVC
(Dewatering runing,well pit open)
Excavation Excavation
800-800mm
W.T. W.T.
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF External Tube
Fig. (1.13): Well Pit Details (Running / Finished) DEEP WELL Well Toe & Tube
Stopper
Fig. (1.14): Details of Dewatering Deep Well
Water Proofing TO MAIN LINE Installation level

Raft Raft
Initial Water Table level
Genaral P.c.c 1600mm
R.c.c
Deep Well Closed
600mm
Fitting
Block Work H
Final Water Table Level after drawdown

P.c.c
100MM
Drawdown curve
80MM
200MM h Level of water retalned in the well
WELL PIT DETAILS
(Dewatering finished,wellpit closed)(Building Contractor)

hw
Fig. (1.14): Details of Dewatering Deep Well

Fig. (1.13): Well Pit Details (Closed)
32 33
1.3.6 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

- The foundation level should be in compliance with the architec-
1 PILE 2 PILE 3 PILE 4 PILE 5 PILE 6 PILE
tural requirements.
- Net allowable bearing pressure to be determined considering
shallow foundations at the foundation level using practical ex-
perience and the results obtained from the field standard pen- 7 PILE 8 PILE 9 PILE 10 PILE
etrations tests, the empirical equations developed by Terzhagi-
Peck/Merehof and modified by Bowles considering a proper FOS
against shear failure of the soil.
- Using the calculated allowable bearing pressure value, the total 11 PILE 12 PILE 13 PILE
settlement for isolated/strip footing and raft foundation shall be

within 25mm & 50mm respectively. The differential settlements
should be indicated.
- The proposed foundation recommendations must ensure that an 14 PILE 15 PILE 16 PILE
adequate safety factor against likely uplift pressure established

based on selected Design GW level is satisfactory to local author- Fig. (1.15): Piles Distribution
ity and / or project requirements particularly when basement
vertical and lateral stiffness for the adopted pile cut off levels
floor(s) exist.
and penetration depths. Lateral stiffness shall be based on cyclic
- Modulus of sub-grade reaction ks (kN/m3) shall be indicated in conditions. The assessment of pile group effects on vertical and
the soil report when the raft foundation is recommended. lateral stiffness shall be performed by the foundation design En-
gineer.
- The foundation ground must be proof rolled with vibratory com-
pactor to confirm that any loose materials are compacted to not - For bored cast-in-situ piles, settlements of the order of 1% of the
less than 95% of the maximum dry density obtained by perform- pile diameter is normally required to mobilize full skin friction
ing modified Procktor test. whereas full bearing is developed at much higher settlements
(usually at 10% of pile diameter). Therefore, it is recommended
- The specialist should confirm in writing that the undesirable that the pile capacity shall be based on full skin friction and
materials have been removed, the foundation ground has been partial end bearing.
inspected and the recommended bearing capacity corresponding
to the foundation depth is properly achieved. - Where the borehole depth is not satisfactory for the design, ad-
ditional boreholes should be carried out to the required depth to
1.3.7 PILE FOUNDATIONS reconfirm the continuity of the strata.
- The soil report should propose the suitable type of pile to be 1.3.8 FOUNDATION CONCRETE
used, the allowable working loads in compression and tension
considering minimum factor of safety of 2.5. Piles spacing should Concrete mix design should consider strictly the chemical analysis data
be recommended in the piling recommendations Minimum 2.5 for both soil and water and to be in line with Trakhees Construction
the pile diameter, Fig. (1.15). It should be noted that the minimum Materials Quality Control Guidelines.
pile toe level should be at least at depth of two times the diam- 1.3.9 LIQUIFACTION:
eter of pile socketed in the hard strata in order to consider this
strata in the design. The likely liquefaction induced effects are:
- The geotechnical report shall include an estimate of single pile - Settlement.
34 35
- Surface manifestation.
- Lateral spreading or land sliding.
- Loss of bearing capacity for shallow foundation.
- Loss of lateral soil stiffness
1.4 Soil Improvement Guidelines

POUNDER
1.4.1 Soil liquefaction improvement techniques may be characterized as den-
sification, drainage, reinforcement, mixing, replacement, Vibro Compac-
PATH # 2 1 2 1 2 1
tion, Vibro replacement (Vibro Stone Columns), deep dynamic compac-
tion and compaction jet grouting. WORK PLATFORM
• Wick drains, Fig. (1.16), are also an accepted technique whenever

COMPACTED SOIL LOOSE SOIL
a permanent dewatering is provided. However, the use of this
technique should be evaluated with extreme caution.
FIRM BASE
• Fig. (1.17) Shows the method statement of the dynamic compac-
tion and in Fig. (1.18) Comparison between dynamic and vibro
compaction is presented with respect to tip resistance along
Fig. (1.17): Method Statement of Dynamic Compaction
depth.
DYNAMIC COMPACTION VIBRO COMPACTION
HYWARD
BAKER
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
0 2
2 4
4 6
6
8 8
10 10
12 12
14 14
16
16 18
18 20
20
Fig. (1.18): Comparison between Dynamic & Vibro Compaction
Fig. (1.16): Wick Drains Technique
36 37
• Range of soil (particle size-sieve analysis) suitable for vibratory

techniques are zoned in Fig. (1.19) Indicating the best improve- Dynaminc Replacement
Controlled Modulus Coloumns
Stone Columns
ment technique suitable for such soil. Fig. (1.20) Shows the most +
suitable techniques for both cohesive and granular soils. Preload
• The prices per cubic meters of the treated soil with respect to
depth for surface compaction, dynamic compaction and deep
vibro compaction are presented in Fig. (1.21) to ease the decision
+80-100 in
for the proposed improvement technique with respect to cost for +25-36 in
granular soils COHESIVE SOILS: Clays, Sites, Peats
Range of soils suitable for vibratory techniques

100% Vibroflocation Dynamic Compression
90%
80%
70% Compressive Soil

60%
50%
D C B A
40%
GRANULAR SOILS: Gravel, Sand, Fill
30%
20% Fig. (1.20): The Most Suitable Improvement Techniques for both
10% Cohesive and Granular soils
0%
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Particle size (mm)
Price per
Zone A: The soils of this zone are very well compactable. 0 m3 treated soil
The right borderline indicates an empirically found limit

2
where the amount of cobbles and boulders prevents
compaction because the vibroprobe cannot reach the HEIC
4
compaction depth. (Impact Roller)
DC
Zone B: The soils in this zone are suited for Vibro Compaction. 6 (Weight Dropping)
They have a fines content of less than 10%. Vibro Compaction
8 (Depth Vibrator)
Zone C: Compaction is only possible by adding suitable back-
fill (Material from zones A or B) from the surface (stone
10
columns or sand columns).
Zone D: Stone columns are a solution for a foundation in these Treatment
Depth [m]
soils. There is a resulting increase in bearing capacity
and reduction on total and differential
Fig. (1.21): Cost Comparison for the Different Improvement
Fig. (1.19): Range of Soils Suitable for Vibratory Techniques Techniques for Granular Soils
38 39
1.4.1.a Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction)

The Vibro Compaction technique, Fig. (1.22), is most suitable for
medium to coarse grained Sand with less than 10 % material finer
Penetration
than 63 m and clay content (particle size less than 0.002 mm) of The vibroprobe penetrates to the required
less than 2%. Cohesive soils consisting of silt and clay material depth by vibration and jetting action of water
and/or air from bottom nozzle jets.
do not respond to vibratory compaction. The range of soils suit-
able for a vibratory technique is shown on, Fig. (1.19).
Compaction
The vibroprobe is retracted from the
maximum depth in approximately 0.5m
Follow up (V23) to 1m (V48) intervals. The in situ sand
tube or gravel is flowing towards the vibroprobe.
Coupling
Electric Motor
Backfill
Bearing The compaction is achieved either with
backfill from the top or with in situ soil only.
Eccentric
Nose Cone
Fig. (1.23): Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction)
48 mm amplitude Method Statement
Penetration Compaction Backfilling

1.4.1.b Dynamic Compaction
Dynamic compaction, Fig. (1.24), involves lifting and dropping a

Fig. (1.22): Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction) Technique
heavy weight several times in one place. The process is repeated
on a grid pattern across the site. Trials indicate that the masses
in the range 5 to 10 tones and drops in the range 5 to 10m are ef-
• The Vibro Compaction can increase the in situ density. fective for compacting loose sand.
Increase in soil density is achieved through compaction
by an applied static or dynamic stress. The advantage of
Vibro compaction is to mitigate liquefaction for depths
up to 20.00m.
• The compaction pattern shall be proposed on a trian-
gular pattern with maximum grid dimensions of (3.00 h
– 5.00) m or as recommended by the specialist. Smaller
spacing may be tried in case of not reaching the specific m
test result. The re-compaction may be required in case of
where compaction criteria have not achieved. Fig. (1.23)
shows the vibrocompaction method statement.
Fig. (1.24): Dynamic Compaction Technique
40 41
1.4.1.c Soil Replacement
Vibro-Replacement Stone Columns: Vibro-replacement stone

columns, Fig. (1.25), improve the resistance of cohesionless soils
to liquefaction by several mechanisms. The primary mechanism
of treatment is the densification of the native soil. Secondary
benefits may also come from the reinforcing effects of the stone
columns (e.g.,. they are usually stiffer than the surrounding
soil), an increase in the in-situ horizontal stress (e.g., due to the
packing of stone in the column), and the drainage of earthquake-
induced pore water pressures through the stone columns.
Vibro-displacement method uses compressed air to displace the
soil laterally as a probe is advanced through the weak strata.
Backfill is placed in to the hole in stages as the probe is incre-
mentally withdrawn and lowered again to compact the fill. This
process, also known as the ‘dry method’, forms a stone column.
The columns are typically smaller in diameter than the ‘wet’ Fig. (1.26): Deep Mixing (Soil Mixing) Technique
method and are used in the stiffer soils.
Typically, the reagent is delivered in a slurry form (i.e. combined
with water), although dry delivery is also possible. Depending on
the soil to be mixed, the volume of slurry necessary ranges from
20 to 30 percent by volume. Can be a variety of materials includ-
ing: Cement (Type I through V), Fly ash, Ground Blast Furnace
Slag, Lime, Additives.
No single tool will be the best for all soil types and, for this reason,
mix tools are often developed for individual projects. Considera-
tions include: soil type and available turning equipment, often
designed for particular site conditions, size ranges from 1.6 to
11.5-ft diameter, can be a combination of partial flighting, mix
blades, injection ports and nozzles, and shear blades.
Fig. (1.25): Vibro-replacement Stone Columns Technique
The in situ injection and mixing of cement into weak soils is be-
coming more common. Recent applications include liquefaction
1.4.1.d Soil Mixing
mitigation and the strengthening of weak cohesive soils adjacent
Soil Mixing, also known as the Deep Mixing Method, Fig.(1.26), to embankments, levees and bridge abutments.
is the mechanical blending of the in situ soil with cementitious
1.4.1.e Grouting
materials (reagent binder) using a hollow stem auger and paddle
arrangement. The intent of the soil mixing program is to achieve Grouting can stiffen and strengthen the soil layer by increas-
improved character, generally a design compressive strength or ing its density, increasing the lateral stresses, and acting as re-
shear strength and/or permeability. Soil mixing can also be used inforcement. Grouting may also be used to produce controlled
to immobilize and/or fixate contaminants as well as a treatment heaving of the ground surface to re-level a structure that has
system for chemical reduction to a more ‘friendly’ substrate been damaged by differential settlements.
42 43
There are different procedures or methods of grouting, Fig. (1.27), Cement Grouting, Fig. (1.29), also known as Slurry Grouting, is
that can be classified as; permeation (cement or chemical injec- the intrusion under pressure of flowable particulate grouts into
tion) grouting, compaction grouting, jet grouting. open cracks and voids and expanded fractures. Slurry Grout Ma-
terials may be Cement, Clay (Bentonite), Sand, Additives, Micro-
fine Cement, Fly Ash, Lime and Water
Upper Water/
Air jet
Lower Grout
jet
Hydrofracture Grouting Compoction Grouting Permeation Grouting Jet Grouting

(intrusion/Spliting) (Displacement) (Flow into (Portial Replacement/
Existing Pores) Mix in Place)
Fig. (1.27): Different procedures of Grouting Techniques
1.4.1.f Permeation Grouting
Structural chemical grouting is the permeation of sands with fluid

grouts to produce sandstone like masses to carry loads. Water Fig. (1.29): Cement Grouting (Slurry Grouting) Technique
control chemical grouting is the permeation of sands with fluid
grouts to completely fill void to control water flow. Permeation 1.4.1.g Compaction Grouting
grouting, Fig. (1.28) can be used for lagging operation, support of
footing, grouted tunnel support, grouted cut-off wall and grouted Compaction Grouting is the injection under relatively high pres-
pipeline support. sure of a very stiff, “zero slump” mortar grout to displace and
compact soils in place. The monitored injection of very stiff grout
into a loose sandy soil results in the controlled growth of a grout
bulb mass that displaces the surrounding soils as per Fig. (1.30).
This action increases lateral earth pressures and compacts the
soil, thereby increasing its resistance to liquefaction.
For Lagging Operation Support of Footing Grouted Tunnel Support
Competent Backfill Competent Backfill Competent Backfill

Loose Stratum Loose Stratum Loose Stratum
Firm to medium Stratum Firm to medium Stratum Firm to medium Stratum

