1 Current Carrying Conductors

1.1 Discuss the effect on the magnitude of the force on a current carrying conductor of variations in certain
properties:

 Formula: F = Force (N)

B = Magnetic field strength (T)
F = BILsinθ I = Current (A)
L = Length of the conductor (m)
θ = Angle of the conductor to the magnetic field
 Strength of the Magnetic Field:
o Force is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field
o Stronger magnetic field, greater force on conductor

 Magnitude of Current in Conductor:

o Increasing current means increasing the velocity of the electrons
o Each moving charged particle experiences a force in proportion to its velocity

 Length of Conductor:
o The longer the section of conductor in a magnetic field, the more moving electrons simultaneously
experience a force
o Force is proportional to the length within the magnetic field
o Shorter length, smaller force on conductor

 Angle between direction of magnetic field and conductor:

o Force is strongest when particle is moving at right angles to the magnetic field (90°)
o Force is zero when particle is moving parallel to the magnetic field (0°)
o Movement of electrons is along a length of conductor, magnitude of force varies with angle between
conductor and magnetic field
o As angle increases, force increases

2.1 Describe qualitatively the force between long parallel current carrying conductors:

 Force between parallel conductors exists because magnetic fields due to current flowing through the
conductors interact with each other.

Direction of Force (Attraction or Repulsion):

 Depends on relative directions of the two currents
 Currents flowing in the same direction, attractive force, towards each other
 Currents flowing in opposite direction, repulsive force, away from each other

Magnitude of Force:
 Depends on magnitude of current within wire
 Increases or decreases with the product of the two currents
 Also depends on distance of separation between the conductors
 Increasing as the conductors are moved closer together

Relation to Length:
 Force between conductors depends on length of parallel conductors
 Larger for longer conductors
 "Force per unit length" - varies only with magnitude of the two currents and the distance between them.
F = Force (N)
Formula: l = Length of parallel conductors (m)
I1 & I2 = Currents in the conductors (A)
F I1I2
k d = Distance between the conductors (m)
l d k = constant (2.0x10-7)

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Define torque as the turning moment of a force:

 Turning force or turning moment of a force

 Increased by increasing the applied force or perpendicular distance
 Formula:
τ = Torque (Nm)
τ = Fd
F = Applied force perpendicular to axis of rotation (N)
d = Perpendicular distance between ‘line of action’ and pivot (m)

3.2 Describe the forces experienced by a current-carrying loop in a magnetic field and describe the net result of
the forces:

Forces on the sides ab and cd:

 Experience maximum force since the current in them is perpendicular to the magnetic field
 Magnitude of the force does not change throughout its rotation
 Using the right hand palm rule, the direction of the force on sides ab and cd can be deduced
 The net result of these two forces is to produce a torque on the loop about the axis; in the diagram above, the
torque is acting in an anticlockwise direction

Forces on the sides bc and ad:

 The sides of the loop, ad and bc, experience no force because the current is parallel to the magnetic field

 Magnitude of the force varies from zero to maximum

o Zero when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field (i.e. as above)
o Maximum when the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field

Net torque:
 Maximum when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field (i.e. as above)
 Direction alternates through a complete rotation
 Current-carrying loop orientated in a plane at right angles to a magnetic field will experience no net force
τ = Torque (Nm)
n = number of turns/loops of the coil
Formula:
B = Magnetic field strength (T)
I = Current flowing through the loop (A)
A = Area of the loop (m2)
τ = nBIAcosθ
θ = Angle between the plane of the loop and the field

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3.3 Identify that the motor effect is due to the force acting on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field:

Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor – The Motor Effect:

 Motor effect- The force experienced when a current carrying conductor moves through a magnetic field. This
force is produced because of the interaction between the magnet’s magnetic field and the current’s
electromagnetic field.

4.1 Describe the application of the motor effect in the galvanometer and the loudspeaker:

The Galvanometer:
 Device used to measure magnitude and direction of small DC
currents

The Motor Effect:

 When current flows through the coil, the coil experiences a
force due to the presence of the external magnetic field
 The iron core of coil increases the magnitude of this force
 Needle rotated until magnetic force on the coil is equalled
by a counter-balancing ‘restraining spring’. (torque)
 Scale of galvanometer is linear, amount of deflection
proportional to current flowing through coil.

The Loudspeaker:
 Device that transforms electrical energy into sound energy.
They consist of a circular magnet that has one pole on the
outside and one on the inside.

