Automated Fruit Drying Device With Android Technology

AUTOMATED FRUIT DRYING DEVICE WITH ANDROID TECHNOLOGY
Bernardo, Krizian Isaac M.

Claveria, Shernan Paul A.
Clet, Dan Joseph P.
Lim, Sheila T.
Soriano, Nico Antonio G.
Technological Institute of the Philippines

Quezon City
ENGR. MENCHIE MIRANDA

Adviser
December 2017
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APPROVAL SHEET
This design project entitled “Automated Fruit Drying Device with Android Technology” prepared by
Bernardo, Krizian Isaac M., Claveria, Shernan Paul A., Clet, Dan Joseph P., Lim, Sheila T., Soriano, Nico
Antonio G. of the Computer Engineering Department was examined and evaluated by the members of the
Student Design Evaluation Panel and is hereby recommended for oral presentation and approval.
ENGR. MENCHIE MIRANDA

Adviser
Panel Members:
ENGR. RYAN S. MORALES ENGR. ARTURO O. SUDLON

Member Member
ENGR. MARIA CECILIA A. VENAL

Chair
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Table of Contents
AUTOMATED FRUIT DRYING DEVICE WITH ANDROID TECHNOLOGY ................................................... i
APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................................................................... i
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ iv
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ v
List of Abbreviation ....................................................................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 1
The Project ................................................................................................................................................ 1
Project Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 1
Specific Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 1
The Client .................................................................................................................................................. 1
Project Scope and Delimitation .................................................................................................................. 2
Engineering Design Process ..................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS ..................................................................................................................... 5
Design Constraints .................................................................................................................................... 5
Design Standards ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Software Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 6
Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 3: PROJECT/SYSTEM DESIGN.................................................................................................. 9
Input – Process – Output ........................................................................................................................... 9
System Flowchart .................................................................................................................................... 10
Illustrative Diagram .................................................................................................................................. 11
Hardware Design ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Prototype Design ................................................................................................................................. 14
Specification of Materials for Main Circuit ............................................................................................ 15
Design 1: Induction Coil ........................................................................................................................... 15
Discussion of Standards Used in Design 1 .......................................................................................... 16
Schematic Diagram for Design 1 ......................................................................................................... 17
Specification of Materials for Design 1 ................................................................................................. 19
Discussion of Constraints in Relation to Design 1 ............................................................................... 19
Design 2: Incandescent Bulb ................................................................................................................... 21
Design 3: Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp .............................................................................................. 26
Software Design ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Software Development Life Cycle ........................................................................................................ 32
Data Flow Diagram .............................................................................................................................. 34
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN TRADE-OFFS ......................................................................................................... 35
Design Trade-Offs ................................................................................................................................... 35
Trade-off#1 Economic (Cost) ................................................................................................................... 36
Computation of Ranking for Economic Constraints of Design 1 vs. Design 2 ...................................... 36
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Computation of Ranking of Economic Constraints of Design 2 and Design 3 ...................................... 37
Trade-off #2: Functionality (Power Consumption).................................................................................... 37
Computation of Ranking for Functionality Constraints Design 1 vs. Design 2 ..................................... 38
Trade-off #3: Performance (Production Time) ......................................................................................... 39
Computation of Ranking for Performance Constraints of Design 1 vs. Design 3 ................................. 39
Computation of Ranking for Performance Constraints of Design 2 vs. Design 3 ................................. 40
Influence of Design Constraints in the Final Design ................................................................................ 41
Sensitivity Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 46
Final Design............................................................................................................................................. 46
Android Application .................................................................................................................................. 46
Testing and Evaluation Procedures ......................................................................................................... 48
Test Procedures .................................................................................................................................. 48
Test and Evaluation Results .................................................................................................................... 49
Accuracy Test ...................................................................................................................................... 49
Accuracy Test for Temperature ........................................................................................................... 49
Accuracy Test for the Final Weight ...................................................................................................... 50
Efficiency Test Results ........................................................................................................................ 50
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 51
CHAPTER 6: BUSINESS PLAN AND MODEL ............................................................................................ 52
Business Plan .......................................................................................................................................... 52
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 52
Mission .................................................................................................................................................... 52
General Company Description ................................................................................................................. 52
Products/Services Offered ....................................................................................................................... 53
Market Segmentation............................................................................................................................... 54
Production Cost ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Product Specification ............................................................................................................................... 55
Services ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Marketing Strategy................................................................................................................................... 56
Product .................................................................................................................................................... 56
Price ........................................................................................................................................................ 56
Place........................................................................................................................................................ 56
Promotion ................................................................................................................................................ 56
Business Model ....................................................................................................................................... 57
References .................................................................................................................................................. 58
APPENDIX A ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation ............................. 59
APPENDIX B Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ........................................... 60
APPENDIX C Induction Coil Datasheet ....................................................................................................... 61
APPENDIX D Incandescent Lamp Datasheet ............................................................................................. 62
APPENDIX E Halogen Tungsten Bulb Datasheet........................................................................................ 63
APPENDIX F Production Time Formula ...................................................................................................... 64
APPENDIX G Datasheets............................................................................................................................ 64
APPENDIX H Component Prices................................................................................................................. 80
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List of Tables
Table 3-1 Specifications of the Materials for Main Circuit ............................................................................ 15