Pit Excavation Below Grouted Cut-Off Wall Grouted Pipeline Support
Water
Fig. (1.30): Compaction Grouting Technique
Fig. (1.28): Permeation Grouting Technique
44 45
1.4.1.h Jet-Grout The parameters to be used will be designed and checked with
trial columns prior to start of the works. With jet grouting, it is
Jet-grout is the form of jet-grout column “soil-crete pile” by drill-
possible to treat a broad range of grounds, consisting of different
ing a hole specified with its length in the relevant design and then
type clays, loose sands and to overcome the drawbacks of the
by jetting with proper mixing and pumping equipment with the
other injection systems. It is a valid alternative to other consoli-
jetting parameters to achieve designed diameter.
dation systems such as dewatering, micro-piles, stone columns
Using a drilling rig holes between 400 to 700 mm diameters will etc.
be drilled down to required column depth. The drilling can be
1.4.2 Safety against liquefaction
carried out by traditional rotary or rotary percussive methods.
And then jetting will be done while dragging the drill set at a The hydraulic fill, loose, fine and saturated sands may undergo liquefac-
specified drag and revolution speed. tion (experience significant loss of strength due to build up of pore water
pressure and subsequent deformation in some locations under the cyclic
The rig must be equipped with automatically adjustable drag and
loading of earthquakes).
revolution speed controls. The jetting takes place at the bottom
of the drilling set at the special tool named “monitor” with one or The efficiency of the improvement done to mitigate the liquefaction could
two nozzles the diameter of which is from 1.5 mm to 3.0 mm de- be ensured from CPT readings (as per ASTM D 5778 or BS 1377: Part 9:
pending on the design parameters. The cement-water mix ejects Test 3.1 Amd 8264-95 and also SSMFE test Procedure for Cone Penetra-
from these nozzles at minimum pressure of 300 bars with 250 tion Test (IRTP), 1989 and updated 1997.) through pre and post-agreed
m/s jet speed. tests. The pre CPT shall be carried out every 900 m2 maximum, or as
per project specs, to compare the results with the post compaction CPT
Dragging the drilling set upwards with a pre-set dragging rate
results for the same area as per Fig. (1.31). The locations of post CPTs
while jetting is continued causes to destroy the natural struc-
shall be selected at the central points and/or at one third the maximum
ture of the soil and then mix the soil with cement-water mix at
distance between the improved points. Proper weighted average for near
very high pressure therefore forms a jet-grout column as per Fig.
and far tested points should be considered.
(1.31).
For deep foundations, the achievement of 8.0 MPa weighted average of
the tip resistance profile for the post compaction CPT is an accepted
criterion of the compaction efficiency.
For shallow foundations, one plate load test/structure to be carried out
(as per ASTM D1195/D1195M–09). The acceptance criteria shall be the
achieving of targeted bearing pressure of 150 kPa corresponds to
settlement of 25 mm maximum.
Fig. (1.31): Jet Grouting Technique
46 47
the FOS is less than unity, the layer is susceptible to liquefy and
the ground densification or mitigation measures are needed. The
accepted factor of safety shall be more than unity.
The GWT level selected for the liquefaction analysis shall repre-
sent selected design value by the consultant.
For CPT-Based liquefaction analysis, soil profiling according to
Robertson 1996, or similar method shall be performed to high-
light localities of high fines content.
Wherever liquefaction analysis is carried out with specialist com-
mercial software, a copy of the valid licence and updated manual
shall be submitted to ensure that the used methodology com-
plies with the specifications. Wherever a spread sheet was used,
a copy of the spread sheet shall be submitted with verification of
its accuracy (e.g solution of published problems, etc…).
Level survey to be submitted before and after improvement.
1.4.4 Evaluation of likely liquefaction induced Hazards
“Special Publication 117, GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND MIT-
IGATING SEISMIC HAZARDS IN CALIFORNIA”, adopted on March
1997 by the State Mining and Geology Board.
Fig. (1.32): Cone Penetration Test Readings The evaluation of likely liquefaction hazard shall be carried out
by competent and qualified geotechnical Engineer. The evalua-
1.4.3 Calculation theory: tion shall be based on the results of adequate number of filed
tests (preferably CPTU).
(Recommended Procedures for Implantation of DMG Special
Publication – 117 Guidelines for Analyzing and Mitigating Lique- Wherever, the analysis indicates significant liquefiable zones,
faction Hazards in California. Implementation Committee, March and then the site or part of it shall be recommended for further
1999- “Preliminary screening of Liquefaction” deep compaction.
Calculation of cyclic stress ratio (CSR, earthquake “Load”) Wherever, minor, localized liquefiable zones within limited depth
induced in the soil by earthquake. The ground motion param- were indicated, and then it is important to assess the likely
eters are: UBC zone class: 2A, (Richter Magnitude), M=6.0 & induced effects such as:
maximum ground acceleration a=0.225g at ground level or 0.15g
a) Liquefaction induced settlement of surface foun
at cap rock level (Amplification Factor = 1.5).
dations,
Calculation of cyclic resistance ratio (CRR, soil “strength”) based
b) Surface Manifestation,
on in-situ test data from SPT (Seed & Idriss) or CPT method (1996
NCEER workshop on Liquefaction Evaluation). c) Loss of bearing strength of surface foundations,
Evaluation of liquefaction potential by calculating a factor of d) Loss of lateral stiffness of piles,
safety against liquefaction from the earthquake load and soil
e) Effects on life lines,
strength.
f) Any other influences…
(F.S. = CRR / [(1.2-1.5) CSR). There is a potential for liquefaction if
48 49
1.4.4.a Settlement: 1.4.5 Lateral Extend of Ground improvement

If shallow footings exist and no improvement has done, To mitigate the liquefaction hazards, the treatment of the fill
differential settlement more than the maximum liquefac- material shall be extended laterally by two-thirds the liquefiable
tion induced settlement should be expected and consid- layer thickness beyond the whole building foundation limits, (Lai
ered. 1988).
1.4.4.b Surface manifestation:
1.5 SHORING GUIDELINES
Surface manifestation such as sand boils or ground
fissure may be occurred during earthquake shaking em- a) For neighbouring shallow foundation or for excavations deeper than 1.50
phasising that ground settlement have already takes m, suitable side protection have to be ensured so that the excavation shall
place noting that the settlement may be occurred even not pause a threat to the personnel working on site or cause any damage
with the absence of surface manifestation. The evalua- to nearby existing buildings or roads. Fig. (1.33) shows the method state-
tion of the potential for ground cracking and sand boils ment for contiguous, secant and soldier piles shoring systems.
(Ishihara, 1985) is based on the thickness of the poten-
tially liquefiable layer and the thickness of the non-lique- Augering of Borehole
fiable crust. Installation of Casing Concreting of Borehole
1.4.4.c Loss of bearing capacity for shallow foundation:
As per the Implementation Committee, the loss of bearing

capacity may be significantly occurred if the induced
vertical stresses on liquefiable layer located at certain
depth exceeds 10% of the bearing pressure imposed by
the foundation. There is no recognized analytical method
to evaluate the loss of bearing capacity at this time.
The Committee recommends that Ishihara’s method of
surface manifestation analysis to be used for shallow
foundations.
Fig. (1.33-a). Contiguous Piles Shoring System
1.4.4.d Loss of lateral soil stiffness:
Loss of lateral soil stiffness has a greater impact on the

Augering of Secondary Borehole
design of piling and shoring works. The negative skin
Installation of Casing Concreting of Secondary Borehole
friction for the untreated fill layer shall be considered in
determination of the pile capacity. The pile shall be con-
sidered unconstrained along the untreated layer in both
vertical and lateral analysis. Lateral load to be considered
due to ground motion from an earthquake of a=0.225g at
ground level or 0.15g at cap rock level. Construction
of Guide wall
1.4.4.e Lateral spreading or land sliding:
Such spreads can occur on gently sloping ground or

where nearby drainage or stream channel can lead to
static shear biases on essentially horizontal ground
(Youd, 1995). Fig. (1.33-b): Secant Piles Shoring System
50 51
c) The shoring works should be designed as a rigid vertical system sub-

jected to the earth, water pressures and support reactions taking into
account the staged construction.
d) The maximum retained height is 15.00 m (BS 8002: 1994, Section 1.1).
Advice from the shoring works specialist is required in case of excavation
depth of 15.00 m is required.
e) The excavation and support systems should be designed to ensure that
the settlement or lateral yield of the surrounding ground surface is within
acceptable limits particularly where the excavation adjoins roads where
drainage, electricity services are located. The maximum lateral displace-
ment permitted for the shoring systems is 40 mm.
f) The minimum surcharge load is 15 kN/m2 and value of 15 kN/m2 should
be added for each neighbouring existing plot floor when the neighbour-
ing foundation is a raft. Traffic surcharge load to be considered 20 kN/m2
at roads sides.
g) Cantilever shoring systems are suitable for moderate height only. The
Fig. (1.33-c) Soldier Piles Shoring System
maximum height of such sheet pile cantilever walls is 5.00 m. (BS 8002:
Method Statement for Different types of Shoring Systems
1994, Section 4.4.2.).
h) Minimum factor of safety of fixation and embedded depth should be
taken as 2.00.
i) Bored piles contiguous or secant piles are very preferable when the
b) Structural bending moments, shear forces and prop or tie forces should shoring works is closed to an existing foundation. Difference of water
be derived from the equilibrium calculations using design earth pres- levels in front and back to shoring system should be taken into consid-
sures and water pressures. The ultimate limit state and serviceability eration in case of secant piles, sheet pile wall or diaphragm wall after
limit state should be the same as those used for the overall equilibrium dewatering.
and deformation calculations. All Stages of constructions to be studied
as per Fig. (1.34). j) Maximum spacing between soldier piles is 2.50 m and maximum spacing
between tie back anchors is 4.00 m.
k) The design earth pressure are derived from design soil strengths using
the usual methods of elasto-plastic behaviour, with earth pressure coef-
NITALE PHASE PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PHASE 3
ficients given in BS 8002 : 1994, Section 1.3.9.
l) In checking the stable equilibrium and soil deformation, retaining walls
should be designed assuming a depth of unplanned excavation in front
of the wall not less than 10 % of the total height retained for cantilever
walls or of the height retained below the lowest support level for propped
or anchored walls. The minimum unplanned depth is 0.50 m ((BS 8002:
1994, Section 3.2.2.2).
Fig. (1.34): Shoring Stages of Construction
52 53
m) The long term analysis is likely to be critical where the soil mass under- 63mm HDPE
goes a net reduction in load as a result of excavation, such as adjacent ANCHOR HOLE
to a cantilever wall. For granular soils, the relative strength is always the
GROUT
drained strength and the earth pressure is always in terms of effective 0.6” ANCHOR STRAND
stresses. (BS 8002: 1994, Section 3.2.3) 2. GROUT HOSE
1. GROUT HOSE
n) Concrete and reinforcement should conform to the requirements of BS
8004, BS 8110-1 or BS 5400-4, BS 5400-7 and BS 5400-8. The mix should
be designed to provide the necessary structural strength and the flow
requirements to ensure adequate compaction and continuity. Special AA - Cross Section
methods of placement, for example by tremie tube should be taken into (unscaled)
account. (Silwinski Z. and Fleming W.G.K, 1974.)

o) Where props or anchors are used, wailing beams should be provided ANCHOR HOLE
along the face of the wall at this lateral support level to unify shoring
behaviour. The wailing beam may be designed as horizontally spanned 1. GROUT HOSE
steel beams. The gaps occurred in between the individual piles and the 2. GROUT HOSE
wailing beams due to irregularities or deviations from true verticality and
GROUT
position of individual piles should be wedged or in filled.
p) Wherever ground anchorages are used (Fig. (1.35)), in-situ acceptance 0.6” ANCHOR STRAND
ANCHOR SEPARATOR
tests shall be carried out prior to anchor stressing and locking, Fig. (1.36),
in accordance to BS 8081: 1989. A qualified 3rd party consultant / labora- BB - Cross Section
tory shall witness the tests and issue an independent report of the tests (unscaled)
results and conclusions.
Fig. (1.35): Tie Back Anchors Method Statement
ES
EDG
D, W
TE, HEA
PLA
HOR
ANC
A
2nd grout hose

ANCHOR CENTRALIZER
ANCHOR HOLE
ANCHOR CENTRALIZER 1st grout hose

A
ANCHOR SEPARATOR
B
GROUT Anchor seperator an ge)

SEAL T (ch
ENGH
R FREE L
O
ANCH
0.6 INCH STRAND
B
GHT
D LEN
OUN
OR B
ANCH
Fig. (1.35): Tie Back Anchors Method Statement