The Motor Effect:

 A current-carrying coil (voice coil) interacting with a permanent magnet
experiences a force as a result of the motor effect when a current is
present. The voice coil is connected to the amplifier.
 This force causes the coil to vibrate rapidly back-and-forth, in turn
making the speaker cone vibrate and send sound waves into the air.
 When the magnitude of the current increases, so too does the force on
the coil
 When the force on the coil increases, it moves more and the produced
sound is louder.

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5.1 Describe the main features of a DC electric motor and the role of each feature & identify that the required
magnetic fields can be produced either by current-carrying coils or permanent magnets:
An electric motor is a device which converts electrical energy to useful mechanical energy (usually rotation)
Part Description
Pair of magnets  Two permanent magnets on
opposite sides of the motor,
with opposite poles facing each
other.
 The pole faces are curved to fit
around the armature.
Pair of electromagnetic  Each stator coil (or “field” coil)
coils is wound on a soft iron core
attached to the casing of the
motor.
 The coils are shaped to fit
around the armature.
Armature  The armature consists of a
cylinder of laminated iron
mounted on an axle.
 Often there are longitudinal
grooves into which the coils are
wound.
Rotor coils  These are several turns of
insulated wire, wound onto the
armature.
 The ends of the coils are
connected to bars on the
commutator.
Split ring commentator  The commutator is a broad ring
of metal mounted on the axle at
one end of the armature, and
cut into an even number of
separate bars (two in a simple
motor).
 Each opposite pair of bars is
connected to one coil.
Brushes  Compressed carbon blocks,
connected to the external
circuit, the brushes are the fixed
position electrical contacts
between the external circuit
and the rotor coils.
 They are mounted on opposite
sides of the commutator and
spring-loaded to make close
contact with the commutator
bars.
Axle  A cylindrical bar of hardened
steel passing through the centre
of the armature and the
commutator.
Role of part
 The magnets supply the magnetic
field which interacts with the current
in the armature to produce the
motor effect. The shape of the pole
faces makes the magnetic field
almost uniformly radial where the
coil passes.
 Each opposed pair of stator coils
produces a magnetic field similar to
that provided by a pair of permanent
magnets. The iron core concentrates
the field.
 The armature carries the rotor coils.
The iron core greatly concentrates
the external magnetic field,
increasing the torque on the
armature. The laminations reduce
eddy currents which might
otherwise overheat the armature.
 provide torque, as the current
passing through the coils interacts
with the magnetic field.
 The commutator provides points of
contact between the rotor coils and
the external electric circuit.
 It serves to reverse the direction of
current flow in each coil every half-
revolution of the motor. This
ensures that the torque on each coil
is always in the same direction.
 Their position brings them into
contact with both ends of each coil
simultaneously, as each coil is
positioned at right angles to the
field, to maximise torque.
 This maximises torque.
 provides a centre of rotation for the
moving parts of the motor.
 Useful work can be extracted from
the motor via a pulley or cog
mounted on the axle.
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6.1 Outline Michael Faraday's discovery of the generation of an electric current by a moving magnet:

 After discovering that an electric current produces a magnetic field, in 1820, Faraday’s ideas about
conservation of energy led him to believe that since an electric current could cause a magnetic field, a moving
magnetic field should be able to produce an electric current.
 In 1831, Faraday attached two wires through a sliding contact to touch a rotating copper disk located between
the poles of a horseshoe magnet. This induced a direct current and was the basis to an electric generator.
 Faradays explanation was that an electric current can be induced by moving a conductor within the 2 poles of
a magnet as it cuts a number of lines of magnetic force coming from the magnet (the magnetic field). The
wires allowed the current to flow in an external circuit where it could be detected.

7.1 Define magnetic field strength (B) as magnetic flux density:

Representing Magnetic Fields:

 Magnetic flux lines 'flowing' out of the north pole and into the south pole
 Lines closer together near the poles where magnetic field is strongest
 Lines further apart at greater distances from the magnet
 Magnetic field of stronger magnet, larger number of magnetic flux lines
 Magnetic field of weaker magnet, smaller number of magnetic flux lines

Magnetic Flux Density:

 Measure of the number of magnetic flux lines passing through a unit area (1m2)
 Magnetic field strength at a point is the same as the magnetic flux density at that point