Table 3-3 Cost of Materials for Design 1 ..................................................................................................... 19
Table 3-4 Power Consumption of components in Design 1 ......................................................................... 20
Table 3-5 Production Time for Design 1 ...................................................................................................... 21
Table 3-6 Specification of Materials for Design 2......................................................................................... 24
Table 3-7 Cost of Materials for Design 2 ..................................................................................................... 25
Table 3-8 Power Consumption of Incandescent Bulb .................................................................................. 25
Table 3-9 Production Time for Design 2 ...................................................................................................... 26
Table 3-10 Specification of Materials for Design 3....................................................................................... 29
Table 3-11 Cost of Materials for Design 3 ................................................................................................... 30
Table 3-12 Power Consumption of Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp ........................................................... 30
Table 3-13 Production Time for Design 3 .................................................................................................... 31
Table 4-1 Comparison of three (3) designs based on economic cost .......................................................... 36
Table 4-2 Comparison of three (3) designs based on power consumption .................................................. 37
Table 4-3 Comparison of three (3) designs based on production time ........................................................ 39
Table 4-4 Final Trade-Off Table .................................................................................................................. 41
Table 4-5 Scores from the computation of ranking for each design. ............................................................ 41
Table 4-6 First (1) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................... 42
Table 4-7 Second (2) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis ......................................................................... 42
Table 4-8 Third (3) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................. 43
Table 4-9 Fourth (4) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................... 43
Table 4-10 Fifth (5) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis ............................................................................. 44
Table 4-11 Results for repeatedly calculation for raw ranking ..................................................................... 44
Table 5-0-1 Comparison of three (3) designs based on power consumption ............................................... 48
Table 5-0-2 Test Results for the Accuracy of the Final Weight .................................................................... 50
Table 5-0-3 Results for the number of hours it took to be dehydrated ......................................................... 50
Table 6-0-4 Specifications of Materials ........................................................................................................ 55
Table 6-0-5 Matrix.......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Market Figure ............................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 1.2 Engineering Design Process ........................................................................................................ 3
Figure 3.1 Input – Process – Output .............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 3.2 System Flowchart ....................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3.3 Illustrative Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3.4 Main Schematic Diagram............................................................................................................ 13
Figure 3.5 Gizduino with ATmega328.......................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3.6 Bluetooth Module ........................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 3.7 Prototype Design of the Device .................................................................................................. 14
Figure 3.8 Prototype of Design 1 ................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 3.9 Schematic Diagram of Design 1 ................................................................................................. 17
Figure 3.10 Induction Coil with Relay .......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 3.11 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor............................................................................... 18
Figure 3.12 HX711 Load Cell Amplifier........................................................................................................ 18
Figure 3.13 Prototype Design for Design 2 .................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3.14 Schematic Diagram for Design 2 .............................................................................................. 22
Figure.3.15 INA122...................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.16 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor .............................................................................. 23
Figure 3.17 Incandescent Bulb with Relay ................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.18 Prototype Design for Design 3 .................................................................................................. 26
Figure 3.19 Schematic Diagram for Design 3 .............................................................................................. 27
Figure 3.20 LM35 Temperature Sensor ....................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.21 INA 122..................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.22 SHT21 ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3.23 Relay with Tungsten Lamp ....................................................................................................... 29
Figure 3.24 System Development Life Cycles ............................................................................................. 32
Figure 3.25 Data Flow Diagram ................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 4.1 Ranking Scale for Percent Difference ......................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.2 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 2 for Economic Constraints ...................................... 36
Figure 4.3 Percent Difference of Design 2 vs Design 3 for Economic Constraints ...................................... 37
Figure 4.4 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 2 for Functionality Constraints .................................. 38
Figure 4.5 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 3 for Functionality Constraints .................................. 39
Figure 4.6 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 3 for Performance Constraints .................................. 40
Figure 4.7 Percent Difference of Design 2 vs Design 3 for Performance Constraints .................................. 40
Figure 4.8 Line Graph Representation of Sensitivity Analysis ..................................................................... 44
Figure 4.9 Radar Graph of Sensitivity Analysis............................................................................................ 45
Figure 5.1 Final Design................................................................................................................................ 46
Figure 5.2 Android Application ..................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 5.3 Actual Measurement of Fruit....................................................................................................... 47
Figure 6.1 Company Logo ........................................................................................................................... 53
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Figure 6.2 Target Market ............................................................................................................................. 54
Figure 6.3 Business Model .......................................................................................................................... 57
List of Abbreviation
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
DFD Data Flow Diagram
EDA Electronic Design Automation
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
IC Integrated Circuit
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IPO Input-Process-Output
ISO International Standards Organization
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
MIPS Millions per Second
MHZ Megahertz
MM Millimeter
NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient
PHP Philippine Peso
SAM Servable Available Market
SOM Share of Market
SDLC System Development Life Cycle
TAM Total Available Market
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CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND
The Project
Drying is the oldest method of preserving food. Throughout history, the sun the wind, and a smoky fire were
used to remove water from fruits, meats grains and herbs. By definition, food dehydration is the process of
removing water from food by circulating hot air through it, which prohibits the growth of enzymes and
bacteria. Dried foods are tasty, nutritious lightweight, easy-to-prepare, and easy-to-store and use
(International Journal of Food Nutrition and Safety, 2013).
Sun drying is one of mankind’s oldest agricultural preservative techniques that have been used for
centuries and this is the tradition method of crop drying practice throughout the world. It is a slow, gentle
process whose benefits more than compensate for its time intensive nature especially when compared to
modern mechanical drying methods. However, several problems are associated with sun drying, such as
susceptibility to contamination, long process compared to modern method, it requires very large area, and solar
driers are dependent to weather condition. Sun drying relies on the sun to allow the processed product to
reach the optimum moisture and quality levels. This technique has been used for a long time because of its
simplicity and inexpensive process.
In the manufacturing industry of agriculture and food, such processes of using large-scale food processing
are not generally suitable for the needs of the small-scale farmer and business owners who produce small
quantities of dried fruits. Another problem in large-scale food processing for fruit drying is that it only has
few skilled employees who can use this complicated equipment for production of finished product while the
process of sun drying in an unreliable climate could cause spoilage and can be excessive to each related
businesses. The sun drying of fruits method can produce a high number of fruit waste due to contamination
and unmonitored process, and the method took lot of time to accomplish.
Therefore, the project develops a device that will decrease the long process production time of dehydrating
fruits and to controlled and monitored the environment of fruit drying to avoid susceptibility of contamination
due to unexpected circumstances such as rain, strong wind, dust and loss of goods due to pest and birds.
Project Objectives
The general objective of the project is to design a prototype that provides a controlled and monitored
environment for fruit drying process with android technology in accordance with engineering standards and
considerations of tradeoffs based on multiple constraints such as economic, functionality and performance.
Specific Objectives
 To design a device that dehydrates different variety of fruits.
 To design a device that displays the moisture mass content of the fruit up to the standard dried fruit
moisture.
 To test the accuracy of the device.
The Client
The design project is intended for local farmers and small business owners who usually manufacture dried
fruits. The traditional method of drying their raw goods is used by some small scale farmers and business
owners.
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According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), the production of mango and banana in the second
quarter of 2017 was at 2816280 metric tons. Bulacan on the second quarter produces 27650 metric tons of
mango and banana. The number of metric tons of mango and banana been used to produce dried fruits
was 425 metric tons.
2816280 Metric
Tons
Total Available
Market
27650 Metric
Tons Servable
Available Market
Share of Market
425 Metric Tons
Figure 1.1 Market Figure

As illustrated in Figure 1.1, the green color area represented the Total Available Market, blue color area as
the Servable Available Market and gray color area as the Share of Market. The Total Available Market
refers to the production of mango and banana on national level with a production value of 2816280 metric
tons. The Servable Available Market refers to the statistics of Bulacan agriculture which produces 27650
metric tons of banana and mango. The 425 metric tons value on the Share of Market was the amount of
fruits that has been used for fruit drying.
Project Scope and Delimitation
The functions of the device are to monitor and control by the parameters such as time and weight of the
fruit, which is set by the user using Android devices. The testing of the device uses a variety of fruits such
as mango, banana, pineapple, papaya, pears, berries, and grapes.
The design was delimited and scoped by the following: The prototype can only be used one at a time
considering the thickness of approximately 5-7mm for banana, 6-8mm for mango and papaya, 2-3mm for
pineapple, and 3-5mm for pears suited on one (1) mesh tray (45cm x 25cm). Slices must not be laid over
the other slices. The prototype can only be used when its plug on AC, a mobile application is necessary to
control and monitor the prototype. The prototype detects and measures the weight; the process of
dehydrating the fruits will finish until the standard weight met. The mobile application can be installed only
on an android device. The maximum connection range between the prototype and the android application
is 10 meters.
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Engineering Design Process
Engineering design process creates guidelines for the project lifecycle. It was used as a guide to solve the
problems. These steps are repeated as many as needed, making improvements along the way.
Figure 1.2 Engineering Design Process