Fig. (1.36): Tie Back Anchors Stressing Testing
54 55
q) Guide wall should be used to improve the lateral tolerance of the shoring e) Piles shall be designed with a minimum safety factor of 2.5.
systems execution.
f) Uplift capacity of single pile is normally less than the friction
r) Loose- to medium – dense sands may undergo liquefaction during an capacity in compression (Poisson’s effect), and hence shall be
earthquake. The depth of potential liquefaction should be assessed for taken not greater than 0.7 of the friction capacity estimated for
the earthquake conciliations appropriate to the site. It may be necessary compressive capacity.
to carry the foundation of the retaining wall below the liquefaction zone,
g) Considering horizontal force and bending moment resulting from
or compact the soil within the zone using deep vibro compaction (Seed
out of position by 75 mm in horizontal direction at working level,
H.B. et al (1983) and Ishihara (1993). BS 8002: 1994, Section 3.3.4.4.
and out of the plump (verticality) by 1:75 according to BS 8004:
s) In shallow excavations or structures built adjacent to a tidal waterfront 1986, Section 7.1 and 7.4.5.4.8. Where the pile head is fully re-
area, piping or uplift may occur due to water pressure differences gen- strained by tie beams, pile caps or raft, the contribution of the re-
erated by tidal action. Structures should be checked against instability straining system shall be considered to the favour of pile design.
from these causes.
h) Considering lateral load acting on pile as resulted from super
t) The normal tolerances in the formation of close bored pile walls should structure analysis and shall be in the order of 5 % of the pile ca-
be maximum 1 in 75 to 1 in 100 for verticality and 50 mm for lateral plan pacity at least.
tolerances measured at right angles to the line of the wall. (BS 8002:
i) Elastic analysis to obtain the lateral straining actions using
1994, Section 4.4.7.5.1)
(Reese & Matlock).
u) The required verticality tolerance for secant piles is normally of the order
j) The stirrups of the pile shall be checked according to Table 3.8 of
of 1:200 and for positional tolerances of the order of 25 mm, where walls
BS 8110, Part 1: 1997 and shall not be closer than 150 mm centres
have to be constructed in close proximity to other structures. (BS 8002:
to ensure proper placing of concrete as per BS 8004 : 1986,
1994, Section 4.4.7.5.1)
Section 7.4.4.4.2.
v) The safety and stability of nearby buildings and service should not be put
k) The length of steel bars anchored to the foundation to be accord-
at risk.
ing to Table 3.27 of BS 8110, Part 1: 1997.
l) To prevent ingress of water and aggressive ground water pen-
1.6 DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUILDING PILES
etrating the concrete, the design shall be to BS 8102 Type B using
1.6.1 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PILING WORKS BS 8007 with a 0.20 mm crack width.
a) The permissible service stress should not exceed 25% of the m) Settlement calculations under the working loads to be provided.
specified cube strength at 28 days as per BS 8004 : 1986, Section The expected value to be within 1% of the pile diameter.
7.4.4.3.1
n) Assessment of pile group settlement shall be carried out by the
b) The ultimate axial load should not exceed the value of “N” given foundation design Engineer and shall be compared to acceptance
in BS 8110, Part 1 : 1997, Section 3.8.4.3 limits adopted for the project.
c) The minimum percentage of reinforcement shall be according to o) Pile skin friction in sand should be reduced by 50 % in case of
Table 3.25 of BS 8110, Part 1 : 1997 using bentonite as drilling slurry.
d) Pile bearing capacity calculations as per (Tomlinson’s Pile Design p) For friction piles the spacing should be not less than three times
and Construction Practice) as advised by BS 8004: 1986, Section the pile diameter, and not less than twice the pile diameter for
4.5.3. The different types of soil and the nature of shaft resist- end bearing piles as per BS 8004: 1986, Section 7.3.4.2. Piles
ance when using bentonite, water or full length casing shall be spacing is recomended to be minimum 2.5 times the pile diameter.
taken into consideration. Negative skin friction should be added
to the applied load in case of piles penetrating reclaimed soil.
56 57
q) For tension piles designed to resist the uplift forces or end

bearing piles installed from ground level until deep bedrock,
the reinforcement should normally be carried down for the full
length. According to BS 8004 : 1986, Section 7.4.5.3.2
r) The longitudinal reinforcement should extend at least 1.00 m
below the bottom of casing so that movement of the reinforce-
ment during extraction of casing is minimized. BS 8004 : 1986,
Section 7.4.5.4.5 2. Drill to the required depth 3. Lower the rebar cage inside
1. Install temporary casing concentric with
the pile points. the drilled borehole.
s) A minimum additional allowance of 40 mm should be added to
concrete cover recommended in Table 3.4 of BS 8110, Part 1:
1997.
t) Cover spacers may be of pre-formed plastic to be used for the
pile. The spacers should be threaded to lateral stirrups and
should be spaced of not more than 2.0 m with minimum of three
to be placed in each row. One set should be fixed at the pile Guide casing
cut-off level and one at approximately 1.0 meter from the toe of
the cage. 4. Concreting using concrete pump 5. Withdraw the guide casing. 6.Completed pile.
and tremie pipe
Fig. (1.37) shows the method statement for continuous flight auger piling
as well as the drilled bored piles.
Fig. (1.38): Method Statement for Drilled Bored Piles
1.6.2 POINTS TO BE CHECKED DURING CONSTRUCTION, FIGS. (1.38 & 1.39)

a) If betonite slurry is used, the density should be less than 1.10
1 Augering
g/mL. The viscosity as measured by the Marsh Cone should be
within a range of 30 to 90 seconds, and the 10 min. gel strength
to be in the range of 1.4 N/m2 to 10 N/m2. The pH value should
be maintained within a range of 9.5 to 12. BS8004: 1986, Section
6.5.3.8.1.
b) The geophysical properties of the bentonite slurry should be
Drilled Bored Piles re-established prior to the commencement of concreting opera-
2 Extracting of Auger 3 Installing of
Flights and Injection Steel Reign- tion. A submersible and circulation pumping system or air lifting
of Cement Mortar forcement
system may be utilized for this purpose.
Continuous Flight Auger Piling c) If extensive bentonite slurry loss occurs during drilling, the drill-
ing will be stopped immediately. The bore will be backfilled with
Fig. (1.37): Method Statement for Different Types of Bored Piles
58 59
the excavated material in order to create a plug surrounding the 1.6.3 PILES TESTING
pile shaft. Re-drilling will then take place. If further fluid loss or
shaft collapse occurs, the bore will be immediately backfilled
Piles testing shall conform to the following minimum require-
ments:
with low strength, lean mix concrete prior to any further excava-
tion taking place. a) At least one for each pile diameter, non-working pile shall be
tested, to 200% of the pile’s working load. BS 8004:1986, Section
d) Before Installing steal cage and casting concrete when reaching
7.5.5 or ASTM D 1143/1143M. Osterberg cell can be accepted
the pile toe level, loose and remolded material and debris will be
only in the preliminary test.
removed with the drilling or cleaning bucket.
b) 1 % of the total number of working piles and minimum one test
e) High slump concrete of specified grade should be used according
for each pile diameter/type shall be statically tested to not less
to Table 14 of BS 8004 : 1986
than 150 % of the pile’s working load, BS 8004:1986, Section
f) For a continuous assurance of concrete quality and integrity, con- 7.5.5 or ASTM D 1143-89.
crete should be poured to minimum 1.50 m above the theoretical
c) 5 % of the total number of working piles shall be tested using
pile cut-off level.
high strain dynamic method to not less than 150 % of the pile’s
g) Casting of piles shall be performed as a continuous operation. working load. ASTM D 4945-89.
The concrete should be designed to remain workable for a
d) 10% of the total number of working piles shall be tested using
minimum of three hours from the time of the batching to the time
cross- hole sonic core logging test method for piles of diameter
of placement into the pile.
equal or more than 600mm. ASTM D 6760-08.
h) The concrete shall be placed by tremie tube method; the tube di-
e) 100 % of working piles shall be tested by using low strain dynamic
ameter. shall not be less than 150 mm. The tube shall be inserted
integrity test and shall be repeated for piles statically tested.
at the centre of the pile to reach the toe. The top shall be connect-
ASTM D 5882-07.
ed to a funnel. The concrete shall be delivered directly from the
transit mixer to the funnel. The tube to be lifted 100 mm above f) The following procedure shall be followed for particular tests
pile toe level prior to concreting. While concreting, the length of whenever are required by the project specification or design con-
the tube to be shortened if necessary but shall be maintained ditions:
always into the concrete of at least 2.0 m length.
- Pile instrumentation test should be performed on tested
i) Continuous supervision on site by engineer and the contractor is pile(s). The test shall be performed at the time of static
always necessary to ensure that the piles are properly executed. load test for piles of diameters 1000 mm or more.
j) Care to be taken to ensure that there will be no displacement or - Static laterally loaded piles test should be conducted
distortion of reinforcement during the formation of the pile. where the lateral loads governing the design.
- Static tension pile test should be conducted where
tension piles are used to resist uplift.
- 10 % of working piles boreholes and all preliminary &
statically tested working piles are to be selected
randomly and tested by mechanical calliper logging
(ASTM D 6167 – 11 & ASTM D 5753 – 95e1).
- Steel reinforcement and concrete strength and durability
shall be tested as per QC Guidelines.
60 61
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES – BUILDING
STRUCTURES
02
SECTION
62 63
SECTION
2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – BUILDING STRUCTURES SECTION: 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – BUILDING STRUCTURES
2.4 APPLICABLE CODES

