Compression Perpendicular To Plane Properties For CLT-Panels

CIB W18, Meeting Forty-four
Alghero, Italy, 2011
Compression
Perpendicular to
Plane Properties for
CLT-Panels (44-12-1)
Centre of Competence for

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin |
Gerhard Schickhofer Timber Engineering and
holz.bau. forschungs gmbh
Wood Technology
Institute for Timber Engineering and Wood Technology
at
Graz University of Technology Centre for Structural Engineering
Inffeldgasse 24/I, 8010 Graz Graz University of Technology
Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer

Content
●
Introduction
●
Test configuration compression
strength perpendicular to grain
●
Compression strength of glulam
●
Compression strength of CLT
● kc,90 factors for CLT plates
●
Summary
Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 2

Content
●
Introduction
●
●
●
●
Summary

Application for verification of CLT perpendicular to plane
© Picture: Architect Reinberg (AUT) © Picture: DI R. Salzer (AUT)

Content
●
Introduction
●
●
●
●
Summary

Test configuration according to EN 408
th
pa
th
pa
tic
s
ing
ela
ad
lo
un
remaining deformations
Cross section area …. 25000 mm² Determination of ultimate loads:

Height of cube … 200 mm 1% permanent strain after release of loads
perpendicular to grain/plane

Content
●
Introduction
●
Test configuration for compression
●
●
●
Summary

Test – overview, concerning strength of glulam perp. to grain
Author Journal/Thesis year test

specimen
Hoffmeyer P. , Damkilde European Journal of Wood 2000 Glulam
L., Pedersen T. N. and Wood Products cubes
Augustin et al. CIB W 18 paper 39-12-6 2006 Glulam
cubes
Poussa et al. CIB W 18 paper 40-6-2 2007 boards
Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008 mainly

Graz University of Technology boards;
few glulam
cubes

Test – overview, concerning strength of glulam perp. to grain
Author Journal/Thesis year # of test

specimen
Hoffmeyer P. , Damkilde European Journal of Wood 2000 120
L., Pedersen T. N. and Wood Products
Augustin et al. CIB W 18 paper 39-12-6 2006 184
Poussa et al. CIB W 18 paper 40-6-2 2007
Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008

Graz University of Technology
Based on Hoffmeyer et al. and Augustin et al.:

→ fc,90,g,k = 2.25 N/mm²
→ Ec,90,g,mean = 300 N/mm²

Some impressions – glulam cubes perpendicular to grain

Comparison with actual codes
EN 1194:1999
Based on relation between tension strength of single boards and
compressions strength perpendicular to grain
for GL24h:
ft,0,l,k=14,0 N/mm² → f c ,90 , g ,k =0,7⋅f t0,5,0, l ,k =0,7⋅140,5 ≈2,7 N/mm²
prEN 14080:2011
Constant value of fc,90,k= 2,5 N/mm²
Constant value of Ec,90,mean= 300 N/mm² } for all grading classes

Content
●
Introduction
●
●
●
●
Summary

Test – overview, concerning strength of CLT perp. to plane
Author Journal/Thesis year Test specimen
Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008 Various CLT–cubes and

Graz University of CLT–plates under central
Technology punctual load
Chr. Salzmann diploma thesis, 2010 Industrially produced
Graz University of CLT–cubes and
Technology CLT–plates under various
punctual load positions
Serrano E., WCTE 2010 2010 Industrially produced
Enquist B. paper 09-44-53 CLT–cubes and
CLT–plates under line loads

Test – overview, concerning strength of CLT perp. to plane
Author Journal/Thesis year # Test specimen
Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008 217 CLT-cubes

Graz University of 5 CLT-plates
Technology
Chr. Salzmann diploma thesis, 2010 87 CLT-cubes
Graz University of 52 CLT-plates
Technology
Serrano E., WCTE 2010 2010 15 CLT-cubes
Enquist B. paper 09-44-53
fc,90,clt,k = 2.85 N/mm²

→ proposal for CLT:
Ec,90,clt,mean = 450 N/mm²

Halili Y.: series I/II/III
Series I – parameter: type of boards
Series II – parameter: # of layers
Series III – parameter: relative thickness of layers