Image Source: www.teachengineering.org
The Engineering Design Process diagram is consisting of seven iterative steps shown in Figure 1.2. It is
ideal to follow these steps of design process in order to strengthen the understanding of the open-ended
design and emphasize creativity and practicality.
Ask: Identify the needs and constraints

In this phase, the need was identified by the constraints considering the factors that affect the marketability
of the project. The research conducted to look for problems in agriculture in which affects the nutrients and
fruits becoming waste. This was identified by reading articles and research documents related to the
process of preserving and dehydrating fruits. Some food is wasted due to lack of technical and socio-
economic information on alternative or improved food processing technologies available to people.
Research the Problem

Researching the problem is one of the most important in engineering design project. It was needed to
gather related data and studies. By conducting a research about the problem, it was found that in the
Philippines, number of business owners and farmers are still using traditional method of fruit drying which
was known to be practiced over the centuries. The said research on the problem also stated that deep-
frying is an alternative to the dehydration of fruit method in order to make quick dried fruit chips. Since the
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traditional method has lots of risks, takes a long time to process, and the alternative of deep-frying was said
to be unhealthy, related research was done to study the existing problems and solutions for it.
Imagine: Develop Possible Solutions
In the next step, it was decided to develop a prototype that would help solve the problem and create a
system to be fully controlled and monitored the environment of the device. Possible designs of the device
were planned, including its features and usability purposes to produce the ideal output. Three designs were
made which focuses primarily on drying fruits. The three designs used different heating element to produce
an artificial heat that dehydrates the fruits, and uses temperature and a weight sensor to monitor and
detects data from the device. The data gathered from these sensors and input data was forwarded to the
android device.
Plan: Select a Promising Solution

The next step is a vital part of the process, choosing the best possible solution to the problem. After
deliberating and enumerating the possible solutions, it determined the best solution approach to solve the
selected problem based on the economic, functionality and performance constraints with the computation
of tradeoffs and sensitivity analysis.
Create: Build a Prototype

After determining the best solution approach in the previous phase, start on working on the assembly of the
prototype. Planned and studied the components and materials to be used. This phase has different stages,
first is the gathering of the materials and components to be used for the prototype, followed by the
construction of the design prototype that has been taken along with the considerations of constraints and
standards where proper monitoring and controlled of the standard should be used in order to minimize
overheating.
Test and Evaluate the Prototype

To test and evaluate the prototype, a different testing procedure has been conducted to identify and assess
the accuracy of the prototype. In this step, there was a different simulation test for the design process and
functionality. Proteus and Multisim application has been used to simulate the circuits of the design. After
the testing phase, evaluate the prototype to determine if the accuracy of the prototype by meeting the
objectives. The design was tested through the comparison of the output values and results from each batch
of operation. The evaluated results are recorded and documented based on the output given.
Redesign
The last step is to redesign, it requires to test and evaluate the initial prototype design based on the user’s
feedback, recommendation and interaction with the solution and once the prototype is approved, it needs to
come up with upgrades, fix the bug in both hardware and software, and changing the physical appearance
or remodeling it for the future improvement of functionality. After testing and evaluating the prototype, take
again the phase of designing to improve the system. This phase also considers the recommendations of
the panel or client especially small scale fruit drying business for the improvement of the prototype. This
documentation is the foundation for the needs of redesigning if necessary.
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CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS
Design Constraints
The consideration of constraints in this project has been applied throughout the process. These constraints
help to determine the possibility of the project as well as the selecting and adjusting of the most ideal
design to be used in discussing the Design Trade-Offs. The following are the constraints that have been
considered and used on the project.
 Economic (Cost)
The economic constraints relates to the process or system by which goods and services were
produced, sold, and brought. The cost of materials has been taken into consideration. The price of
materials to each design has been compared in order to conform to these constraints. The less
expensive design is considered to be the best in terms of economic.
 Functionality (Power Consumption)

The functionality constraint refers to the range of operations that can be power up a machine.
Usage of power consumption for the category of functionality has been considered. Power
consumption often refers to the electrical energy over time supplied to operate an electrical
appliance. This scopes the consideration on the power consumption on the process of fruit drying.
It compares the power consumption in wattage of the main component of each design in order to
conform to this constraint. This focuses on the power consumption of the main component that is
the heat element of each design such as Induction Coil, Incandescent Bulb, and Halogen-Coiled
Tungsten Lamp. The design that has the most ideal device with least power consumption is
considered to be the best design in terms of functionality.
 Performance (Production Time)

The performance constraint refers to the process of carrying out or accomplishing an action, task,
or function. The production time or lead-time is the amount of time that elapses when the process
starts and its completion. This covers the consideration on the production time of the drying fruits.
The duration of fruits depends on the type of dehydration technique and technology to use. Time
varies to power consumption. If the time is much longer, the power consumption is higher.
Therefore, the design with the fastest production time is considered the design with the best
performance.
Design Standards
Design standards are generally accepted uniform procedures, dimensions, materials, or parts that directly
affect the design of the product. The designs of this project conform to the following codes and standards.
 ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation
The standard quality, methods, materials, and design requirements of a dried fruit that has been
used in the design are based on this standard. This standard was used to determine the right and
proper output quality of fruits. This standard discussed all the components and processes needed
on fruit drying. This standard was used to determine the right and proper design needed for fruit
drying. As discussed in the study, the suitable drying temperatures for fruits are 60-80 degree
Celsius. It also includes the proper fruit caring and processing (See Appendix A ILO 1986 Ref. 34:
Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation, page 59).
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 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
The standard specified the suitable drying temperature and the standard moisture content of the
dried fruits. As discussed in the article, the drying temperature should be controlled to avoid over-
heating and spoilage of the fruit. Most fruits are dried at about 60-70 degree Celsius. Fruits are
dried until they have the desired final moisture content (15% for conventionally dried fruits; 20-25%
for osmotically dried (sugar-treated fruits) (See Appendix B ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying:
Practical Methods of Food Preservation, page 60).
Software Requirements
The software requirement is a comprehensive description of the intended purpose and environment of the
software under development. The development of the software has been based on the knowledge acquired
in the previous courses. This knowledge is used as a foundation of the idea for critical thinking and
troubleshooting for the software.
Software Knowledge
The following are the programming tools used to develop the software of this project. The skills learned
from previous courses were applied as listed below:
 Eclipse & Android Development Tools