7.2 Describe the concept of magnetic flux in terms of magnetic flux density and area:

Magnetic Flux:
 Magnetic flux- Amount of magnetic field lines passing through a given area
 Represented diagrammatically as number of flux lines passing through the area
 The relationship of the magnetic flux is given by (Note: This formula is not required):

Φ = BA where Φ = the total magnetic flux (Wb)

B = magnetic field strength (T)
A = perpendicular area through which the flux passes (m2)

7.3 Describe generated potential difference as the rate of change of magnetic flux through a circuit:

 The size of an induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change in magnetic flux
 In order to induce an EMF, a changing magnetic flux is essential
 The change in flux can be changed in an conductor by:
o moving the conductor or the magnetic field
o Changing the strength of the magnetic field.
o The speed of the relative motion between the magnetic field and the conductor
o The number of turns of coil or conductors
o The change in area that the magnetic field passes through

 Formula: where ɛ = Potential difference (V)

n = Number of turns in the coil
Φ = Magnetic flux (Wb)
t = Time (seconds)
ɛ=n ΔΦ
Δt ΔΦ = Rate of change in magnetic flux
Δt

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8.1 Account for Lenz's Law in terms of conservation of energy and relate it to the production of back EMF in
motors & explain that in electric motors, back EMF opposes the supply EMF:

Lenz’s Law:
 “The direction of any induced EMF will always be such that it opposes the change that caused it”
 To find the direction of an induced emf (or induced current) we apply the RHPR to the given situation and then
reverse the direction of the current flow

Conservation of Energy:
 The law of conservation of energy states: Energy
cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be
transformed or transferred

Consider a magnet moving into a Cylinder:

 By Lenz's law, work must be done to move magnet
into coil providing energy to induce EMF
 If Lenz's Law did not hold true, the magnet would be
accelerated into the coil – i.e. creating mechanical
energy with no input energy
 Thus, to obey the law of conservation of energy, the
induced current must flow to oppose the cause.

Back EMF:
 When an electric motor is first switched on, the
applied voltage produces a large current in the coils. When the coils begin to rotate, changing flux within coils
induces an emf; by Lenz's law, the induced emf is opposite to the emf applied to the motor and this is known as
the back emf.

8.2 Explain the production of eddy currents in terms of Lenz's Law:

 Eddy currents – the current produced by the back emf opposing current in the coil from a external source.
 By Lenz's Law, eddy currents oppose the changing magnetic field producing them.
 Eddy currents produce its own magnetic field which opposes the relative motion of the magnetic field which
created it.

9.1 Identify how eddy currents have been utilised in electromagnetic braking:

 Eddy currents have been utilised in the electromagnetic braking of free fall recreational rides.
 A copper plate is attached to the bottom of a ride. Near the bottom of the ride, there are permanent magnets.
When the copper plate passes the magnets, eddy currents are induced due to magnetic poles in the copper
plate. The eddy currents oppose the direction of the magnet causing the ride to slow down. It slows down
slowly as the eddy currents are proportional to the speed of the plate.

Minimising eddy currents

 Eddy currents can be minimised by using a lamented soft iron core. This is made up of thin slices of the iron
separated by an insulating layer of oxide coating or paper. This disrupts the eddy currents and stops them
building up.

9.2 Explain how induction is used in cook tops in electric ranges:

 On each cooking area on the cooktops, there are copper coils wrapped around magnetic materials. An
alternating current is produced and run through the coils producing a magnetic field.
 This magnetic field induces an eddy current in the metal pan above.
 The resistance in the pan to the current causes heat to be produced at the base of the pan cooking the food.
 When more current is run through the coils, there are more eddy currents, making the pan hotter.

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An electric generator is one that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using the principle of electromagnetic
induction.

10.1 Describe the main components of a generator:

Part Description
Rotor Usually consists of several coils wound on an armature which is made to rotate within a
magnetic field.
Armature: Cylinder of laminated iron mounted on an axle which is carried in bearings mounted in
the external structure. Torque applied to axle to make the rotor spin.
Coil Each coil consists of many turns of copper wire wound on the armature. The two ends of
each coil are connected either to two slip rings (AC Generator) or two opposite bars of a
split-ring commutator (DC Generator).
Brushes The brushes are carbon blocks that maintain contact with the ends of the coils via the
slip rings (AC) or the split-ring commutator (DC), and conduct electric current from the
coils to the external circuit.
Stator Fixed part of the generator which supplies the magnetic field in which the coils rotate.