2.1 INTRODUCTION The following codes with listed parameters shall be permitted for the purpose of
Structural guidelines listed below shall be applied to all building structures and structural design. Technical codes not listed in this document shall be submitted
are intended to provide minimum structural design requirements for building sub for review and approval prior to adopting in the design. Consultant should ensure
and super structures. Please refer to the applicable codes for detailed technical that selected design standards are the latest editions and fully compatible with
guidance and requirements. CED’s design regulations & guidelines.
The guidelines are aimed to give the design engineers a general idea of the basic 2.4.1 DEAD AND LIVE LOADS
requirements in designing the structures to comply with the CED-Trakhees regu- 1. BS 6399: Part 1 ‘Loading For Buildings: Code of Practice for Dead
lations and the relevant building codes. It is anticipated that the use of these and Imposed Loads’.
guidelines will result in a uniform design and construction of buildings through-
out projects in CED-Trakhees jurisdiction. 2. BS 6399: Part 3 ‘Loading For Buildings: Code of Practice for
Imposed Roof Loads’
Any requests for variations to the guidelines presented must be fully documented
and presented to the CED-Trakhees for review and acceptance prior to any ap- 3. ASCE 7: ‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc-
plication. tures’, Chapter 3 ‘Dead Loads’ and Chapter 4 ‘Live Loads’
4. Adopted dead and live loads shall satisfy recommendations of
2.2 DESIGN OUTCOME
the Dubai Municipality, CED - TRAKHEES and other relevant statu-
The design shall meet all relevant standards for safety, durability, fire resistance tory authorities.
and serviceability. The designer shall investigate alternative systems and shall
2.4.2 SEISMIC LOADS
achieve optimized economical and constructible solution.
1. UBC 1997, Volume 2, ‘Structural Engineering Design Provisions’,
2.3 SUSTAINABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE DESIGN Division IV ‘Earthquake Design
Design should satisfy sustainability and environmental guidelines adopted for 2. Zone 2A shall be adopted for all structures.
the project. The following should be taken into account in structural design ap-
proach: 3. For special structures, ‘Recommendations for the Seismic Design
of High-rise Buildings’, CTBUH 2008, shall be adopted.
1) Consultant shall propose a design maximizing the use of environmentally
friendly and energy efficient technologies in material and construction 2.4.3 WIND LOAD
techniques. 1. ASCE 7: ‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc-
2) Designer should consider climate change implications within the design tures’ - Chapter 6. Design shall be based on basic wind velocity of
life of the structure and accommodate them by adopting adequate design 45 m/s.
parameters and detailing. 2. For all structures where wind loads are applied as per codes,
3) Where possible, consultant shall maximize the used of recyclable and re- other directions than the two orthogonal ones to be investigated
cycled construction materials. for ultimate and serviceability limit states. The same shall be
carefully studied for irregular buildings.
4) Consultant should specify locally manufactured materials as a first pref-
erence where possible. 3. Reliable wind tunnel study reflecting climatic site conditions shall
be permitted as an alternative method of estimating wind loads.
5) Proposed design should involve a minimum level of disruption to the Wind velocity shall reflect historic wind record for the respected
natural environment. site. The wind loads resulting from wind tunnel test shall satisfy
6) Consultant should maximize the use of clean and non-destructive con- the requirements of ASCE 7.
struction technologies including off-site pre-fabrication.
64 65
SECTION: 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – BUILDING STRUCTURES SECTION: 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – BUILDING STRUCTURES
2.4.4 DESIGN CODES 4. Applied standards in loading and design.
1. BS 8110: ‘Structural Use of Concrete’ 5. Materials properties: Concrete & reinforcement grades,
modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, density of block
2. ACI 318: ‘Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete’ works, etc
3. ACI Manual of Concrete Practice – the latest edition. 6. Fire resistance requirements: Fire rating, concrete cover
4. AISC 360 to reinforcement, minimum reinforcement, etc
5. UBC 1997, Volume 2, ‘Structural Engineering Design Provisions’ 7. Durability requirements: Design life of the structure,
concrete quality for sub and super structure, minimum
6. BS 8004: ‘Foundations’ cover to reinforcement, protection measures for con-
7. BS 5950: ‘Structural Use of Steelwork in Buildings’ crete below and above ground, crack width & deflection
control.
8. BS 8007: ‘Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous
liquids’ 8. Robustness requirements as per relevant standards.
9. BS 5628: ‘Code of Practice for Use of Masonry’ 9. Damping: Proposed damping value for seismic design,
damping value for wind loading and occupancy comfort
10. IBC ‘International Building Code’, excluding seismic design control.
provisions.
10. Analysis and design Software, spreadsheets used for
2.5 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA design or/and verification, etc
The following modelling and design criteria shall be followed. 11. Detailed calculations shall include:
2.5.1 DESIGN LIFE a. Gravity loads correspond to different floors.
1. Unless otherwise specified, 50 year design life of the structure b. Basic seismic parameters estimate.
shall be adopted.
c. Weight of the building for seismic calculations.
2.5.2 COMPUTER MODELS, STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND
d. Static base shear.
DESIGN REQUUIREMENTS
e. Vertical component of seismic loads.
2.5.2.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
f. Discontinuity and vertical irregularity considerations.
The designer shall submit detailed design criteria as well as
design assumptions and should contain at minimum, the follow- g. Accidental torsion calculations.
ing information (Wherever is applicable):
h. Directional effect of seismic loads.
1. Description of the site: Location, BU name, plot number,
i. Scale factors calculations.
project ID, etc
j. Interconnection requirements
2. Description of building: Building size, height, basements,
podium floors, typical floors, setbacks, floors use, etc k. Wind loads parameters and coefficients or wind
tunnel study report.
3. Description of structure: Foundation type, vertical
members, lateral forces resisting system, floor slabs l. Basic load combinations for ultimate and service
scheme, building separations, etc states design.
66 67
12. Extracts from analysis outputs: Modal mass participa- lyzed considering realistic base restraint conditions for
tion ratios, tension stresses in shear/core walls and cores, shear walls and columns. Adopted boundary con-
modifiers corrections, wind tunnel and code forces com- ditions shall be reflected in the design and detailing of
parison, total and inter-story drifts calculations, vibration sub and super-structure members.
acceleration calculations, deflections and crack control
7. Modulus of elasticity shall be calculated as per the code
calculations.
governing the design.
13. Software analyzed computer models conducted as per
8. The analyzed computer model shall be free from any
CED’s requirements.
major warnings or errors.
14. If applicable, third party report confirming the full compli-
9. Section modifiers shall be applied as per clause 1910.11.1
ance of the submitted design documents with the design
of UBC-97.
provisions of the applicable codes and CED’s design
guidelines. The report shall be conducted as per the rel- 10. Soil profile type and other seismic parameters used in
evant CED’s guidelines and requirements. seismic analysis shall be as recommended in the geo-
technical investigation report.
2.5.2.2 COMPUTER MODELS
11. Iterative method of estimating P-Delta effect shall be
1. The 3D model should reflect the actual geometry of the
considered in the analysis of buildings as requested by
structure / building and shall be in full compliance with
clause 1630.1.3 of UBC 1997. Minimum of 3 iterations
the design criteria and assumption.
shall be used.
2. The finite elements meshing shall appropriate to soft-
12. Structures and buildings shall be analyzed by employing
ware used for analysis. The designer shall ensure that
Response Spectrum Analysis in full compliance with UBC
the analysis results are not affected by the quality of
1997.
meshing.
13. Tall buildings and other structures with structural system
3. The computer model shall have proper meshing of slab
sensitive to construction sequence shall be investigated
and wall elements. For walls and slabs. The meshing
for the effects of construction sequence on internal load
should have rectangular bias with elements of aspect
distribution.
ratio not exceeding 2:1. Where openings are provided
in the slab or wall elements, the mesh nodes shall be 14. The design seismic case shall consist of combination
located at the corners of openings. of two orthogonal excitation directions combined on
the SRSS basis as requested by clause 1633 of UBC
4. The designer shall ensure proper connectivity for slab
1997.
elements (Joints/Corner of one element should not be
connected to edge of other element, unless appropriate 2.5.2.3 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
calibration analysis is submitted with the model). The
1. Where the structure is composed of a flexible upper
mesh shall also have proper connectivity with columns
portion and lower stiffer basement/podium, the seismic
and walls elements.
scale factor shall be calibrated at foundation level to
5. Appropriately set-up auto-meshing could be used for design the basement elements and at top of basement to
regular rectangular buildings. Care should be given to design the tower elements.
connectivity and meshing constraints.
2. The augmented section modifiers could be used to check
6. The computer model of concrete buildings shall be ana- the maximum drift and vibration acceleration only as
68 69
permitted by ACI, provided that the designer has to es- 2.5.2.4 SERVICEABILITY LIMITS
timates the degree of cracking and comply with the serv-
1. All buildings shall be designed to limit maximum drift
iceability limit state at the adopted design service loads.
under 50 years wind load to 1/500 of building height.
3. Permanent drift due to gravity loads to be checked and
2. All buildings shall be designed to limit inter-story drift to
shall be eliminated or minimized with proper technical
1/500 of the story height and not more than 10mm under
arrangement.
serviceability of 10 years wind. If no wind tunnel test
4. All structural framing elements and their connections, results are available, 10 years serviceability wind speed
not required by design to be part of lateral–force-resist- of 38 m/s can be adopted in Dubai for inter-story drift
ing system, shall be designed to be adequate to maintain calculations.
support of design dead plus live loads when subjected to
3. Adequate provisions shall be adopted to eliminate risk
the deformation caused by seismic forces.
of damage to non-structural elements due to inter-story
5. Effects of axial long term shortening due to elastic, drift.
shrinkage and creep effects shall be investigated and ac-
4. Wind induced vibration due to 10 years wind shall be
counted for in the design and construction. If measures
limited to 15 milli-g for residential and hotel buildings
to compensate for the effects of differential shortening
and 20 milli-g for office buildings. Damping ratio should
are taken, consultant shall include such information on
under no circumstances exceed 2.0% unless additional
engineering drawings and relevant documents.
special damping devices are used. For buildings subject
6. Manual take down of gravity loads for all key vertical ele- to coupled modes response, the torsional velocity due to
ments to be compared with resulting loads from analyzed 10 years wind shall be limited to 3 milli-rad/s or as recom-
model. mended with credible relevant reference.
7. Design shall be carried out in accordance with code the 5. For buildings with irregular façade shapes and where a
governing load combination was derived from. potential noise expected to occur, the tonal noise gen-
erated as part of vortex shredding mechanism shall be
8. Calculation of effects of accidental eccentricities and
properly addressed by wind specialist. The consultant
load reductions shall be consistent with the code used
and the wind specialist are solely responsible to under-
for the structural design.
take the necessary study and to propose any effective
9. Thermal effects shall be evaluated based on realistic remedial measures to resolve the problem.
temperature distribution. Seasonal temperature change
2.5.2.5 SOFTWARE
shall not be less than 25 deg C or in accordance with
credible local climate record. This effect shall be consid- The following commercial structural software packages
ered in design of vertical and horizontal members. are commonly used structural design tools and are ac-
cepted by CED for structural analysis and design. Com-
10. Structural design shall accommodate shrinkage, creep
puter software not listed below shall be submitted for
and thermal strains by providing appropriate reinforce-
review and approval prior to adopting in the design.
ment or specifying control or expansion joints. Expansion
joints shall satisfy seismic requirements of relevant code. Acceptable popular commercial structural software pack-
ages:
11. Floor slabs shall be designed to be adequately sup-
porting the entire construction loads from the next slab ETABS, SAFE, SAP2000, ROBOT, STRAND, STAAD,
without compromising the ultimate or/and service limit PROKON.
states requirements.
70 71
2.5.2.6 UNIT SYSTEM Municipality. A copy of their Trade Licence needs to be enclosed. These
drawings after checked by consultant shall be stamped and signed by
All structural calculations, computer output, technical them and submitted to CED along with a guarantee letter stating that they
reports, specialist consultant recommendations and have verified the designs of the specialist contractor and they take full
drawings shall be presented in SI unit system. All dimen- responsibility for the same.
sions on structural drawings shall be presented in mil-
limetres. 11. Soil investigation report certifying all soil parameters conducted by an
approved soil specialist agency as per CED’s geotechnical guidelines.
2.6 STRUCTURAL CALCULATIONS
12. To resist the Seismic loads, joint ductility, confinement of concrete and
All calculations shall be submitted in soft copy in pdf format arranged in sequence joint framing connection details shall be as per the requirements of rele-
according to the index sheet. The Structural Calculations shall generally include vant approved codes. The reversal of stresses in structural members shall
but not limited to the following: also be taken into account and proper detailing to be made along with
supporting calculations.
1. Index sheet with contents and page numbers.
2. An introduction containing the project ID and briefly outlining the submis- 2.7 STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS
sion purpose together with the list of drawings, calculations, reports, etc. The Structural Drawings shall generally include but not limited to the following
3. Design philosophy; reference Codes, complete design criteria and as- information:
sumptions for loads, height of building, number of floors, etc. 1. General Notes drawings containing the following details:
4. Column load calculations by area method & reaction method. a. Standard abbreviation and symbols.
5. Stability analysis for wind and seismic loads including checking for allow- b. Reference to Soil Investigation Report indicating the safe bearing
able drifts. For wind induced accelerations, a check for human comfort capacity, depth of foundation, soil improvement, number of
criteria is to be enclosed. floors for which foundation has been designed. The number of
6. Loads on columns, shear walls including wind and seismic moments are floors shall comply with approved architect concept drawings.
to be marked in the copy of foundation layout for critical load cases. c. General information and details shall include:
7. Serviceability checks for deflection, crack width to be included where ap- 1) Details of water proofing systems.
plicable.
2) Earthworks and dewatering instructions.
8. Reinforcement calculations for beams, slabs, columns and shear walls. In
case if design is done using software, sample pages are to be enclosed. 3) Strength, density of block works, blocks works construc-
tion details and construction sequences.
9. Soft copy of all the calculations copied in a CD as well as software models
shall be submitted. All software models shall be run and free of errors. At 4) Typical details of RC connections.
the time of joint review, the consultants shall bring a laptop PC installed 5) Typical reinforcement curtailment/arrangement of
with the design software to check the building model. In case modelling columns, slabs, beams, floating slabs, manholes and
has been done using ETABS, SAFE, SAP, ROBOT, etc., consultant shall water tanks typical details.
submit only extract pages in PDF format of selected important input and
output data that may facilitate the review process. 6) Standard lintel details.
10. In case of specialised works such as post tensioned slabs, tent struc- 7) Construction and movement joints details.
tures, large span timber structures, prefabricated steel structures, the
8) Mechanical pipes penetration details, extra reinforce-
structural designs and drawings for these works shall carried out by spe-
ment around openings, trenches, cable trays and trans-
cialised consultants having an approved valid trade licence from Dubai
72 73
formers base details. documents shall be passed to CED under the lead consultant covering
letter.
9) Details of inserts to concrete, holding down bolts, plinths
and up stands/down stands elements. 5. Beams reinforcement drawings:
10) Loads considered in design of different floors, mechani- Schedule for beam sizes and reinforcement with adequate sections are
cal floors, transformer & LV room area, chillers and com- to be submitted. The amount and location of longitudinal reinforce-
pressor areas, etc ment, stirrups, side bars, torsional bars as well as sectional details of the
special beams, parapets, corbels, connections wherever is necessary to
d. Fire resistance rating for different structural members, reinforced
be provided.
concrete specifications for all exposure conditions, specifications
of other concrete types if used, concrete grades of reinforcement, 6. Columns, Shear walls and Core walls:
concrete cover to reinforcement, concrete protection. Materials
General Arrangement drawings showing walls layout, thicknesses, eleva-
information shall comply with QA & QC guidelines.
tions and openings are to be submitted. Detailed sectional plan and sec-
e. Design criteria of any other unconventional slab system, if ap- tional elevations for lift and core walls showing the reinforcement in the
plicable. walls, around openings, corner bars, spandrel beam details and wherever
is necessary to be provided.
2. Column Axes plan Drawings:
7. Floating columns/walls and transfer beams/slabs structures:
Column/ walls axes plan showing the reduction in column/wall sizes. All
columns/walls shall have grid markings. Grid lines in structural drawings The sizes of floating elements along with their locations are to be marked
shall match with architectural drawings. in plan drawing. Sectional elevation showing the columns/walls below
and above the transfer structure has to be drawn. The transfer structure
3. Foundation Drawings:
sections shall include the reinforcement details of all members and con-
Plot limit line is to be marked in the foundation plan. The Piled Raft / nections and any special provisions may be required by the design or
Raft foundations drawings shall contain general arrangement showing construction.
plan, sectional elevations with levels, Reinforcement plan showing top
8. Staircases:
and bottom steel, extra top and extra bottom steel and any shear resist-
ing reinforcement as per design requirements. Sections shall be drawn Detailed plan, sections and reinforcement drawings for staircase are to
through lift pits, drain sumps and pour strips showing the arrangement of be submitted.
reinforcement. The foundation drawings shall also show starter bars for
9. Swimming pools:
columns/walls as per design requirements. Arrangements and sections
details of movement, settlement joints as well as water stoppers details Detailed GA plan and sections for swimming pool indicating the levels
to be provided, if applicable. and supporting arrangement including floating columns, if any. Adequate
sections are to be drawn to show reinforcement in base slab, walls, deck
4. Floors Slab Drawings:
slab, etc.
General arrangement showing the thicknesses of slabs, openings in
10. Non structural architectural features:
slab and their sizes, floor levels etc are to be submitted. Reinforcement
details are to be drawn in plan and as well as in typical sections. Extra The architectural features constructed from concrete or any other mate-
top and bottom reinforcement and shear resisting steel shall be properly rials shall meet all the relevant stability, durability and constructability
detailed. In case of Post Tensioned /Hollow Core Slabs, drawings shall requirements.
be prepared by specialist consultants having the necessary valid Trade
11. All the structural drawings shall have a standard title block containing
license. The specialist drawings shall be reviewed with the relevant cal-
the project name, the plot number, BU’s name, client name, name of the
culation, signed and stamped prior to submission to CED. All specialist
74 75
SECTION: 2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – BUILDING STRUCTURES
lead consultant, drawing title, key plan identifying the area relevant to
the drawing subject, full record of different revisions, etc
12. All the structural drawings shall be cross referenced as much as possible.
13. All the structural drawings shall be signed and stamped in standard loca-
tion of the drawings. Typical space shall be left for CED stamping. If ap-
plicable, all the submitted drawings shall be signed and stamped by the
third party consultant.
14. All the structural drawings required to be approved from CED shall be
combined together in PDF binder and shall be properly oriented as well
as arranged in order.
76 77
GUIDELINES FOR PRE
STRESSED CONCRETE
WORKS (SLABS)
03
SECTION
78 79
SECTION
3 GUIDELINES FOR PRE STRESSED CONCRETE WORKS (SLABS) SECTION: 3 GUIDELINES FOR PRE STRESSED CONCRETE WORKS (SLABS)
3.2 PRE STRESSED CONCRETE SYSTEMS APPROVAL

3.1 GENERAL Pre stressed concrete specialist contractor shall have qualified international rec-
ognized pre stressing system to perform in accordance with its materials and
The current pre stressed guidelines is relevant to the post tensioning bonded
technical requirement.
systems only, Fig. (3.1), whereas the other pre stressed systems shall be submit-
ted for review and approval prior to work. The specialist contractor shall have exclusive agency agreement with the system
provider including providing the local specialist with materials, all necessary
Post tension specialist contractor has to take approval from CED, to work in post
technical support, and skilled manpower wherever is needed.
tensioning field prior to commencement of any work; the specialists will be given
a tolerance of 3 months to comply with the guidelines requirements. Beyond the Such agreements shall be registered and approved from relevant statutory au-
above period, no work will be permitted without CED pre approval of the full PT thority as appropriate. And shall be yearly renewed, or confirmed by letter from
system as described hereinafter. mother system agency if the period of agreement is more than one year
The specialist contractor has to follow CED’s procedure to get final approval for
the system as per the procedure. Each approved system will be registered under
identification number called PTS number.
Vent pipe
3.2.1 APPROVAL OF MATERIALS
Vent pipe
Formed sleeve
Oblong sleeye pipe Bulb a) Approval of anchorage system, Fig. (3.2).
Mastic
Oblong sleeve pipe
Flat duct Mastic
Flat duct Specialist contractor shall submit initially certificate of origin,
material catalogue and full sample supported with technical data
100
sheet, with no more than one year old.