The Eclipse and Android Development Tools are the software used to develop an android
application. This android application was used to monitor the situation and control the
process based on the user’s desire.
 Arduino Software
Arduino is an open – source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use
hardware and software. Arduino software was used to develop the program and software
needed for device to run.
Software Components
The following are the programming languages used in developing the software and program.
 C++ Programming
C++ programming language is used to develop the program to be installed on the
microcontroller. This program was used to set instruction for the processes and
communication between hardware and software of the device.
 Arduino IDE
It is a cross-platform application written in the programming language Java. A program for
Arduino may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary
machine code for the target processor. This software application was used to create
program that set instruction for the processes of the microcontroller.
 Proteus Design Suite

It is a type of application called electronic design automation or EDA. This is a software
application that can create a full function schematic diagram that can be used to program
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and simulate. This application was used to simulate the schematic diagram of the three
designs which helped to lessen errors and cost.
 Sketch Up
It is a software application that creates a 3D modeling computer program for a wide range
of drawing applications such as architectural, interior design, civil and mechanical
engineering, film, and video game design. This software application was used to design a
3D virtual model of physical appearance of the prototype.
 PCB Wizard
It is a software application that is mainly used for designing circuit boards and can route
circuits in accordance to the set size and design desired by the user. The software was
used to make digital layout in PCB design.
Hardware Requirements
The minimum hardware availability and configuration a system must have in order for device to work
properly. Upon accomplishing the project, it considered different factors such as knowledge, skills and
capabilities that might affect the process of development. The design project has input, process and control
functions. The following components to achieve the hardware are used.
Hardware Knowledge
The applied knowledge and skills from previous courses are used in creating this project. These knowledge
and skills are discussed below:
 Circuit Drafting and Design

The Circuit Drafting and Design was used to develop, design, and arranged the
appropriate circuit design for the proposed project. This knowledge and skills was used in
installing of circuit design and components on the circuit board.
 Microprocessor System
Microprocessor system is the integration of both hardware and software components and
requirements. The proper handling of software program in correlation to hardware
components was discussed in Microprocessor System Course. The knowledge and skills
acquired was used to integrate the hardware and software of the device.
 Electronic Circuit
An Electronic Circuit is composed of individual electronic components through which
electric current flow. The knowledge and techniques acquired was also applied in the
development of the project for the proper usage and values of components being used.
The most important knowledge acquired is the calculation of component values and
determining the proper components to use.
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Hardware Components
The components listed below have been considered for the development of this project:
 Microcontroller
The microcontroller is a small computer on a single IC (Integrated Circuit) that serves as
the main components of the circuits. It is the brain of the circuit that handles and processes
data, it is also contains instructions that are to be executed based on gathered data. It was
used to control the operation of the device according to the program and instruction.
 Sensors
A sensor is an electronic component, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect
events or changes in its environment and send information into other electronics,
frequently a computer processor. Weight, temperature and humidity sensors are used to
determine the parameters needed to monitor the device. The gathered parameters and
values are used to determine the condition of the temperature and mass of fruits. And
Relay are used to control the on/off to other components.
 DC Fan
A DC Fan is a low-voltage and the most efficient type of fan. DC Fan have motors that rely
on permanent, built-in magnets in order to attract and repel a rotor around an axis joined
with invertors. The Fan was used and serves as a medium to transfer the heated air from
the Heat Source. It is also used to minimize the overheating of the heat source.
 Bluetooth Module
A Bluetooth Module is a wireless product to work with the device. The Bluetooth module
serves as the medium of communication between the microcontroller and android device.
 Heater
The heater is a device that imparts heat or holds something to be heated. The halogen
tungsten bulb, incandescent lamp and induction coil serves as the main heat generator for
the device. This device will be controlled by the users to determine the temperature of the
dehydrator.
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CHAPTER 3: PROJECT/SYSTEM DESIGN
Input – Process – Output
An Input-Process-Output (IPO) model is widely used approach in systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. This
includes the identification of input requirements such as the knowledge, hardware and software
requirements along with the constraints and standards. It also includes the processes which are used to
transform the input into an output.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Requirements Data Gathering
 Eclipse & Android  Data information

Development Tools on different fruits
 Arduino Software for dehydration
 Circuit Diagram and  Components
Design capabilities,
 Microprocessor values and prices
System
 Electronic Circuit Automated Fruit
Design
Drying Device
Hardware Requirements
 Circuit Designing with Android
 Microcontroller  Embedded Technology
 Sensors System
 DC Fan  Hardware and
 Bluetooth Module Software
 Heater Integration
 Prototype
Software Requirements Designing

 C++ Programming Testing and
 Proteus Design Suite Evaluation of the
 Arduino IDE Design
 Sketch Up
 PCB Wizard
Standards and Multiple

Constraints
Figure 3.1 Input – Process – Output

The Input-Process-Output in Figure 3.1 listed the requirements that have been used and how it was
process towards the completion of this project. The first box indicates the input, it includes knowledge
requirements which consist all the courses took such as Eclipse & Android Development Tools, Arduino
Software, Circuit Diagram and Design, Microprocessor System, and Electronic Circuit. These requirements
are vitally important towards designing the project including the correct and precise used of components.
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In the Hardware requirements, microcontroller was served as the main component of the circuit. It handles
the data, and it contains the instruction that is to be given and executed by the end components based on
the gathered and input data. The temperature sensor that was used in the design was DHT22; it includes
resistive-type humidity measurement and an NTC temperature measurement. Bluetooth module was
served as the medium for the communication and transmission of data between the microcontroller and
android application. The software requirements are consisted of Android Programming for the development
of android application for android device. C++ programming were the basis of programming and developing
of instruction for microcontroller. The multiple constraints consisted of Economic, Functionality, and
Performance that is applied to the computation of trade-offs. The process includes data gathering consisted
of data information on different fruits for dehydration components. The design consisted of Circuit
Designing, Embedded System, Hardware, and Software Integration. The expected output is accomplished
according to the output of the whole prototype.
System Flowchart
The System Flowchart symbolically shows how data flows throughout a system and how event-controlling
decisions are made.
Figure 3.2 System Flowchart
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The arrow in Figure 3.2 provides the flow of the activities. An oval represents a start or end point. A line is
a connector that shows relationships between the representative shapes. A parallelogram represents input
or output. A rectangle represents process and the diamond indicates a decision.
The system flowchart in Figure 3.2 was started by connecting the prototype with the android device. After
establishing the connection between the prototype and android device, the system started to display data
values of temperature in Celsius and weight of fruit in grams through the android device. If there’s any
existing temperature and weight value, the system would start generating outputs to the android
application. If the process of weight and temperature satisfies the conditions, then the system will be
ended.
Illustrative Diagram
An illustrative diagram is a graphical diagram that displays an image accompanied by a label that describe
the interaction of each component, and provide a brief insight on how the system works. The illustrative
diagram shows the different designs in creating the project. The components that have been subjected to
the design trade-offs that are enclosed in broken lines. This illustrates the three (3) designs used.
Figure 3.3 Illustrative Diagram
The interactions of components in Figure 3.3 are composed of sensors, microcontroller, Bluetooth module,
android phone and output devices. These inputs are the sensors made up of weight and temperature
11
sensors. These sensors provide the measurement and monitoring of temperature. The microcontroller
contains the program and instruction set, it provides specific instruction depending on the conditions and
parameters set by the users. The Bluetooth module keeps the communication and data transfer between
android phone and microcontroller. The components that have been subjected to the design trade-offs are
enclosed in broken lines.
Description of each component of Figure 3.3:
Android Phone Device