 Magnetic field: The magnetic field

can be provided by permanent
magnets or electromagnets which
are mounted and shaped in such a
way that opposite poles face each
other and wrap around the rotor.

10.2 Compare the structure and function of a generator to an electric motor:

Structure:
Similarities:
 Both have a stator providing the magnetic field, both have a rotor which rotates in this field
 In both, the magnetic field is supplied by either permanent magnets or electromagnets
 In both, rotor consists of coils wound on armature connected to brushes.
 In both, their rotor coils are connected to the external circuit through a split ring commutator.

Differences:
 DC Generators and electric motors – use a split-ring commutator to connect external circuit
 AC Generators – use slip rings to connect external circuit

Function:
 The function of an electric motor is the reverse function of a generator

Electric motors:
 Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
 Rotates when current is supplied

Generators:
 Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
 Supplies current when rotor rotates
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11.1 Describe the differences between AC and DC generators & discuss advantages / disadvantages of AC and DC
generators related to their use:
AC generator
Description  Brushes run on slip rings, constant
connection between coil and external
circuit.
 Induced EMF changes polarity with
every half-turn of the coil
 Voltage in the external circuit varies
like a sine wave
 Current alternates direction
Advantages  Brushes in AC generator last longer,
increasing efficiency.
 Less maintenance and more reliable,
 Uses slip rings which cost less to
manufacture and requires less
maintenance
 AC voltage can be easily
increased/decreased using
transformers
 Can be used for power distribution.
 They can be easily designed to
produce 3 phase electricity, meaning
it can be generated over a wide area.
Disadvantages  Cannot be used to power some
devices which rely solely on DC
current to function
 AC output in different regions around
the country must be synchronised for
correct integration of electricity – i.e.
have the same frequency and are in-
phase
 AC output is much more dangerous
than the equivalent DC output
Voltage output
Diagram
DC generator
 Brushes run on split-ring commutator,
which work by reversing the connection
between the coil and the external
circuit each half-turn
 Induced emf does not change polarity
 Voltage in external circuit fluctuates
between zero and maximum
 Current flows in one constant direction
 DC output can be used for devices
which rely solely on DC current to
function
 DC current is generally more powerful
than AC (for a given voltage)
 Its output can be made smoother by
arranging many coils in a regular
pattern around the armature. This
means that the more coils, the more
smoother it is.
 Brushes in DC generator do not last as
long because they wear quicker
 Chance of creating electrical short
circuit between segments due to pieces
of metal worn from commutator bars
 Cannot supply power over long
distance.
 The larger the current, the heavier the
rotor coils causing high demands on
structures.
Page | 8
Analyse the competition between Westinghouse and Edison to supply electricity to cities:

Westinghouse was the overall winner, as the AC system was more efficient.
Thomas Edison:
 Direct Current System
 DC Generators use commutators, which were a problem – i.e. maintenance, cost, performs poorly at high
speed rotations
 Could only supply power to areas a few kilometres away.
 Relied on thick copper cables to carry electric current

George Westinghouse:
 Alternating Current System
 Westinghouse saw the advantages of AC, and so he purchased the rights to Tesla's AC motors and generators
 AC transmissions through the action of transformers were much more energy efficient.
 Electricity could be transmitted over longer distances with only a small energy loss.
 The motors needed no brushes or commutator.

Identify how transmission lines are insulated from supporting structures and protected from lightning strikes:

Insulation from Supporting Structures:

 Insulation chains- Large insulators that consist of stacks of disks made from porcelain are used to separate
transmission lines from metal support towers. They prevent sparks jumping across the gap between the wires
and towers. The insulators (commonly porcelain) are strong and retains its high insulating properties even
under a very high voltage.

Protection from Lightning Strikes:

 Shield conductors- A non-current carrying wire runs over and parallel to the transmission wires. If lightning
strikes it will hit the overhead wire first and the wire will conduct the huge current of the lightning into the
earth, leaving the transmission wires untouched. The transmission lines do not suffer a sudden surge of
voltage.
 Distance- The distance between towers is at least 150m to protect each tower from other towers if it is hit.
 Earth cable – This runs from the top of the pole down into the earth.