950
300 300 400 w

Steel Plate
T13: 150 200 250
T15 : 255 300 375
L1
80 80
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
260 260
Fig (3.2) Anchorage system
b) Pre stressed concrete equipment approval :
Specialist contractor shall submit the technical data for pre

stressing equipment which will use in the works. Jacks, hydraulic
Fig (3.1): Pre stress bonded system pumps, dead end machine, grouting machine, and Duct machine
(If applicable), all are required to be approved, Fig. (3.3).
The submission should include the calibration test for the jacks.
Hydraulic jacks calibration should be submitted for each project,
the calibration should be dated not more than 6 months prior to
submission date.
80 81
SECTION: 3 GUIDELINES FOR PRE STRESSED CONCRETE WORKS (SLABS) SECTION: 3 GUIDELINES FOR PRE STRESSED CONCRETE WORKS (SLABS)
mitted, the size should have relation with the number of strands,
and the net clear area should be more than twice the ducts cross
sectional areas.
Corrugated and flat galvanized metal ducts will be accepted,
Dead end machine Hydraulics Pump Stressing Jack
Fig. (3.5).
Grouting machine Stapler gun Duct Machine

Fig. (3.5) Ducts
Fig. (3.3) Pre stress equipment

e) Approval of Duct Chairs, Fig. (3.6):
c) Approval of Strands, Fig.(3.4): Chairs should be machine made and have epoxy coating for
support parts and at least up to 20mm over the forms; Chairs
Specialist contractor shall apply for the strands supplier approval
shall be according to the specialist shop drawings, and not less
along with mill certificates. Confirmation sample composed of
than 6mm Diameter.
both anchorage and strands simulating the site execution shall
be submitted for approval. Only one supplier shall be approved
for the same project.
*Note: It is mandatory for the strands supplier to obtain D.C.L.
Quality Mark.
Fig. (3.6) Ducts Chairs
f) Approval of shear stud :
Shear stud should be used in slabs with less than 200mm thick-
ness. Specialist contractor should submit these materials for ap-
proval; stud materials should be from specialized qualified facto-
ries, Fig.(3.7).
Fig. (3.4) Pre stress strands
d) Approval of ducts:
Specialist contractor shall apply for the ducts supplier approval

along with all specifications and certificates.
Thickness of duct should not be less than 0.4mm. Ducts type,
thickness and size should be approved according to sample sub- Fig. (3.7) Shear stud
82 83
g) Approval of Grouting material : for registration.

Specialist contractor shall submit grouting mix design for approval, 1- CED approval for the site engineer/s will be subject to
the mix should contain: cement, water, along with shrinkage passing the written exam and technical interview with
compensating materials (Refer to Trakhees Construction Material satisfactory result.
Quality Control Guidelines), and elevate admixture in order to
2- Each site engineer will be permitted to supervise a
achieve minimum 28 days grout strength with maximum accepted
predetermined number of projects simultaneously. The
tolerance of 12 N/mm2 from concrete characteristic strength.
following limitations are given for guidance and CED
3.2.2 REGISTRATION OF PT SPECIALIST: may request to reduce these figures in cases where
the quality of works revealed to be unsatisfactory and
The registration of PT specialist could be ensured provided that the below
hence the specialist will be asked to submit another site
technical staff have been successfully tested and interviewed as per the
engineer/s for approval.
procedures. Each approved specialist will be registered under identification
number called PTC number. The following figures may be permitted for each approved
site engineer subject to the periodic performance
a) Approval of project manager/s
evaluation.
Specialist contractor shall submit the C.V of the project manager/s
5 years --------------------- 2 structures running simultaneously.
for registration, it may be required to be tested in writing, and/or
interviewed by CED relevant committee. 6 years-------------------3 structures running simultaneously.
Project manager shall have minimum 10 years experience. Above 6 years ---------- 4 structures running simultaneously.
b) Approval of design engineer/s: 3- The site engineers should have at least 5 years total
experience includes one year actual experience in PT
Specialist contractor shall submit the C.V of the design team
execution field.
for registration. CED approval for the design engineer/s will be
subject to passing the written exam and technical interview with 3.2.3 STORAGE OF MATERIALS
satisfactory result. Designer engineer/s may be requested to
Specialist contractor has to submit the storage area for approval and shall
confirm the specific involvement in the PT design field through a
be suitable to store the PT materials in good condition with minimum
realistic exercise prior to decide the final success.
covered area of 200 m2. Method statement of materials storage shall be
1- Each designer will be permitted to conduct the design submitted for approval.
for an assigned annual PT quantity, if the work volume is
3.2.4 APPROVAL OF METHOD STATEMENT
exceeding, the specialist will be asked to submit another
designer for approval. Specialist contractor has to submit the method of statement in professional
details for approval, from receiving of materials till handover the
The Quantity of PT work may be permitted for each
grouting and shuttering removal; this shall be included in each
approved designer, has to be within the following figures:
project submission.
600,000 m2/ annum and not more than 100,000 m2 /
3.2.5 PERMISSION TO THE FIRST PROJECT
month.
Specialist contractor shall submit the concept of first project for approval
2- The designer should have minimum 5 years experience
in principle.
in the structural, and at least three years of them in post
tensioning design in recognized P.T Specialist agency. 1- Upon the concept approval, the specialist shall submit the
detailed design for approval, CED shall be notified in advance of
c) Approval of site engineer/s:
the date of executing of each slab, CED’s engineer has to take the
Specialist contractor shall submit the C.V of the site engineer/s
84 85
necessary action to check and approve the work at site prior to f. ASCE-7-5
concrete placing.
g. IBC-latest edition.
2- After hand over the post tension work to the respected party, the
3.3.2.2 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
specialist contractor shall apply to the CED for final inspection.
a. Slab Thickness
3- Based on final inspection, CED will decide the final approval of
the specialist and the system as well. 1. Slab thickness should be decided based on the
loads and spans.
4- All the above procedures shall be submitted to CED under the
lead consultant cover letter. 2. For normal loads in residential and commercial
areas, the thickness of flat slab should be proposed
3.3 SOFTWARE APPROVAL & DESIGN GUIDELINES to be as explained in Fig. (3.8) provided that the ul-
3.3.1 SOFTWARE APPROVAL timate and service limits requirements are met.
Specialist contractor/consultant shall use licensed software only. Soft- 3. Vibration shall be considered in the design of
ware used by the specialist contractor require CED certification and ap- the offices areas, following the above mentioned
proval prior to implementation in the design. The software could be certi- codes.
fied and approved following the below procedures: 4. Cubic strength for the concrete used in pre stressed
Specialist contractor shall submit original license for the software, along slabs shall not be less than 40 N/mm2.
with user technical manual and all related technical sheets, via cover Span/depth
Total imposed Span/depth
Total imposed ratios
letter from the specialist. Section Type load
(kN/m)
ratios
6m < L < 13 m Section Type load 6m < L < 13 m
(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
1. Solid flat slab 2.5 6. coffered slab with band beam
To ensure a better understanding of the software capability and perform- 40 2.5 28
5.0 36 5.0 26
ance enhancement, the specialist shall respond to all CED enquiries and 10.0 30 10.0 23
> span/6
if necessary to conduct a technical demonstration or/and presentation as 2. Solid flat slab with drop panel 2.5 7. Ribbed slab 2.5 30
44
per the CED arrangement. 5.0 40 5.0 27
10.0 36 10.0 24
The specialist contractor will be notified on the final approval of the soft- > span/3
8. One-way slab with narrow beam Slab Beam
3. Banded flat slab Slab Beam
ware as per the relevant discipline. 2.5 45 25 2.5 42 18
5.0 40 22 5.0 38 16
10.0 34 13
3.3.2 DESIGN GUIDELINES span/5 10.0 35 18
> span/15
4. coffered flat slab 2.5 25
3.3.2.1 APPLIED DESIGN CODES 5.0 23
10.0 20
The following codes and report are permitted for design of post 5. coffered flat slab with solid panels 2.5 28
tension slabs. Unlisted codes shall be submitted for approval 5.0 26
prior to use in design. 10.0 Fig.
23 (3.8) Slab thickness
> span/3
a. BS 8110 1997 structural use of concrete. b. Concrete cover

b. Technical Report (TR 43). 1. Concrete cover shall comply with durability or fire
c. ACI-318 latest edition. resistance requirements, whichever condition is
the more onerous.
d. Post Tension Manual, fifth and sixth edition.
2. The cover shall be measured to the outside surface
e. Euro code 2. of the duct; the minimum net cover for bonded
86 87
system shall be 35 mm. 5. Strands shall not be extended from level to another.
3. Requirement for the other pre stressed tendons 6. Tendons shall be avoided to be stopped inside the
shall be as per Section 6 - Technical Report TR43, slab without support at ends. Support can be drop
second edition. or hidden beams, walls or columns.
c. Tendons d. Loads
1. The maximum tendon spacing shall not be more 1. Design loads shall comply with project design cri-
than 8 times the slab thickness or 1.5 m whichever teria, BS 6399 and ASCE-7-05 requirements. In no
is lesser. In case the banded distributed system cases, the live load should be less than 2.5 KN/m2.
is used, tendon spacing should not be more than
2. Jacking force should be taken as per design code
10 times the slab thickness in the banded direc-
and should be not more than 80% of breaking
tion. Banded direction where at least 2 duct with
loads.
3 strands/duct at least, are passing the columns
areas. Column area shall includes the area bounded e. Deflection control
within distance equal to 0.5 slab thickness all
1. Factors related to short-term elastic deflection esti-
around the column perimeter, otherwise distrib-
mation are as per Fig.(3.10):
uted system shall be considered in the respected
direction, Fig. (3.9). 2. Pre cambering is not allowable in the PT slabs.
Loading Factor related to shor-term elastic

evently spaced tendons in span evently spaced tendons for short span
deflection value
banded tendons over columns for long span
banded tendons over columns Dead 3.0
Post-tensioning
(after losses) 3.0
Live 1.5
Fig. (3.10) Factor taking account of long term effects

Fig. (3.9) Banded-distributed systems
f. Conventional reinforcement in the pre stressed slab.
2. Wherever there are certain difficulties to comply
with the strands distribution basis, partial pre 1. The minimum bottom shrinkage mesh shall be
stressed slab shall be used provided that the PT applied by using T10 each 300mm.
strands to be compensated with designed conven- 2. All support areas shall have the applicable code
tional steel in the proper locations and directions. specified minimum reinforcement in the top for
3. The minimum horizontal spacing between the purpose of distributing the cracks and strength
ducts is the greater of 75mm or duct width. design requirements.
4. Curved tendons are to be avoided, but in case of 3. Conventional reinforcement should be placed along
difficulty to furnish the straight tendons, hair pins edges of all slabs; this should include U-bars laced
should be used in additional to bottom and top with at least tow longitudinal base top and bottom,
steel mesh not less than T10-200 mm, the curving Fig. (3.11).
shall not exceed 1:12.
88 89
5. Transfer slabs or beams shall be of RCC only, pre

flexural and
restraining stressed tendons could be used to reduce the de-
‘ U ’ bar reinforcement
restraining reinforcement flection only.
prestressing tendon
slab 6. It should be noted that after stressing the bonded
system and before grouting has taken place, it
Bottom bar
wall should be considered as un-bonded system.
Transverse bar
7. Grouting should be done at least three days before

Fig. (3.11) U-Bar at the edge of slab and junction of wall and slab removing the scaffolding. If the grouting has placed
after removal of the scaffolding, the design should
be checked as un-bonded system.
4. All columns should be checked for punching shear, 8. P/A should be not less than 0.7 MPa as an average
manually or by using applied software. value, If the average precompression exceeds 3.0
5. Anchor bursting reinforcement should be added to MPa, the design engineer shall explicitly recognize
resist the tensile stresses caused by the concentra- and account for the consequence of shortening of
tion of the force applied at the anchors, Fig. (3.12). the member in connection with the restraint of the
member’s supports.
9. In members where early stressing is desired to
reduce the risk of early shrinkage cracking, it is
common to stress the tendons in two stages. The
first stage is usually about 25% of the final pre
stress force, and is carried out as soon as the con-
crete has gained adequate strength for the anchor-
age being used. This concrete strength could be
between 10 and 15MPa. It is important that suffi-
cient site-cured cubes or cylinders are provided to
Fig. (3.12) Anti Burst steel at dead and live ends determine the transfer strength.
10. Where prestressing is seating be wedges a
g. General minimum value of draw in value of 6mm should be
used in the design calculation.
1. Temperature and lateral force analysis should be
done by 3-D building model, Pre stressed programs 11. Where a slab or system of secondary beams is
shall be used for gravity loads analysis only. stressed across primary beams, attention must be
given to the sequence of stressing in order to avoid
2. Bottom steel at columns and support locations damage to the formwork of the primary beams.
should be not less than 30% of the top steel at the
same location. 3.4 GENERAL NOTES FOR SPECIALIST & SYSTEM APPROVAL
3. Elongation of the strands should be submitted with 1. CED-Trakhees has the right to cancel any previously approved post
design drawings in separate sheet. tension system in case experienced several defect during the system ap-
4. The accepted deviation between site recorded plication.
elongation and software output elongation shall be 2. CED-Trakhees has the right to cancel any designer registration, if the
within ±10%. same did not perform satisfactory.
90 91
3. CED-Trakhees has the right to disqualify previously approved supplier in ricate pre cast concrete elements to the requirements of standards. The
case declination in product quality was noticed. storage, transportation, handling and erection of the pre cast elements
shall be carried out in conjunction and coordination with other construc-
4. CED-Trakhees can limit the work quantity for any specialist contractor
tion activities as well as the respected standards controlling such kind of
based on the performance quality of the work that will be evaluated from
construction systems, Fig (3.13).
time to time.
Pre cast specialist should be registered in CED with certain products as
5. All the submission of above subjects should be passed to CED via stand-
follows:
ard cover letter cross referring to PTC & PTS, valid trade license, in PDF
format.
3.5 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR OBTAINING PRESTRESS PERMIT

1. Consultant cover letter indicating the submission subject and description
of submission purpose , project ID, specialist and system IDs, details of I-Beam Box Beam Bulb Tree Column
attached documents, etc
2. Specialist document: prequalification-trading license- system approval,
Slab
designer approval, site engineer, etc…
3. Undertaking letter from specialist for pre stressing work (design and ex-
ecution) approved by the consultant. Inverted Ledger Rectangular Hollow-Core
Tee Beam Beam Beam Slab
4. Design criteria explaining all design data.
5. Software license copy.
6. PDF detailed drawings signed and stamped by specialist and consultant.
Pile sections Sheet Pile Double
DWG drawings are required for review purposes. Tee
7. List of submitted drawings.