Salzmann Chr.: industrially produced series
5-layered 5-layered 5-layered 5-layered

dq/dl=1/3 dq/dl=1/2 dq/dl=1/3 dq/dl=1/2
h=150 mm h=161 mm h=165 mm h=197 mm
Serrano E., Enquist B.: industrially produced series
taken from: Compression Strength perpendicular to

grain in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
Erik Serrano and Bertil Enquist
Some impressions – CLT cubes perpendicular to plane
<

force-displacement curves of glulam cube vers. CLT cube
glulam CLT

force-displacement curves of glulam cube vers. CLT cube
mm²
m²
0 N/
N/m
=45
glulam CLT
00
an
=3
lt,me
an
, 90, c
me
Ec
, g,
0
c,9
E
73000 N
57600 N
fc,90,clt,k=2,85 N/mm²
fc,90,g,k=2,25 N/mm²

Improvement of strength and stiffness CLT ─ glulam
glulam cubes CLT cubes
failure mode: failure mode:
e.g. tension perp. to grain deformation at defined failure stage
F F
5-layered glulam elementF 7-layered CLT element F

Improvement of strength and stiffness CLT ─ glulam
glulam cubes CLT cubes
failure mode: failure mode:
e.g. tension perp. to grain deformation at defined failure stage
F F
cross layer ≡ `reinforcement´
uy
uy
5-layered glulam elementF 7-layered CLT element F

Box plots for compression strength perp to grain/plane
Only CLT with equal layer thickness (Series I/II of Halili)

Box plots for compression strength perp to grain/plane
All CLT test results

Box plots for comp. modulus of elasticity perp. to grain/plane
Only CLT with equal layer thickness (Series I/II of Halili)

Box plots for comp. modulus of elasticity perp. to grain/plane
All CLT test results

Stiffness perp. to grain/plane: comparison glulam cube versus CLT cube
●
Good correlation between strength and stiffness
●
Stiffness increase based on tests by Halili Y.:
300 N/mm² → 450 N/mm² (increase of 50%)
●
Stiffness increase based on numerical investigations (FEM)
Fglulam FCLT

Stiffness perp. to grain/plane: comparison glulam cube versus CLT cube
●
Good correlation between strength and stiffness
●
Stiffness increase based on tests by Halili Y.:
300 N/mm² → 450 N/mm² (increase of 50%)
●
Stiffness increase based on numerical investigations (FEM)
Location z of single board

Cubes with
in stem [cm]
160/160/200 mm
Cubes with
z [cm] 160/160/150 mm
50%
typical range for
boards for CLT
z
[cm]

Content
●
Introduction
●
●
●
●
Summary

Load introduction in CLT plates – kc,90,clt factors for CLT plates
4 different load introductions
Test configuration

CLT: load bearing capacities,
based on elastic plastic FEM simulations H=href=200 mm
Load introduction Load introduction CLT heigth 150 mm

+50% (196·196 mm²) -50% (113·113 mm²) (160·160 mm²)
Large load small load Reduced

introduction -10 % introduction +35 % CLT -9 %
area: area: height:
kc,90,clt=1,8 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,4

kc,90,clt=1,8 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,4

kc,90,clt = 1,9 (2,0)
kc,90,clt = 1,4
Increase of kc,90,clt is given due to
reference height of 200 mm

Content
●
Introduction
●
●
●
●
Summary

Summary
● A proposal for the strength value fc,90,clt,k for compression

perp. to plane is shown analogically for CLT.
● Corresponding kc,90,clt factors are given for CLT –
depending on different load introduction.
● By means of FEM sensitivity of proposed kc,90,clt factors is
investigated and results are shown here. Variability for
kc,90,clt factor is lower in comparision to glulam.
● Proposals: fc,90,clt,k = 2,85 N/mm²
kc,90,clt = 1,4 … 1,9 (2,0)
href = 200 mm
160·160 mm² load introduction area
Contact
DI Dr. techn. Thomas Bogensperger

+43 (0) 316 873-4608
bogensperger@tugraz.at
Inffeldgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz
DI Manfred Augustin
+43 (0) 316 873-4604
manfred.augustin@lignum.tugraz.at
Inffeldgasse 24/I, A-8010 Graz
Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. techn. Gerhard Schickhofer