- The Android phone device has the application to control and monitor the prototype. This serves
as the medium between the users and prototype. This also serves as the source of user’s input
values for the microcontroller.
Bluetooth Module
- The Bluetooth module is a connection interface that keeps the wireless connection between
the prototype and android phone. It serves as the medium of communication between the
microcontroller and android device
Microcontroller (Atmega328)
- The Atmega328 been used to be the microcontroller for the prototype. It performs to execute
the instruction given. This device also processes throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz,
balance power consumption and process the speed. It was used to control the operation of the
device according to the program and instruction.
Temperature Sensor
- The temperature sensor responsible for acquiring the temperature data of the prototype. This
sensor measures the temperature of the prototype.
Weight Sensors
- It was used to create an electrical signal whose magnitude is directly proportional to the force
being measured in the device. The weight sensor measures the weight changes to determine
the status of the fruits.
Heating Element
- The heating element converts the electricity into heat. It uses artificial heat to raise the air
temperature.
Hardware Design
The hardware design defines how components fit into a system. There are three different designs that
introduce different approaches in drying fruits. All of these uses Arduino, temperature sensor, weight
sensor, and the heating component connected to it as their main circuit. Included in each design is the
discussion of the constraints to ensure that the project objectives were met.
12
The main circuit of the design consists of Gizduino, DC Fan to be used in transferring a heated air,
Bluetooth Module to be used for wireless communication of the device and the mobile phone, and a voltage
regulated transformer to supply the entire circuit.
Figure 3.4 Main Schematic Diagram
The schematic diagram of the main circuit for the three designs is illustrated in Figure 3.4. It displays the
circuit of each electrical components and its connection to each other. These components are the same in
each design. It consists of the Gizduino, Bluetooth Module, DC Fan, Relay Module and the Voltage
Regulated Transformer. The difference between each design is the components used for monitoring the
temperature and weight. This are all connected to the Gizduino and a source of heat.
The components used for the schematic diagram of the device and how its components integrate with other
components.
Figure 3.5 Gizduino with ATmega328
The Gizduino in Figure 3.5 is a microcontroller that performs to execute the instruction given. It acts as a
brain to integrate easily with Bluetooth Module, Relay Module with DC Fan. It has an input voltage supply of
13
7-12V and an operating voltage of 5V. It has 14 Digital I/O pins with 40mA in each pin, 6 Analog Input pins
and 50ma for 3.3V pin.
Figure 3.6 Bluetooth Module

The Bluetooth Module in Figure 3.6 is usually a hardware component that provides a wireless product to
work with the device. The Bluetooth device should no longer be altered nor modified. The RX/TX pins of the
Bluetooth module are connected to Digital I/O pin 0 and 1 of Gizduino (ATmega328).
In order to determine the best design for the project, a discussion of each design showing their prototype
designs, schematic diagrams, additional components used, and the cost and specification of each material.
In addition, included in each design is the discussion of the constraints to ensure that the project objectives
were met.
Prototype Design
The prototype design of the device is shown in Figure 3.7. It is included inside of the enclose casing where
the components of the main circuit reside which are the Gizduino, Relay Module with DC Fan, Bluetooth
Module and the Voltage Regulated Transformer.
The device has a dimension of 50cm x 50cm x 20cm with one of the three (3) different designs attached
inside of the enclosed casing.
Figure 3.7 Prototype Design of the Device
14
The arrow shown in the Figure indicates the divided area of the device. Which are the circuit area wherein
the circuits of the device are placed, heated air area where the heating component is located, and the fruit
area where the sliced fruit is placed. The casing is made of aluminum for the walls and cover so the heat
will mostly contain inside. A lid made of a 3/4-inch acrylic glass is used to act as a door to open and to see
inside of the device. The path of the heated air is downward so the air inlet is place on the upper portion of
the casing.
Specification of Materials for Main Circuit

The specification of each material needed for the hardware of each Design is shown in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Specifications of the Materials for Main Circuit

Materials Specifications
 Microcontroller: Atmega328
 Operating Voltage : 5 V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 V
Gizduino  Input Voltage (limits): 6-20 V
(ATMega328)  Digital I/O Pin: 14 (of which provide PWM Output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current Per I/O Pins: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pins: 50 mA
 Operating Voltage Range : 4.5-13.8 VDC
 Dimensions: 40mm × 40mm × 28mm
DC Fan  Starting Voltage : 4.5V DC (25 deg. C Power ON / OFF)
 Rated Speed : 2,500RPM ± l0%
 Storage Temperature : -40°C to +70°C
 Power Input: 5 V
Bluetooth Shield  External: 8-12 V
 Microcontroller Default : 5 V
 Operating Voltage : 12 V
Relay Module  Channel : 2 Channel
 Voltage Contact : 220 VAC
The components listed in Table 3-1 are the main components used per each design where carefully chosen
to best fit the requirement without compromising the cost of the device. The Gizduino can easily integrate to
Bluetooth module, and Relay Module with DC Fan. The specification where considered to ensure that all
components can properly function as needed. (See Appendix G Gizduino, page 65, See Appendix G DC
Fan Datasheet, page 76, See Appendix G Bluetooth Shield Datasheet, page 77, See Appendix G 2
Channel Relay, page 79).
Design 1: Induction Coil

The Induction Coil is an electronic component that produces a high temperature that uses low-voltage
through direct current. This design provides controlled environment for proper dehydration of the fruits. The
prototype provides a shorten dehydration and processing time for making a dried fruit. This process was
based on the standards, ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation (See
15
Appendix A ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation, page 59) and Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (See Appendix B Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, page 60) were the basis for the factors of dehydration was been
considered. The android device controls and gives instruction to the prototype. It can also monitor and
control the temperature environment of the prototype.
The design in Figure 3.8 are comprises of weight sensor (Load Cell with HX711), humidity and temperature
sensor (DHT22), microcontroller (Gizduino), Mesh tray, 2 channel Relay Module, DC Fan, Bluetooth
Module and Open Coil Heater. The design composed of three sections; Circuit Area, Heat Source Area and
Fruit Area.
Figure 3.8 Prototype of Design 1