Fig. (3.13) Common Precast Concrete Products
8. PDF calculation signed and stamped by specialist and consultant, includ-
ing gravity, lateral force and thermal calculations (If any).
3.6.1.1 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR PRECAST SPECIALIST
9. 3D models of the full structure to check the lateral force effects on P.T REGISTRATION
slabs design.
1- Valid trade license.
10. P.T software models.
2- Detailed information about the products, inclusive concrete,
11. Latest approved structural drawings. steel, pre stressed materials, etc….
12. Third party report (If applicable). 3- Applied codes and design criteria.
4- Method of statement for production, transportation, han-
dling and installation.
3.6 GUIDELINES FOR PRE CAST CONCRETE WORKS
5- CVs for designers and site engineers.
3.6.1 PRE CAST SPECIALIST REGISTRATION
6- Quality assurance and quality control procedures.
Precast concrete elements shall be produced by certified manufacturers,
with certification demonstrating the capability of a manufacturer to fab- 7- Test certificates, design mix… and full scale test.
92 93
8- List of projects already completed successfully with the

same product/s.
3.6.2 PRE CAST DESIGN GUIDELINES

3.6.2.1 DESIGN CODES:
The following codes and reports are permitted to be used in

pre cast design:
1. BS 8110-1997
2. ACI 318 – latest edition
3. PCI Design handbook fifth edition.
4. CPCI design manual 4.
5. UBC 1997 and ASCE 7-7 (Seismic loads). Supplemental line with “ Come-Along”
6. ASCE 7 – latest edition (Wind loads).

7. IBC-latest edition (International Building Code) Fig. (3.14a) Supplemental Lifting Points
3.6.2.2 Durability: Material strength of factory produced pre cast

reinforcedand pre-tensioned concrete components shall
comply with design performance of the structure during its
life span. Concrete cover, fire resistance, crack and deflection Crane Line Load = W
control and resistant to chloride ion attack should be main- T = Sling Load =
WF
2
tained within the relevant codes limitations.
Sling Angle =
3.6.2.3 Concrete strength: The 28-day design strength of concrete
used in pre cast and pre stressed products shall be 40 MPa
minimum. The transfer strength (when the pre stress force is
transferred to the concrete) can be 25 MPa or as required by
the design. Total Load = w
3.6.2.4 Span to depth ratio: as a guidance for span to depth ratios of

flexural elements, the following figures could be adopted:
1. Hollow core floor slabs: 30 to 40 Multiplication Factor “F” for the Total Load
on Sling With a Sling Angle of
2. Double tee floor slabs: 25 to 35 90 75 60 45 30

a
F 1.00 1.04 1.16 1.41 2.00

3. Beams: 10 to 20
NOTE: is usually not less than 60
check bl-directional sling angle.
3.6.2.5 STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, HANDLING AND ERECTION a A 30 sling angle is not recommended.
Pre cast units shall be designed to resist all kinds of stress-

es induced by storage, handling, transport and erection,
without permanent deformation and shall be braced for han- Fig. (3.14b) Force in Lift Lines
dling and transportation when necessary, Figs (3.14 a - f).
94 95
P
T =
P sin0 cos
Y
0 P
PH =
tan0
yc
Z
c.g.
P T T P
Y (a) Four Points With Two Cranes
PV PV
e
yt yc
yb X
c.g.
M x= P H yc
P yc
M x=
tan0
M z = Pve
Pe
M z=
tan0 (b) Eight Points with two Cranes
and Two Spreader Beams
Fig. (3.14c) Moment caused by eccentric lifting

Fig. (3.14e) Hook lifting
Spreader
Beam
Rolling
c.g.
Block
Force Equal
Equal Equal on All Lines
a) Four points with Spreader Beam b) Eight Points with Spreader Beam
All Reactions
Equal
R R R R Fig. (3.14f) Use of spreader beam
Fig. (3.14d) Arrangement for equalizing lifting loads
96 97
1. Each element must be stable after erection and offer resistance

to wind, accidental impact, and loads that may be imposed due
to other construction operations, Fig (3.15).
Panel Loading
Gravity Loading
Fig. (3.16a) Transporting single-story panels
Seismic Loading
Parallel to Panel
Face
Seismic or
Wind Loading
Perpendicular
to Panel Face
Fig. (3.16b) Transporting of long panels
Fig. (3.15) Example of Precast panel with Earthquake loading

(1-x) x x x
2. Surfaces shall intend to remain free of discernible cracks by limit-

ing the flexural tension to the modulus of rupture modified by a
suitable safety factor. M1 M1
3. The arrangement of temporary bracing should not interfere with

M2 M2
adjacent erection and other construction processes. Bracing
(a) One End Cantllevered (b) Both End Cantllevered
must be maintained until permanent connections are completed.
yb yb x= 1
4. Please refer to BS8110-1997 section 6.2.11 and PCI Section: x= 1 1+ 1+ yt
2 yt yt 2 1+ 1+ y
5.2.4.2. Where:
b
yb = distance from the bending axis to the bottom fiber

5. The method used for transporting pre cast concrete products yt = distance from the bending axis to the top fiber
shall be considered in the structural design including size and

weight limitations and the dynamic effects imposed by road con- Fig. (3.16c) Equations for Equal Tensile Stresses at top and bottom of member
ditions, Figs. (3.16 a,b & c).
98 99
3.6.2.6 CONNECTIONS
Typical connections details shown in Figs (3.17 a - f) shall be fol-

lowed.
Design Considerations:
1. The connection must have adequate strength to transfer
the forces to which it will be subjected during its lifetime. With large factors of safety, friction may
transfer nominal forces Topping if
Additional structural integrity ties may be
2. The connection must have ability to undergo relatively required
required
large inelastic deformations without failure.

3. The stresses caused by restraint of creep, shrinkage and Fabrication Considerations:
temperature change (Volume change) must be consid- Clean and simple

ered in the design. Bearing strip
4. The connection must meet the durability and fire resist- Erection Considerations:
ance requirements. Clean and simple

P.C. or C.I.P.
concrete
5. Connections shall be checked for the expected earth- beam
quake and wind forces.
with beaded
Fig. 5.3.3
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces stud anchors
Can be designed as structural integrity tie Plate with deformed With
bar grouted in returns
slab keyway Topping if
Fabrication Considerations: required
Advantageous to have no hardware in slab Design Considerations:

Beam embedments must line up with slab Reinforcement draped
joints Can transfer internal diaphragm forces over beam and grouted
Can be designed as structural integrity tie in slab keyway
Accommodates variations in slab length Bearing strip
Consider concrete cover on reinforcement Topping if
Grout
Erection Considerations:
over beam required
P.C. or C.I.P.
Advantageous to have connection completed concrete
beam
by follow-up crew
Difficult for welder to hold loose plate in Fabrication Considerations:
Fig. 5.3.1
position
Slab layout must have opposing joints lined up
Grout Bearing strip

Design Considerations: Reinforcement
grouted in slab Erection Considerations:
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces keyway
Can be designed as structural integrity tie Topping if Clean and simple P.C. or C.I.P.
Grout required
concrete
Fabrication Considerations: beam
May increase beam reinforcement for

shallower beam
Fig. 5.3.4
Layout must have opposing slab joints lined up Bearing strip
Erection Considerations: P.C. or C.I.P.

concrete
Clean and simple beam
Fig. 5.3.2
Fig. (3.17b) Connections

Fig. (3.17a) Connections
100 101
Reinforcement
Design Considerations: grouted in
Design Considerations: slab keyway
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces Can be designed as structural integrity tie Reinforcement per
Will develop volume change restraint forces Horizontal shear in composite beam must be design
that must be considered in design of transfered
connections Topping if Topping
required
Opposing slab joints must line up
Fabrication Considerations:
Slab manufacturing system must allow bottom
weld anchors Clean and simple for slabs
Beam inserts must align with slab inserts
allowing fabrication tolerances Weld Plate
(alt. ends) Erection Considerations: Dam
cores Bearing strip
Bearing strip
Beam may have to be shored until topping is
with cured
P.C. or C.I.P. beaded Horizontal shear reinforcement may present
Connections can be completed by follow-up concrete stud anchors P.C. or C.I.P.
crew beam safety hazard for erector concrete
Access for welding may require ladders or Core dams must be placed beam
scaffold
Spacer may be required to make weld
Fig. 5.3.7
Fig. 5.3.5
Beam and slab inserts must align

Plate as required
Design Considerations: by design
Design Considerations: Reinforcement with beaded
grouted in Can transfer diaphragm shear stud anchors
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces slab keyway or deformed bar
Can provide lateral brace for beam
Can be designed as structural integrity tie Reinforcement per
design Potential for negative moment in slabs Topping if
Horizontal shear from beam cap must be Concrete
transferred Topping if required
required Fabrication Considerations:
Opposing slab joints must line up
Slab insert difficult to install. Because of
Fabrication Considerations: tolerance on sawcut ends, the insert should be
installed after slabs are cut to length
Clean and simple for slabs Beam and slab inserts must align
with beaded
Dam stud anchors Bearing strip
Erection Considerations: cores Bearing strip
Beam may have to be shored until cap is
cured If required for lateral beam stability, welding
Horizontal shear reinforcement may present P.C. or C.I.P. may have to be completed as slabs are set
safety hazard for erector concrete
beam P.C. or C.I.P.
Core dams must be placed concrete
beam
Fig. 5.3.6 Fig. 5.3.8
Fig. (3.17c) Connections Fig. (3.17d) Connections
102 103
Reinforcement grouted
in slab keyway
Design Considerations: Plate with deformed bar Topping if
anchor grouted in Can transfar diaphragm shear required
Can transfer diaphragm shear Can be designed as structural inegrity tie Longitudinal
slab keyway
bar as req'd.
Can provide lateral brace for beam
Potential to develop negative moment in slabs Topping if Fabrication Considerations:
required
Clean and simple for both beam and slabs
Dowels from beam may present safety hazard
Plates in beam must align with slab joints Bearing
Reinforcement must be tied in place
allowing tolerance strip
Concrete must be cast around reinforcement
Edge form is required for cast-in-place concrete P.C. or C.I.P.
Dowels from beam may present safety hazard concrete
Plate with beaded Bearing
beam
Erection Considerations: stud anchors strip
Fig. 5.3.11
Connection can be completed with a follow-up
crew
P.C. or C.I.P. Weld Plate (alt. ends)
Lateral bracing for beam will not be provided
concrete
until keyway grout cures Design Considerations: Topping if
beam
required
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces
Will develop volume change restraint forces
Fig. 5.3.9 that must be considered in design of connection
Design Considerations: Reinforcement grouted weld inserts Bearing
in slab keyway Beam and slab inserts must align with strip
Can transfer internal diaphragm forces allowance for tolerance
Can be designed as structural integrity tie Topping if Erection Considerations:
required Connections can be completed by follow-up crew with beaded
P.C. or C.I.P.
stud anchor
Access for welding may require ladders or scaffold concrete
Fabrication Considerations: Spacer may be required to make weld beam
Fig. 5.3.12
Clean and simple
Fig. (3.17f) Connections

Erection Considerations: Bearing
strip Design Considerations:
Clean and simple Weld plate
Can transfer diaphragm shear
Keyway dimensions may limit the Topping if
reinforcement diameter Tortional and lateral beam restraint can be provided
required
P.C. or C.I.P. Will develop volume change restraint forces
concrete that must be considered in design of connection Bearing
beam
Fabrication Considerations: strip

Fig. 5.3.10
weld inserts
Beam and slab weld anchors must align with
allowances for tolerance
Erection Considerations: P.C. or C.I.P. with headed

concrete stud anchors
Connections can be completed by follow-up crew
beam
Access for welding may require ladders or scaffold
Spacer may be required to make weld Fig. 5.3.13
Fig. (3.17e) Connections Fig. (3.17g) Connections
104 105
SECTION: 3 GUIDELINES FOR PRE STRESSED CONCRETE WORKS (SLABS)
3.6.2.7 General considerations
1. Structural shall be designed for vibration as PCI S: 9.7.