14.1 Discuss the energy losses that occur as energy is fed through transmission lines from the generator to the
consumer:

Energy loss due to resistance:

 As current flows through the transmission lines that has a resistance, heat will be dissipated
 The heat lost during transmission can be quantitatively described by using the formula:
 Formula:
where P = heat lost during transmission (J)
P=I R2 I = the current flow through the wire (A)
R = the total resistance of the wire (Ω)

(This equation can be derived by combining the power equation P = IV and Ohm’s law V = IR)
Minimisation:
 Transmission at highest possible voltage, lowest possible current
 Careful choice of materials – i.e. using good conductors (e.g. copper), thicker wires = less resistance

Energy loss due to induction of eddy currents:

 Induction of eddy currents in iron core of transformers
 Circulation of eddy currents generates heat representing energy loss to the system

Minimisation:
 Transformer core made of laminated iron - thin layers of iron, separated by thin insulating layers
 Limiting eddy currents and reducing corresponding heat loss by utilising cooling fins on the outside of the
transformer and cooling oil circulating on the inside

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Assess the effects of the development of AC generators on society and the environment:


Effects on society: Effects on Environment:

Positive  Development of a wide range of

Effects: machines, processes and appliances –
improving the standard of living
 Many tasks once performed by hand
now can be accomplished with
electrical appliances
 Most domestic and industrial work
requires less labour NONE
 Influencing technology development -
tasks such as electronic
communication now achieved

Negative  Reduction in demand for unskilled  Transmission lines criss-cross the

Effects: labour, thus increasing long-term
unemployment
 Disruption to supply compromises
safety, causes widespread
inconvenience and loss of production
 Injuries and deaths from electric
shocks with the widespread use of AC
power
 A major electricity failure could cause
economic crisis
country, strip through
environmentally sensitive areas
 Remote wilderness areas tapped
for energy resources such as
hydroelectricity
 Air pollution from burning fossil
fuels, cause of acid rain
 Global increase of atmospheric
C02, long-term global climate
change
 Radioactive waste from nuclear
power stations

Discuss the impact of the development of transformers on society:

 More efficient transmission of electricity – power loss during transmission is dramatically reduced
 Allows the development of devices which run at different voltages
 Access to high-voltage electricity in remote areas, stepped-down by transformers in order for use in devices
 Raised living standards in rural communities (e.g. electrical lighting, refrigeration, air-con.)
 Industry no longer clustered around power stations and can be developed away from residential areas
 Power stations in remote locations, relocated pollution away from homes

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Discuss the need for transformers in the transfer of electrical energy from a power station to its point of use &
explain the role of transformers in electricity sub-stations:

 Without transformers electricity would be generated at voltage typically used, resulting in very large energy
losses and costly transmission losses.

 In large cities, many power stations would be required every few kilometres and each different voltages
require separate power stations and distribution systems

Transformers:
 More efficient to use very high voltages for long distance transmission
 Transformers step-up voltage for transmission, progressively step-down voltage along transmission lines until it
reaches consumer.

The voltage change during the transmission from the power plant to consumers:

Electricity is usually generated by a three-phase AC generator; generally the voltage generated is as big
as 23000V and current output from each set of the coil is almost 10000A

For long distance transmissions, the electricity is then fed into a step-up transformer that increases the
voltage to 330000V and correspondingly decreases the size of the current (P=VI)

After this electricity has been transmitted over a long distance, the voltage is stepped down at different
regional sub-stations, mainly for safety reasons. Correspondingly, the current increases.

Eventually, the voltage is stepped-down to 240V at the local telegraph pole transformers for domestic
uses; industries may use slightly higher voltages

Describe the purpose of transformers in electric circuits:

 Transformers are devices that increase or decrease the size of the AC voltage as it passes through them via
electromagnetic induction
 Step-down transformers are used for appliances containing components requiring lower voltages – e.g. clock
radios, hair dryers, CD players, etc.
 Step-up transformers are used for appliances which require higher voltages to function – e.g. televisions, air
conditioners, etc.
 Many appliances contain both step-up and step-down transformers supplying different voltages for different
components

Page | 11
Compare step-up and step-down transformers:

Step-up transformer Step-down transformer

 Consists of two inductively coupled coils  Consists of two inductively coupled coils wound
wound on a laminated iron core on a laminated iron core

 More turns in the secondary coil than the  Fewer turns in the secondary coil than the primary
primary coil coil

 Higher output voltage than input voltage  Lower output voltage than input voltage

 Lower output current than input current  Higher output current than input current

 Used at power stations to increase voltage  Used at substations and in towns to reduce
and reduce current for long-distance transmission line voltage for domestic and
transmission industrial use