Centre of Competence for
+43 (0) 316 873-4600 Timber Engineering and
gerhard.schickhofer@tugraz.at Wood Technology
Inffeldgasse 24, A-8010 Graz at
Centre for Structural Engineering
Graz University of Technology
Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer

Test results, concerning strength of glulam perp. to grain
Based on Hoffmeyer and Augustin et al.:

→ Characteristic compression strength of fc,90,g,k=2.25 N/mm² can be proposed
→ Mean stiffness of Ec,90,g,mean=300 N/mm² can be verified!
Test results, concerning strength of CLT perp. to plane

Test results, concerning strength of CLT perp. to plane
fc,90,clt,k = 2.85 N/mm²

Ec,90,clt,mean = 450 N/mm²


Load introduction in glulam – kc,90,clt factors
Glulam: Theorectical considerations based on slip lines by
T. A. C. M. van der Put
F c,90 ,clt ,k =k c,90 ,clt⋅f c,90 ,clt ,k⋅A ls
k c ,90 , clt =
√ √
l ef
=
l s +α⋅h
h
ls ls
kc,90,clt is strongly controlled by height!
α=2…3 α is depending on
spreading angle
sensitivity of kc,90,clt in good correlation with elastic plastic FEM simulations
swell with h=200 mm swell with h=480 mm

Augustin et al. 1,9 Augustin et al. 2,5
Van der Put α=2 1,87 Van der Put α=2 2,65
Van der Put α=3 2,18 Van der Put α=3 3,16
FEM 1,77 FEM 2,32

Non linear FEM modelling – standard model
Material behaviour –
implemented in user
subroutine
Calculated load
displacement
behaviour
Planes of symmetry load displacement

behaviour of tests

Non linear FEM modelling – improved model
Improvement of model:
Planes of symmetry modelling of local shear failure
near load introduction zone

Material behaviour for

improved model –
implemented in user
subroutine
Calculated load
displacement
behaviour
Improved calculated
load displacement
Planes of possible behaviour
shear failure in layer on load displacement

behaviour of tests
top (cohesive elements with
traction seperation material law
damage mechanics)
Detailed look in load introduction zone Planes of symmetry

F90,clt
F90,g
glulam-cube CLT-cube
Glulam-cube/CLT-cube CLT-plate
F90,clt
F90,g

Compression Perpendicular To Plane Properties For CLT-Panels

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CIB W18, Meeting Forty-four

Alghero, Italy, 2011

Centre of Competence for

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 2

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 3

© Picture: Architect Reinberg (AUT) © Picture: DI R. Salzer (AUT)

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 4

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 5

Cross section area …. 25000 mm² Determination of ultimate loads:

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 6

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 7

Author Journal/Thesis year test

Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008 mainly

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 8

Author Journal/Thesis year # of test

Poussa et al. CIB W 18 paper 40-6-2 2007

Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008

Based on Hoffmeyer et al. and Augustin et al.:

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 9

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 10

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 11

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 12

Author Journal/Thesis year Test specimen

Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008 Various CLT–cubes and

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 13

Author Journal/Thesis year # Test specimen

Y. Halili diploma thesis, 2008 217 CLT-cubes

fc,90,clt,k = 2.85 N/mm²

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 14

Series II – parameter: # of layers

Series III – parameter: relative thickness of layers

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 15

5-layered 5-layered 5-layered 5-layered

Serrano E., Enquist B.: industrially produced series

taken from: Compression Strength perpendicular to

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 17

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 18

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 19

5-layered glulam elementF 7-layered CLT element F

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 20

cross layer ≡ `reinforcement´

5-layered glulam elementF 7-layered CLT element F

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 21

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 22

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 23

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 24

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 25

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 26

Location z of single board

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 27

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 28

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 29

Load introduction Load introduction CLT heigth 150 mm

Large load small load Reduced

kc,90,clt=1,8 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,4

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 31

kc,90,clt=1,8 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,5 kc,90,clt=1,4

→ proposal for CLT:

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 32

Thomas Bogensperger | Manfred Augustin | Gerhard Schickhofer 33

● A proposal for the strength value fc,90,clt,k for compression

DI Dr. techn. Thomas Bogensperger