2. Minimum total bearing width shall be 100 mm; the design
of bearing shall be as per Section: 5.2.3 in BS8110.
3. The pre cast design shall be complied with section 5 in BS
8110.
4. The pre cast system for slabs shall be with toping concrete
inclusive minimum reinforcement mesh of T8-
200mm.
3.6.3 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED FOR OBTAINING PRECAST STRUCTURE PERMIT

1. Consultant cover letter indicating the submission subject and
description of submission purpose , project ID, specialist and
system IDs, details of attached documents, etc
2. Specialist document: prequalification-trading license- system ap-
proval, designer approval, site engineer, etc…
3. Undertaking letter from specialist for pre stressing work (design
and execution) approved by the consultant.
4. Design criteria explaining all design data.
5. Software license copy.
6. PDF detailed drawings signed and stamped by specialist and con-
sultant. DWG drawings are required for review purposes.
7. List of submitted drawings.
8. PDF calculation signed and stamped by specialist and consultant,
including gravity, lateral force and thermal calculations (If any).
9. 3D models of the full structure to check the lateral force effects
on P.T slabs design.
10. P.T software models.
11. Latest approved structural drawings.
12. Third party report (If applicable).
106 107
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN GUIDELINES –
STEEL STRUCTURES
04
SECTION
108 109
SECTION
4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – STEEL STRUCTURES SECTION:4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – STEEL STRUCTURES
4.2.2 SEISMIC LOADS

4.1 INTRODUCTION 1. UBC 1997, Volume 2, ‘Structural Engineering Design Provisions’,
The guidelines in this section are applicable for steel structure and are intended Division IV ‘Earthquake Design’
to provide minimum structural design requirements for steel buildings and other 2. Zone 2A shall be adopted for all structures.
structures fabricated and erected with structural steel. The guidelines are in-
tended to give a general idea of the basic requirements for steel structures while 3. For special steel structures and tall buildings, relevant sections
designing structures within the CED Trakhees jurisdiction. of structural design guidelines for building structures are appli-
cable.
Engineers shall refer to the applicable codes for the detailed technical guidance
and requirements. It is anticipated that the use of these guidelines will result 4.2.3 WIND LOAD
in a uniform design and construction of buildings throughout projects in CED- 1. ASCE 7: ‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc-
Trakhees jurisdiction. tures’ - Chapter 6. Design shall be based on basic wind velocity of
Any requests for variations to the guidelines presented must be fully documented 45 m/s.
and presented to the CED-Trakhees for review and acceptance prior to any work 2. For all structures where wind loads are applied as per codes,
commencement. other directions than the two orthogonal ones to be investigated
The design shall meet all relevant standards for safety, durability, fire resistance for ultimate and serviceability limit states. The same shall be
and serviceability. The designer shall investigate alternative systems and shall carefully studied for irregular buildings.
achieve optimized economical and constructible solution. 3. For special steel structures and tall buildings, relevant sections
Sections in design guidelines for building structures shall be referred to where of structural design guidelines for building structures are appli-
indicated. cable.
4.2.4 DESIGN CODES
4.2 APPLICABLE CODES
1. BS 5950: ‘Structural Use of Steelwork in Buildings’.
The following codes are permitted for design of steel structures. Design codes
not listed in this document shall be submitted for review and approval prior to 2. AISC 360: Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
adopting in the design. Consultant should ensure that selected design stand- 3. UBC 1997, Volume 2, ‘Structural Engineering Design Provisions’.
ards are the latest editions and fully compatible with CED’s design regulations
& guidelines. 4. IBC ‘International Building Code’, excluding seismic design provi-
sions.
4.2.1 DEAD AND LIVE LOADS
5. For codes on concrete and other elements used in steel buildings,
1. BS 6399: Part 1 ‘Loading For Buildings: Code of Practice for Dead refer to codes listed in structural design guidelines for building
and Imposed Loads’. structures.
2. BS 6399: Part 3 ‘Loading For Buildings: Code of Practice for
Imposed Roof Loads’ 4.3 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA - ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND DETAILING
3. ASCE 7: ‘Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Struc- The following sections present the analysis, design and detailing criteria with par-
tures’, Chapter 3 ‘Dead Loads’ and Chapter 4 ‘Live Loads’ ticular reference to normal and low to medium rise steel buildings and structures.
For special steel structures and tall steel buildings, detailed performance criteria
4. Adopted dead and live loads shall satisfy recommendations of given in guidelines for building structures shall be referred to and the relevant
the Dubai Municipality, CED - TRAKHEES and other relevant stat- sections shall be considered in the design.
utory authorities.
110 111
SECTION:4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – STEEL STRUCTURES SECTION:4 STRUCTURAL DESIGN GUIDELINES – STEEL STRUCTURES
4.3.1 GENERAL 10. Details of members and connections should be such as to realize
the assumption made in design with out affecting any other part
1. Minimum design life of the steel structure shall be 50 years
of structure.
unless otherwise specified.
4.3.2 LOADING
2. The aim of structural design should be to provide, with due
regard to economy, a structure capable of fulfilling its intended All relevant loads should be considered separately and in such realistic
function and sustaining the specified loads for its intended life. combinations as to comprise the most critical effects on the elements and
the structure as a whole.
3. The design should facilitate safe fabrication, transport, handling
and erection. It should also take account of the needs of future 1. Dynamic loads shall be considered for cranes and for members
maintenance, final demolition, recycling and reuse of materials. supporting machineries as per the manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions and as per the applicable codes.
4. The structure should be designed to behave as a one three-
dimensional entity. The layout of its constituent parts, such as 2. Temperature effects shall be included in the design of the struc-
foundations, steelwork, joints and other structural components ture including temperature effects during erection stage, opera-
should constitute a robust and stable structure under normal tional aspect, etc.
loading to ensure that, in the event of misuse or accident,
damage will not be disproportionate to the cause. 4.3.3 LIMIT STATE OF STRENGTH
5. The basic anatomy of the structure by which the loads are trans- In checking the strength and stability of the structure all loads shall be
mitted to the foundations should be clearly defined. multiplied by the applicable load factors and all combinations of loads
producing the worst effects on the structure and its constituent ele-
6. Any features of the structure that have a critical influence on its ments shall be identified and used in the strength limit state design. Load
overall stability should be identified and taken account of in the factors and combinations given in Table 1 below shall be used when BS
design. 5950 is adopted for design.
7. Each part of the structure should be sufficiently robust and in- 1. Factors and combinations shall be used consistently throughout
sensitive to the effects of minor incidental loads applied during the project as per the design code adopted. Mixing factors and
service that the safety of other parts is not prejudiced. combinations from different codes are not allowed.
8. The design intention should be to adopt a layout so as to ration-
alize the use of member sizes and details to achieve maximum
structural efficiency and to obtain a combination of materials
and workmanship consistent with the overall requirements of the
structure.
9. Design shall include all limit states in addition to the limit states
of strength and serviceability as follows:
a. Strength limit states including general yielding, rupture,
yielding, buckling and transformation into a mechanism.
b. Serviceability limit states
c. Stability against overturning & sway.
d. Fracture due to fatigue and brittle fracture.
e. Corrosion and durability.
112 113
a) Vertical deflection of beame due to imposed load

Loading Factor, f
Cantilevers Length/180
Dead load 1.4 Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360
Dead load restraining uplift or overturning 1.0 Other beams (except) purlins and sheeting rails Span/200
Dead load acting with wind and imposed Purlins and sheeting rails See 4.12.2
loads combined 1.2 b) Horizontal deflection of columns due to imposed load and wind load
Imposed load 1.6 Tops of coloumns in single-storey building, except portal frames Height/300
Imposed load acting with wind load 1.2 Coloumns in portal frame buildings, not supporting crane runways To suit cladding
Wind load 1.4 Coloumns supporting crane runways To suit crane runway
Wind load acting with imposed load or In each storey of a builidng with more thean one storey Height of that storey/300
crane load 1.2 c) Crane girders
Forces due to temperature effects 1.2 Vertical deflection due to static vertical wheel loads Span/600
from overhead travelling cranes
Crane loading effects Horizontal deflection (calculated on the top flange Span/500
properties alone) due to horizontal crane loads
Vertical load 1.6
Vertical load acting with horizonal loads Table 4.2. Deflection Limitations - BS 5950
(crabbing or surge) 1.4
Horizontal load 1.6 3. When checking for deflections the most adverse realistic combi-
nation and arrangement of serviceability loads shall be consid-
Horizontal load acting with vertical 1.4
ered, and the structure may be assumed to behave elastically.
Crane load acting with wind load* 1.2 On low pitched and flat roofs the possibility of ponding should be
investigated.
* When considering wind or imposed load and crane loading
4. Vertical and horizontal limits of deflection due to all loads shall in
acting together the value of f for dead load may be taken as 1.2.
general be limited to the deflection limits specified in the codes.
Special care shall be taken to limit the deflection to suit the clad-
ding, crane girder tolerances, members supporting sensitive ma-
Table 4.1. Load Factors and Combinations - BS 5950 chineries etc.
5. Vibration and oscillation of building structures should be limited
4.3.4 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY to avoid discomfort to users and damage to contents. Reference
to specialist literature shall be made as appropriate.
Serviceability loads shall be taken as the unfactored loads with all serv-
iceability load combinations specified in the relevant codes used. 6. In order to ensure the durability of the structure under conditions
relevant both to its intended use and to its intended life, the fol-
1. Deflections of a building or part under serviceability loads should
lowing factors should be taken into account in design:
not impair the strength or efficiency of the structure or its compo-
nents, nor cause damage to the finishing. • Environment around the structure and the degree of ex-
posure.
2. Deflection limits shall not exceed the suggested values given in
Table 2. as per BS 5950. • Shape of the members and structural detailing.
• Protective measures.
114 115
• Whether inspection and maintenance are possible. 4. Where aerodynamic instability can occur, account should be
taken of wind induced oscillations.
• As an alternative to the use of protective coatings,
weather resistant steels to BS EN 10155 may be used. 5. Where fatigue is critical, all design details should be precisely
Steels complying with other prominent international defined and the required quality of workmanship should be
codes such as the American and European codes are ac- clearly specified.
ceptable subject to review and approval by the authority.
6. Resistance to fatigue should be determined by reference to BS
4.3.5 FOUNDATION 7608 or applicable codes.
Foundations shall accommodate all forces imposed on them. Attention 4.3.8 STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY
should be given to the method of connecting the steel superstructure to
All buildings shall be effectively tied together at each principal floor level.
the foundations and to the anchoring of holding-down bolts.
1. Each column shall be effectively held in position by means of
1. Where it is necessary to quote the foundation reactions, it should
horizontal ties in two directions, approximately at right angles, at
be clearly stated whether the forces and moments result are from
each principal floor level supported by that column.
factored or unfactored loads. Where they result from factored
loads, the relevant factors for each load in each combination 2. Horizontal ties shall be provided at roof level, except where the
should be stated. steelwork only supports cladding that weighs not more than 0.7
kN/m2 and that carries only imposed roof loads and wind loads.
4.3.6 HOLDING DOWN BOLTS
3. Continuous lines of ties should be arranged as close as practica-
Holding down bolts should be designed to resist tension due to uplift
ble to the edges of the floor or roof and to each column line. Ties
forces and tension due to bending moments as appropriate.
designed and provided as shown in Figures (4.1) and (4.2) are
1. Holding-down bolts required to resist tension should be anchored acceptable.
by a washer plate or other load distributing member embedded
in the foundation. This plate or member should be designed to
span any grout tube or adjustment tube provided for the holding- Column ties
Edge ties
down bolt.
2. Alternatively, a bend or hook in accordance with the minimum
bend radius recommended in the codes may be used. Re-entrant corner
Tie anchoring
3. Expanding anchors or resin-grouted anchors are generally not re-entrant corner
recommended. If they are required in exceptional cases, it should Edge ties
be demonstrated that the required capacity can reliably be

achieved, both by the anchor and by the foundation.
A
4.3.7 FATIGUE
Tie anchoring
column A
1. Fatigue need not be considered unless a structure or element is
subjected to numerous significant fluctuations of stress.
Edge ties Beams not used as ties
2. Stress changes due to normal fluctuations in wind loading need
not be considered.
Fig (4.1) Tying of Columns – Beams connecting columns only and
3. Structural members that support heavy vibrating machinery or
at reentrant corners used as Ties
plant should be checked for fatigue resistance.
116 117
4.4 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR INDUSTRIAL STEEL STRUCTURES

All beams designed
to act as ties
ROOF PURLIN
RIDGE EAVE STRUT
RIGID FRAME COLUMN
Tie anchoring ROOF SYSTEM RIGID FRAME
column A GUTTER
EAVE HEIGHT
N
A PA
RS
EA
CL
CMU WALL
GIRT
BRACING BA ENDWALL FRAME
YS
PA
CIN ENDWALL COLUMN
Fig (4.2) Tying of Columns – All beams including secondary beams G
used as Ties ENDWALL RAFTER
SIDEWALL
ENDWALL
4. All horizontal ties, and all other horizontal members, should be ENDWALL CORNER
COLUMN
capable of resisting a factored tensile load, which should not be
considered as additive to other loads, of not less than 75 kN. Fig (4.3). Parts of a Typical Steel Industrial Building
5. Each portion of a building between expansion joints shall be
treated as a separate building.
1. Design calculations and details of all parts (See Figure (4.3)) of a steel
6. For special buildings where it is stipulated to be designed to industrial building including foundations shall be submitted.
avoid disproportionate collapse, all requirements with regard to
2. Footings shall be designed to solely resist the horizontal thrust from the
tying of columns, continuity of columns, resistance to horizontal
portal frames. Hair pin bars connecting pedestal to the grade slab for
forces, notional removal of column, accidental loading and key
horizontal restraint shall be avoided.
element design etc. shall be carefully studied and designed as
required by the relevant sections of codes. 3. A minimum footing effective depth of 300mm for all footings with rein-
forcement cover meeting the durability requirements and the recommen-
dations in the soil investigation report shall be provided.
4. Connections and loading drawings shall be provided with the input and
output from the applicable steel design software.
5. All steelwork drawings shall be properly coordinated with the architec-
tural and services drawings. Bracings shall not foul with openings &
windows. A minimum of two bays shall be braced.
6. For built up sections, thickness of structural steel members shall not be
less than 6mm for main members and 4mm for secondary members.
7. Anti-sag rods shall be a minimum of 16mm diameter and the maximum
spacing of rods shall not exceed 3.8m. The roof bracing rods used shall
be of 20mm minimum diameter.
118 119
8. Wall wind bracing members shall be rolled steel sections such as angles 17. All internal partitions shall be designed for internal critical wind pres-
or pipes. Rods or cables shall not be used as wall wind bracing elements. sures coefficients.
18. Drawings shall include cross sections for the steel column fixing to the
pedestal.
19. Pedestal sizes shall include provision for RCC columns/wall stiffeners if
present, base plate size with clearance (to avoid overlapping of reinforce-
ment and anchor bolts details etc) and grouting details.
20. Roof gutters shall be properly designed and detailed and the necessary
calculations shall be submitted.
Wall Bracings – Angle, Pipes or Suitable steel