The Circuit Area in Figure 3.8 contains the main circuit and the additional components that is dc motor, and
other electronic components. The Heat Source Area contains an induction coil that heated the air to
dehydrate the fruits, and the Fruit Area that contains mesh tray to lay the fruits to dehydrate and
underneath the mesh tray is the load cell.
Discussion of Standards Used in Design 1

The device is designed to monitor and control the dehydration process for fruit drying. The main
components used for dehydration process was comprises of ventilation fan and induction coil as heater.
16
This design was based on qualities, methods and techniques used as a factors for the proper fruit drying
were based on ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation (See Appendix A
ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation, page 59). This standard was
followed and used to determine the standard techniques and overall design of the prototype. These
standards were as the basis for the proper components to use with right specifications and requirements.
Schematic Diagram for Design 1
The schematic diagram of the design is shown in Figure 3.9. The design includes the use of
microcontroller, DC Fan, weight sensor, humidity and temperature sensor. The circuit was developed using
Proteus design suite software. The blue box in the schematic diagram shows the additional components
used in this design.
Figure 3.9 Schematic Diagram of Design 1

The schematic diagram in Figure 3.9, the usage of Atmega328 microcontroller directly connected to weight
sensor, humidity and temperature sensor, Bluetooth module and relay module. The Bluetooth module is
used for wireless communication of the device and the mobile phone to display the current temperature
inside the device and weight percentage of the fruits.
17
The different component of this design and how these components integrate into the main circuit is
discussed thoroughly below.
Figure 3.10 Induction Coil with Relay
The induction coil in Figure 3.10 has a relay for supply switching. It has an input voltage range of 100V-
240V that draws 400W. The induction coil is directly connected to 220V AC power source with a relay that
is connected to the microcontroller.
Figure 3.11 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
The DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor in Figure 3.11 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and
humidity sensor. It used a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and
spits out a digital signal on a data pin. It’s fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data. The
only downside of the sensor is it can only get data from it once every 2 seconds, when using library, sensor
reading can be up to 2 seconds old. It is connected in pin 2 of the microcontroller.
Figure 3.12 HX711 Load Cell Amplifier
The HX711 load cell amplifier in Figure 3.12 is a small breakout board for HX711 IC that allows to easily
reading load cells to measure weight. The DAT and CLK were connected in the pin 5 and pin 6 of the
Gizduino.
18
Specification of Materials for Design 1
The specification of each material needed for the hardware of Design 1 is shown in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 Specifications of Materials for Design 1

 Input Voltage: 100-220 V
 Bore Diamter: 20 – 300mm
Induction Coil
 Power Consumption: 400W
 Temperature Range: 20 to 250°C (5°C/minutes)
 Excitation voltage: 5-15 V
 Output sensitivity: 1.0±0.15mV/V
HX711 Load Cell
 Zero temperature shift: 0.05/0.03 %F.S/10°C
Amplifier
 Output: Analog output
 Size: 33mm*38mm
 Power Supply: 3.3-6V DC
 Operating range: humidity 0-100%RH; temperature -40~80Celsius
DHT22
 Accuracy: humidity +-2%RH(Max +-5%RH); temperature <+-
0.5Celsius
The components listed in Table 3-2 where carefully chosen to best fit the requirement without
compromising the cost of the device. The Gizduino can easily integrate with Open Coil, HX711 Load Cell
Amplifier, and DHT22. The specification where considered to ensure that all components can properly
function as needed. (See Appendix C Induction Coil, page 61, See Appendix G DHT22 Datasheet, page 66
and HX711 Datasheet, page 69).
Discussion of Constraints in Relation to Design 1

The design 1 is related to the different constraints mentioned in order to determine how these constraints
affect the design.
Economic (Cost)
The cost of the design should be considered in order to determine if it is feasible to create and implement
the design. The components used for Design 1 are indicated below including the costs of each component.
Table 3-2 Cost of Materials for Design 1

Components Price Quantity Cost (PHP)
Gizduino with ATMega 328 662.00 1 662.00
Induction Coil 450.00 1 450.00
DHT22 370.00 1 370.00
Bluetooth Shield 785.00 1 785.00
DC Fans 150.00 1 150.00
HX711Amplifier Module 708.00 1 708.00
2 Channel Relay 285.00 1 285.00
3Kg Load Cell 486.00 1 486.00
Miscellaneous 3500.00
Total PHP 7,396.00
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The total cost for the design 1 was shown in Table 3-3. The list of components, price, quantity, and cost of
each material was based on its quantity needed for the design. The first design uses an Open Coil as the
main component that produces an artificial heat to dehydrate the fruits. The other components used in
design 1 are Gizduino with Atmega328, DHT22, Bluetooth Shield, DC Fans, Load Cell Amplifier, 3Kg Load
Cell, and 2 Channel Relay. Overall, the following components, quantity, and cost which are stated in the
table have a total of PHP 7,396.00. It also includes the miscellaneous and expenses throughout designing
(See Appendix H Component Prices, page 80-83)
Functionality (Power Consumption)

The power consumption was considered for each design as the Open Coil covers the majority of power
consumption of the Design 1.
Table 3-3 Power Consumption of components in Design 1

Materials Voltage Ampere Watts
Gizduino with ATMega 328 5V 40mA 0.2 W
Bluetooth Shield 5V 40mA 0.2 W
DHT22 6V 1.5mA 0.009 W
Induction Coil 220V 1.8 A 400 W
DC Fan 12V 0.12A 1.44W
Total = 401.849 W
The used components have a total power consumption of 401.849 Watts as shown in Table 3-4. This value
was based on the specifications of the materials that the design uses. The main component use for each
design for the dehydration of fruits is the heating element. It consumes a huge amount of power compare to
the overall consumption of other components. The total wattage of all the components as listed in table 3-4
used the formula P = Volts x Ampere where P is Power.
Performance (Production Time)

The design should be able to decrease the dehydration time of fruits. The ideal temperature for dehydrating
the fruits is 60-80°C according to the standards of ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of
Food Preservation and the induction coil ranges up to 250°C (5°C/min). The time needed for the induction
coil to reach the maximum temperature gives time to control the temperature inside the oven box (See
Appendix B ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation, page 59, See
Appendix C Induction Coil Datasheet, page 61).
Using the formula for calculating the dry moisture content at any time, it can be used to find the production
time. (See Appendix F Production Time Formula, page 64)
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜 𝑒 𝑐𝑡 Equation 3.1
15 = (100)𝑒 −0.589 𝑡
T = 3.22 hours
Production Time = 3.22 hours * (60 minutes/ 1 hour) = 193 minutes
The values used in the equation were based on the target sample percent. The -0.589 is the moisture ratio
at 80°C. The value of 100 is the initial moisture content of fruits. The value of 15 is the target dry moisture
20
of fruits. This value was in percent a converted in a numerical value for calculation. It was based on the
study researched by Donald G. Mercer Ph.D. in his study of mango fruit drying.
Table 3-4 Production Time for Design 1