 Used in cathode ray television sets to  Used in computers, radios, and CD players to
increase voltage to operate the picture tube reduce household electricity to very low voltages
for electronic components

Identify the relationship between the ratio of the number of coils in the primary and secondary coils and the ratio of
primary to secondary voltage:

 Ratio of primary to secondary voltage = ratio of number of turns in the coils

 Step-up transformers - more turns and higher voltage in secondary coil
 Step-down transformers - less turns and lower voltage in secondary coil

where Vp = voltage input into primary coil (V)
Formula:
Vp np Vs = voltage output from secondary coil (V)
Vs ns np = number of turns of the primary coil
ns = number of turns of the secondary coil

Explain why voltage transformations are related to conservation of energy:

Conservation of Energy:
 Amount of electrical energy entering must equal total energy in all forms leaving
 Power in = power out
 Pp = IpVp = IsVs = Ps
where subscript ‘p’ indicates primary coil and subscript ‘s’ indicates secondary coil
 No power loss – if voltage increases, current correspondingly decreases, and vice versa

Real transformers:
 Heat due to eddy currents acting in the resistance of iron core
 Energy is lost from the system in the form of heat – escaping into the air
 Power output cannot exceed power input, power output is less than power input;
Pinitial > Pfinal due to loss of heat energy

Page | 12
Discuss why some electrical appliances in the home that are connected to the mains domestic power supply use a
transformer:

Many household appliances function at voltages other than the standard domestic voltage of 240V

Appliances that run on 240V AC:

 Electricity supplied to homes typically 240 V AC
 Many domestic appliances designed to run at this voltage
 Connected directly to the mains supply without a transformer

Running on Lower Voltages:

 Some appliances contain components operating at lower voltages than supplied
 For these appliances, a step-down transformer can be used to decrease the voltage to required – e.g. phone
chargers use a transformer to step-down the voltage from 240V to the required voltage (commonly <10V)

Running on Higher Voltages:

 Appliances such as television receivers and computer monitors contain cathode ray tubes requiring voltages
above supply voltage
 These appliances have a built-in step-up transformer to provide the necessary voltage

Discuss how difficulties of heating caused by eddy currents in transformers may be overcome:

Technique/ part How it helps

Laminated iron core  Stacks of thin iron sheets, each coated with insulation materials.
 Lamination effectively increases the resistance of the core to the flow of eddy
currents, therefore restricting the circulation of large eddy currents – thus, less heat
dissipation
Painting the casing a  to absorb the heat produce by the transformer more quickly in order to dissipate it
dark colour to the surroundings
Internal fan  to assist air circulation to remove excess heat faster

filling the  which circulates inside the case; transports heat produced in core to outside where
transformer with a heat can be dissipated to environment
non-conducting oil
Heat-sink fins  added to metal transformer case, heat dissipation can occur more quickly over
larger surface area
located in well-  E.g. up in the air
ventilated areas  to maximise air flow around them for cooling

Page | 13
Describe the main features of an AC electric motor:

Standard AC Electric Motors:

 Same features as DC electric motor, except slip rings used instead of split-ring commutator
 Slip rings – conducts electricity from the power source without interfering with the rotation of the coil
 The motor spins at 50 revolutions per second, as it is the same frequency as the oscillation of AC current (50Hz)

AC Induction Motors:
 Stator:
The stationary component of the motor, it contains the electromagnet coils which create the magnetic field
and it surrounds the rotor.
o Electromagnet coils: When current flows through the coils, it produces a magnetic field. There are 3
pairs of coils in the stator, which when turned on one after the other, creates a rotating magnetic
field.
 Rotor:
The rotating component of the motor. Induced eddy currents flow in the rotor in such a way that it will rotate
in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field created by the stator.
o Squirrel cage: The squirrel cage is made up of parallel aluminium bars that have their ends embedded
in a metal ring at each terminal. It is covered by laminated soft iron and embedded in the stator.

Gather, process and analyse information to identify some of the energy transfers and transformations involving the
conversion of electrical energy into more useful forms in the home and industry
 In the home:
o Ovens and kettles create heat energy from electrical energy
o Stereo systems create sound energy from electrical energy
o Light globes and TVs create light energy from electrical energy
o Washing machines create kinetic energy from electrical energy

 In the industry:
o Mainly turning electrical energy into kinetic energy for drills and other machinery
o Light energy in large industrial lights from electrical energy

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