21. All foundation levels in CED-JAFZA/DM datum shall be mentioned clearly
sections only. Rods or cables shall not be used in the drawing as per soil report recommendations.
22. Maximum distance between the bolts in any connection shall be limited
to 350mm or shall be provided with stiffener plates.
Fig (4.4). Wall Bracing
23. Loading diagram for all floors and roofs including dead, imposed, collat-
eral, crane loads etc. shall be provided.
9. An elevation view showing the load transmission from the wind bracing to
the ground shall be submitted. 24. Composite deck slab details shall include concrete thickness and grade,
reinforcement, sheet profile and sheet design data from the profile manu-
10. All flange braces for rigid column frames shall be fixed to side wall girts facturer.
before constructing the exterior block work.
25. Purlin detail shall include data sheets with properties and design data
11. Bracing shall not be removed and shall remain intact through out the life from the purlin manufacturer.
of the building.
26. All joint details and layout of joints for expansions and contraction joints,
12. Crane supplier’s data sheets shall be provided for crane design and draw- control joints, construction joints etc. shall be provided.
ings.
27. General structural steel notes showing the grades of steel and material
13. Protective coating to structural steel shall be done at workshop and the properties, codes adopted in design, loadings considered, typical details,
required thickness shall be 240-270 microns. fabrication, erection tolerances, painting and all other required specifica-
14. In cases where the foundations are designed by the main consultant and tions for the project shall be provided.
steel superstructure is designed by steel specialist contractors, the con- 28. Drawings shall contain end gable view of the steel structural frames.
sultant’s submission shall include design and details of Anchor bolts with
the bolt grade, diameter and the length along with the foundation design 29. All internal columns shall be protected with encasement or protection
and details. bollard to avoid accidental damage to the structure.
15. All steel member bolted connections in the drawing shall show the bolt 30. Soakpits (if required) shall be located away from the main structures and
grade, diameter and length. All Bolt length shall be checked for end plate foundations such that the soil strata below the foundations are not dis-
thickness, washer, nuts, threading projection beyond nut etc. turbed at any stage during or after construction.
16. Welded connection details shall include the type of welds, thickness,
length etc. indicated by the standard welding symbols.
120 121
REFERENCES
122 123
REFERENCES REFERENCES
1. Anandarajah, K. S. and Kuganenthira, N. “Incremental Stress-Strain Behaviour 22. Harr , M. E. “ Foundations of Theoretical Soil Mechanics”, McGraw-Hill Book
of Granular Soil”, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 1, 1995, pp. 57 - 68. Company, New York.
2. Bowles J.E. “Foundation Analysis and Design”5th Edition-Mc Graw Hill International 23. Holeyman, A. E. (1997). “An Earthquake Engineering Approach to Vibrocompaction”,
Edition, 1997. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering.
3. Bowles J.E. “Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils”5th Edition-Mc Graw
Hill International Edition. 24. Kramer, S. L. (1996). “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
4. BS 410: 1986 “Specifications for Test sieves”.
25. Hsai Yang Fang “Foundation Engineering Handbook” Second Edition,
5. BS1377: 1990 “Soils for civil engineering purposes”.
Van Nostrand Reinhold.
6. BS 5930: 1999 “Code of practice for site investigation”.
26. Hunt, R. E. “Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation” McGraw-Hill,
7. BS 6031:1981 “Code of Practice for Earthworks”. New york .
8. BS 8002: 1994 “Code of practice for Earth retaining structures”. 27. Meyerhof, G. G. “Shallow Foundations”, J. Soil Mech. and Foundation Div.
ASCE, Vol. 91, No. SM2, 1965, pp. 2-31.
9. BS 8004: 1986 “Code of practice for foundations”.
28. Michalowski, R. L. and Shi, L. “Bearing Capacity of Footing Over Two-layer
10. BS 8081: 1989 “Code of practice for Ground anchorages”.
Foundation Soils”, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 5, 1995, pp. 421 - 428.
11. BRE SP1:2005 “Concrete in aggressive ground”.
29. Mslivec, A. and Kysela , Z. “The Bearing Capacity of Building Foundations” Else-
12. British Geological Survey “Geology and Geophysics of United Arab Emirates”, vier Scientific Publishing Company, Oxford, 1978.
Vol.2. Geology”. (2006).
30. Seed, H. B. and Idriss, I. M. (1971). “Simplified Procedure for Evaluating
13. British Geological Survey “Geology and Geophysics of United Arab Emirates”, Soil Liquefaction Potential”, Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Division,
Vol.4. Geological Hazards. (2006). ASCE, 97(SM9), 1249-1273.
14. CIRIA Publication-31 “Guide to Concrete Construction in the Gulf Region”. 31. Terzaghi , K., Peck R. B. and Mesri, G. “ Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice”
, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Third Edition, 1996.
15. CIRIA Publication-181 “Piled Foundation in weak rock”.
32. Tomlinson M.J. “Foundation Design and Construction” Fifth Edition – Lomgman
16. Das, B. M. (1994). “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering”, 3rd edition, PWS
Scientific & Technical.
Publishing, Co., Boston, Massachusetts.
33. Tomlinson M.J. “Pile Design and Construction Practice” Fourth Edition.
17. Dubai Municipality “Dubai Tide Tables”. (2008).
34. Youd, T. L., Idriss, I. M., Andrus, R. D., Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian, J. T.,
18. Duncan C. Willry “Foundation on Rock”, 2nd edition, E & FN Spon, New York,
Dobry, R., Finn, W. D. L., Harder, L. F., Hynes, M. E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J. P.,
(1999).
Liao, S. S. C., Marcuson, W. F., Martin, G. R., Mitchell, J. K., Moriwaki, Y., Power,
19. Florkiewicz, A. “Upper Bound to Bearing Capacity of Layered Soils”, Can. M. S., Robertson, P. K.,Seed, R. B., and Stokoe, K. H. (2001). “Liquefaction Re-
Geotechnique J. Vol. 26, No. 4, 1989, pp. 730 - 736. sistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF
Workshops on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils”, Journal of Geo-
20. Georgiadis, M. and Michalopoulos, P. A. “Bearing Capacity of Gravity Bases on
technical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE, 127(10), 817-833.
Layered Soils”, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. ASCE, Vol. 111, No. 6, 1984, pp. 712 - 729.
35. Unpublished reports of various projects under the umbrella of Trakhees
21. Griffiths, D. V. “Computation of Bearing Capacity on Layered Soils”, Proc., 4th
Authority Jurisdiction.
int. Conf. Numerical. Methods Geomech. , Z. Eisenstein. Ed. Balkema,
Rotterdam. the Netherlands., 1982, pp. 163 -170 .
124 125
FIGURES & TABLES INDEX
126 127
INDEX INDEX
Figure No. Figure Title Page No. Figure No. Figure Title Page No.
Figure 1.1: Boreholes Distribution 13 Figure 1.29: Cement Grouting (Slurry Grouting) Technique 45
Figure 1.2: Procedures for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 15 Figure 1.30: Compaction Grouting Technique 45
Figure 1.3: Rock Core 16 Figure 1.31: Jet Grouting Technique 46
Figure 1.4: Pressure Meter / Dilatometer Test 17 Figure 1.32: Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Readings 48
Figure 1.5: Earth Profile 24 Figure 1.33.a: Contiguous Piles Shoring System 51
Figure 1.6: Describing Soil Properties 24 Figure 1.33.b: Secant Piles Shoring System 51
Figure 1.7: Standard Down Hole Seismic 26 Figure 1.33.c: Soldier Piles Shoring System 52
Figure 1.8: Safe angel for open excavation 27 Figure 1.34: Shoring Stages of Construction 52
Figure 1.9: Shoring Systems 28 Figure 1.35: Tie Back Anchors Method Statement 54
Figure 1.10: Surface Dewatering System (French Drains) 29 Figure 1.36: Tie Back Anchors Stressing Testing 55
Figure 1.11: Well Point Dewatering System 30 Figure 1.37: Method Statement for Different Types of Bored Piles 58
Figure 1.12: Deep Wells Dewatering System 31 Figure 1.38: Method Statement for Drilled Bored Piles 59
Figure 1.13: Well Pit Details (Running / Finished) 32 Figure 3.1: Pre stress bonded system 80
Figure 1.14: Details of Dewatering Deep Well 33 Figure 3.2: Anchorage system 81
Figure 1.15: Piles Distribution 35 Figure 3.3: Pre stress equipment 82
Figure 1.16: Wick Drains Technique 36 Figure 3.4: Pre stress strands 82
Figure 1.17: Method statement of Dynamic Compaction 37 Figure 3.5: Ducts 83
Figure 1.18: Comparison between Dynamic & Vibro Compaction 37 Figure 3-6: Ducts Chairs 83
Figure 1.19: Range of Soils Suitable for Vibratory Techniques 38 Figure 3.7: Shear stud 83
Figure 1.20: The Most Suitable Improvement Technique for both Figure 3.8: Slab thickness 87
Cohesive and Granular Soils 39 Figure 3.9: Bonded-distributed systems 88
Figure 1.21: Cost Comparison for the Different Improvement Figure 3.10: Factor taking account of long term effects 89
Techniques for Granular Soils 39 Figure 3.11: U-Bar at the edge of slab and junction of wall and slab 90
Figure 1.22: Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction) Technique 40 Figure 3.12: Anti Burst steel at dead and live ends 90
Figure 1.23: Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction) Figure 3.13: Common Precast Concrete products 93
Method Statement 41 Figure 3.14.a: Supplemental Lifting Points 95
Figure 1.24: Dynamic Compaction Technique 41 Figure 3.14.b: Force in Lift Lines 95
Figure 1.25: Vibro-replacement Stone Columns Technique 42 Figure 3.14.c: Moment caused by eccentric lifting 96
Figure 1.26: Deep Mixing (Soil Mixing) Technique 43 Figure 3.14.d: arrangement for equalizing lifting loads 96
Figure 1.27: Different Procedures of Grouting Techniques 44 Figure 3.14.e: Hook lifting 97
Figure 1.28: Permeation Grouting Technique 44
128 129
INDEX
Figure No. Figure Title Page No.
Figure 3.14.f: Use of spreader beam 97

Figure 3.15: Example of Precast panel with Earthquake loading 98
Figure 3.16.a: Transporting single-story panels 99
Figure 3.16.b: Transporting of long panels 99
Figure 3.16.c: Equations for Equal Tensile Stresses at
top and bottom of member 99
Figure 3.17.a: Connections 100
Figure 3.17.b: Connections 101
Figure 3.17.c: Connections 102
Figure 3.17.d: Connections 103
Figure 3.17.e: Connections 104
Figure 3.17.f: Connections 105
Figure 3.17.g: Connections 105
Figure 4.1: Tying of columns-beam connecting columns only
and at reentrant corners used as Ties 117
Figure 4.2: Tying of columns-All beams including secondary
beams used as Ties 118
Figure 4.3: Parts of Typical Steel industrial Building 119
Figure 4.4: Wall Bracing 120
Table No. Table Title Page No.

Table 1.1: Correlation between SPT Blows &
Sand Relative Density 16
Table 1.2: Soil Classification System 18
Table 1.3: Soil Properties Correlations 18
Table 1.4: Rock Fracture State 19
Table 1.5: Rock Strength Classification 19
Table 1.6: Sandstone / Conglomerate Properties 19
Table 1.7: Elastic Parameters for Various Soils 19
Table 1.8: Carbonate Classification System 22
Table 1.9: UBC 1997 Soil Profile Class Estimation 26
Table 4.1: Load Factors and Combinations - BS5950 114
Table 4.2: Deflection limitation BS5950 115
130

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Department of Planning and Development - TRAKHEES

This edition issued in October, 2011

Eng. Nazek Al Sabbagh

1.1 Introduction......................................................................................12 3.1 General............................................................................................80

location with specified coordinates as per affection plan and geographi-

per 0.3 meters Soothing

Hollow sampler Driven in

1.2.15 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) MN/m2 (Minimum of Two

Term RQD (%)

Table (1.4): Rock Fracture State

Table (1.5): Rock Strength Classification

Parameters Sandstone Conglomerate

Table (1.6): Sandstone / Conglomerate Properties

Type of Soil Modulus of Elasticity (MN/m 3) Poisson's Ratio

Table (1.7): Elastic Parameters for Various Soils

• Plastic Limit (P.L.) for cohesive soils.

TOTOAL CAR B ONATE CONTENT

Very soft moderately strong strong to

Shear stress (k Pa)

Dry Unit Weight,

Stress on piston, pst

regime. Standpipe peizometers to be installed inside minimum two bore-

15 Unit Weight 80% cv =3 6.2

Fig. (1.6): Describing Soil Properties

Sample No: NU1

Soil Requiring Site - Specific Evaluation SF 20

acceptable test where the bearing capacity corresponds to the allowable

Step Walls Concrete Water

Typical Section of French Drain System

Fig. (1.9): Shoring Systems

Diaphragm wall shoring

Discharge buried 30 cm below excavation level (if required).

Final excavation level

Discharge buried 30 cm below excavation level (if required).

Anmored cable Trench

Anmored cable Final Stage

Fig. (1.12): Deep Wells Dewatering System

To Main Line Installation level

Fig. (1.14): Details of Dewatering Deep Well

Water Proofing TO MAIN LINE Installation level

Final Water Table Level after drawdown

(Dewatering finished,wellpit closed)(Building Contractor)

Fig. (1.14): Details of Dewatering Deep Well

1.3.6 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

settlement for isolated/strip footing and raft foundation shall be

adequate safety factor against likely uplift pressure established

- The geotechnical report shall include an estimate of single pile - Settlement.

1.4 Soil Improvement Guidelines

• Wick drains, Fig. (1.16), are also an accepted technique whenever

DYNAMIC COMPACTION VIBRO COMPACTION

Fig. (1.18): Comparison between Dynamic & Vibro Compaction

Fig. (1.16): Wick Drains Technique

• Range of soil (particle size-sieve analysis) suitable for vibratory

granular soils COHESIVE SOILS: Clays, Sites, Peats

Range of soils suitable for vibratory techniques

70% Compressive Soil

The right borderline indicates an empirically found limit

1.4.1.a Deep Compaction (Vibro Compaction)

Penetration Compaction Backfilling

Dynamic compaction, Fig. (1.24), involves lifting and dropping a

1.4.1.c Soil Replacement

Vibro-Replacement Stone Columns: Vibro-replacement stone