Materials Production Time
Induction Coil 193 minutes
The conducted computation produces a production time using induction coil. As shown in Table 3-5, the
computed production time of the design 1 is 193 minutes.
Design 2: Incandescent Bulb

An incandescent bulb is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows
with visible light. The filament, heated by passing an electric current through it is protected from oxidation
with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is filled with inert gas or an incandescent bulb is an electric light with a
wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light.
Figure 3.13 Prototype Design for Design 2
The prototype design in Figure 3.13 uses the incandescent lamp as the source of artificial heat for fruit
drying. The second design also consists of three (3) sections: Circuit Area, Heat Source Area, and the Fruit
Area. The design uses two (2) incandescent bulbs and placed for an equal distribution of heat.
21
affect the design. The produced dried fruits using the incandescent bulb was based on the qualities,
methods and techniques for the proper fruit drying that stated on the ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying:
Practical Methods of Food Preservation (See Appendix A ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical
Methods of Food Preservation, page 59) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) (See Appendix B Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, page 60). These
standards were as the basis of the proper components to use with right specifications and requirements.

The schematic diagram on Figure 3.16 uses the Incandescent bulb as the main component for fruit drying.
This circuit was developed using Proteus design suite software. The blue box in the schematic diagram
shows the additional components used in this design.
Figure 3.14 Schematic Diagram for Design 2
The schematic diagram in Figure 3.14 uses multiple heating elements. The incandescent bulb was used as
the heating element and source of heat. It was design with the amplifier for accurate low noise and
differential signal acquisition. It also has temperature sensor and relay for the incandescent bulb. It was
tested as a working circuit through the Proteus Simulation Software.
22
Figure.3.15 INA122
The INA122 in Figure 3.15 is a precision instrumentation amplifier for accurate, low noise, differential signal
acquisition. It can be operated with single power supplies from 2.2V to 36V and quiescent current is a mere
60uA.
Figure 3.16 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
Based on the datasheet of DHT11, the maximum voltage in Figure 3.16 should not be greater than 5V and
as for the recommendation a 5k pull-up resistor connected to its pin 1 and pin 2 as shown in the figure.
Figure 3.17 Incandescent Bulb with Relay

The schematic diagram of the incandescent bulb in Figure 3.17 is connected to the relay for supply
switching. It has an input voltage of 220V, draws a 40W and power tolerance of 3%. The relay is connected
to the pins of Gizduino and power source of 220V.
23
Table 3-5 Specification of Materials for Design 2

 Power Supply: 3V - 5.5V
 Current Supply: 100-150 mA
DHT 11  Measurement Range: 20-90% RH | 0-50°C
 Humidity: ±5% RH
 Temperature Accuracy: ± 2°C
 Package: 4 Pin Single Row
 Low Quiescent Current: 60uA
 Wide Power Supply Range
o Single Supply: 2.2v to 36v
o Dual Supply: -0.9/+1.3V to ±18V
INA 122  Low Offset Voltage: 250uV Max
 Low Offset Drift: 3uV/°C max
 Low Noise: 60nV/sqrt(Hz)
 Low Input Bias Current: 25nA max
 8-pin DIP and SO-8 Surface-Mount
 Voltage: 220V
 Size - 30*300mm
Incandescent Bulb  Wattage - 250 W
 Power Tolerance - 3%
 Glass Cover Surface treatment - Transparent
compromising the cost of the device. The Gizduino can easily integrate in Incandescent bulb, DHT11, and
INA122. The specification where considered to ensure that all components can properly function as
needed. (See Appendix D Incandescent Bulb Datasheet, page 62, DHT11 Datasheet, page 78, INA122
Datasheet, page 74).
affect the design.
Economic (Cost)
The cost of the design was considered in order to determine if it is reasonable to create and implement the
design. The incandescent bulb for the design used two (2) bulbs and it worth PHP 648.00, it was found
cheaper in the online store compared to the branded products. Design 2 used two (2) Incandescent bulbs
and it cost PHP 648.00 compared to the design 1 that used one (1) Open Coil only for PHP 450.00.
24
The other components used in design 2 are indicated below including the quantity and costs of each
component.
Components Price Quantity Cost
Gizduino wih Atmega 328 662.00 1 662.00
Incandescent Bulb 324.00 2 648.00
DHT11 373.00 1 373.00
DC Fans 50.00 3 150.00
INA122 372.00 1 372.00
3Kg Load Cell 486.00 1 486.00
Total PHP 5,976.00
The total cost of materials is shown in Table 3-7. The list of components, price, quantity, and cost of each
material was based on its quantity needed for the design. The lists of components used in design 2 are
Gizduino with Atmega328, Bluetooth Module, Relay Module with Incandescent Bulb, 3Kg Load Cell, DC
Fan, INA122, and DHT11. Overall, the following components, quantity, and cost, which are stated in the
table, have a total of PHP 5,976.00. It also includes the other expenses and components. The total cost of
materials for design 2 is less than the total cost of design1. (See Appendix H Component Prices, page 80
and 82).

The power consumption was considered for each design. The power consumption of the incandescent bulb
was considered as it covers the majority of power consumption of the prototype.
Table 3-7 Power Consumption of Incandescent Bulb

Gizduino with Atmega328 5V 40mA 0.2 W
DHT22 6V 1.5mA 0.009 W
Incandescent Bulb 220V 1.13A 500 W
DC Fan 12V 1.2 A 1.44W
Total = 501.849 W
The total power consumption of materials was shown in Table 3-8. The Incandescent Bulb was the heating
element used for dehydrating the fruit that generates 250 Watts power consumption. In design 2 it used 2
bulbs so the total wattage of incandescent bulb is 500 Watts, it consumes large amount of power
consumption compared to the overall consumption of the other components. Therefore, the design 2 has a
total of 501.849 Watts.
The design should be able to decrease the dehydration time for fruits. The ideal temperature for
dehydrating the fruits is 50-80°C and incandescent bulb can produce up to 50°C in a closed box. (See
Appendix D Incandescent Bulb Datasheet, page 62)
25
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜 𝑒 𝑐𝑡
15 = (100)𝑒 −0.295 𝑡
T = 6.43 hours
Production time = 6.43 hours * (60 minutes/1 hour) = 385 minutes
Incandescent Bulb 385 minutes
The conducted computation produces a production time using incandescent bulb. As shown in the Table 3-
9, the computed production time of the design 2 is 385 minutes. It was evident that Incandescent Bulb took
a long production time, it took 385 minutes or approximately 6 hours to finished dehydrating fruits than
using Open Coil that takes 193 minutes or 3 hours to finished process.
Design 3: Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp
A halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp consisting of tungsten filament sealed into a compact transparent
envelope that is filled with a mixture of an inert gas and a small amount of halogen such as iodine or
bromine.
Figure 3.18 Prototype Design for Design 3

This design in Figure 3.18 uses a halogen-coiled tungsten lamp that produces a high temperature for
dehydration. It can produce a high temperature that can make the fruit processing faster. The combination
26
of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle chemical reaction, which redeposits
its evaporated tungsten to the filament. Because of this, a halogen coiled tungsten lamp can be operated at
a higher temperature that a standard gas-filled lamp of similar power and operating life. The small size of
halogen lamps permits to use the more convenience in a compact usage. This design provides a controlled
environment for proper dehydration of fruits. The Halogen-Coiled Tungsten lamp is located on both side of
the conveyer mesh tray for equal distribution of heat. This design also consists of three sections. The oven
section is properly insulated from other section. The Heat Source Area was made of two-layered aluminum
with insulation sheet. This design uses three fans, one for ventilation, and two for airflow inside the oven
box.
affect the design. The main factors in the dehydration process are the ventilation and the heater The DC
Fan was the main responsible for the ventilation and air flow inside the device. The halogen-coiled tungsten
bulb was used for the dehydration process. It was responsible for producing heat in order to the fruit. The
qualities, methods and techniques for producing the dried fruit were based on the ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar
Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation (See Appendix A ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical
Methods of Food Preservation, page 59) and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO) (See Appendix B Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, page 60).

It presents the schematic diagram of the design using the technology of Halogen Coiled Tungsten. The
circuit was developed using Proteus design suite software. The blue box in the schematic diagram shows
the additional components used in this design.
Figure 3.19 Schematic Diagram for Design 3

The schematic diagram in Figure 3.19, the usage of Atmega328 microcontroller directly connected to
weight sensor, humidity and temperature sensor, Bluetooth module and relay module. The Bluetooth
module is used for wireless communication of the device and the mobile phone to display the current
27
temperature inside the device and weight percentage of the fruits. This design is in accordance to the ILO
1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation (See Appendix A ILO 1986 Ref. 34:
Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation, page 59)
Figure 3.20 LM35 Temperature Sensor

Based on the datasheet of LM35, the maximum voltage in Figure 3.20 should not exceed to 5V and its pin
is directly connected to Atmega328 in order to process the reading of LM35. (See Appendix G LM35
Temperature Sensor Datasheet, page 70)
Figure 3.21 INA 122

The INA122 is a precision instrumentation amplifier for accurate, low noise, differential signal acquisition
and as shown in Figure 3.21 it can be operated with single power supplies from 2.2V to 36V and quiescent
current is a mere 60uA . (See Appendix G INA122 Datasheet, page 74)
Figure 3.22 SHT21
28
The SHT21 sensor contains a capacitive type humidity sensor, a band gap temperature sensor and
specialized analog and digital integrated circuit shown in Figure 3.22. (See Appendix G SHT21 Humidity
and Temperature Sensor Datasheet, page 77)
Figure 3.23 Relay with Tungsten Lamp

The circuit diagram for the tungsten lamp connected to relay module. The tungsten lamp can operate on
the output voltage from the Atmega328. The design in Figure 3.23 uses a relay that is connected to the
220V to supply the lamp. The pin of relay module connected to the microcontroller receives a voltage, it
immediately supply the tungsten a 200V from other supply source. (See Appendix E Halogen Tungsten
Bulb Datasheet, page 63).
Table 3-9 Specification of Materials for Design 3

 Operating Voltage: 18V to 36V
Halogen-Coiled  Current Supply: 7.5 A
Tungsten Lamp  Power Consumption: 300 Watts
 Minimum Temperature: 250°C
 Maximum Temperature: 700°C
 Power Supply: 3V - 5.5V
 Current Supply: 100-150 mA
DHT 11  Measurement Range: 20-90% RH | 0-50°C
 Humidity: ±5% RH
 Temperature Accuracy: ± 2°C
 Low Quiescent Current: 60uA
 Wide Power Supply Range
o Single Supply: 2.2v to 36v
INA 122 o Dual Supply: -0.9/+1.3V to ±18V
 Low Offset Voltage: 250uV Max
 Low Input Bias Current: 25nA max
 Operating voltage: 4V – 30V
LM 35  Linear + 10.0mV / °C scale factor
 0.5°C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C)
29
 Rated for full -55°C to +150°C range
compromising the cost of the device. The Gizduino can easily integrate Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp,
LM35, DHT 11, and INA 122. The specification where considered to ensure that all components can
properly function as needed. (See Appendix E Halogen Tungsten Bulb Datasheet, page 63, See Appendix
G DHT 11 Datasheet, page 65, See Appendix G INA122 Datasheet, page 74).
affect the design.
Economic (Cost)
The cost of the design should be considered in order to determine if it is reasonable to create and
implement the design.
The components used for Design 3 are indicated below including the costs of each component.

Components Price Quantity Cost
Gizduino wih Atmega328 662.00 1 662.00
Tungsten Lamp 397.00 2 794.00
LM35 84.00 1 84.00
SHT21 329.00 1 329.00
DC Fans 50.00 4 200.00
INA122 372.00 1 372.00
Load Cell Amplifier Module 708.00 1 708.00
2 Channel Relay 285.00 1 285.00
3Kg Load Cell 486.00 1 486.00
Total PHP 8,205.00
The total cost for the design 3 was shown in Table 3-11. The list of components, price, quantity, and cost of
each material was based on its quantity needed for the design. The third (3) designs use a Tungsten Lamp
as the main component that produces an artificial heat with a total cost of PHP 8,205.00 including other
materials, miscellaneous and other expenses. (See Appendix H Component Prices, page 80 -83)

The power consumption was considered for each design. The power consumption of the halogen-coiled
tungsten lamp was considered as it covers the majority of power consumption of the prototype.
Table 3-11 Power Consumption of Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp

Gizduino with Atmega328 5V 40mA 0.2 W
30
DHT11 6V 1.5mA 0.009 W
Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp 130V 4.62A 600W
DC Fan 12V 1.2 A 1.44W
Total = 601.849 W
The halogen-coiled tungsten lamp has a power consumption of 300 Watts per bulbs, it used two (2) pieces
Halogen-coiled Tungsten lamp with power of 600 Watts. This value was based on the specifications of the
halogen-coiled tungsten lamp that the design uses. The main component use for each design for the
dehydration of fruits is the heating element. It consumes a huge amount of power compare to the overall
consumption of other components.
The design should be able to decrease the dehydration time of fruits. The halogen-coiled tungsten lamp
can produce a minimum 250°C in a closed box without proper ventilation. Using proper ventilation and
number of fans, it can be reduced to 90°C. (See Appendix E Halogen Tungsten Bulb Datasheet, page 63).
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜 𝑒 𝑐𝑡
15 = (100)𝑒 −0.660 𝑡
T = 2.87 hours
Production Time = 2.87 hours * (60 minutes/ 1 hour) = 172 minutes

Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp 172 minutes
The conducted computation produces a production time using halogen-coiled tungsten lamp. As shown in
the Table 3-13, the computed production time of the design 3 is 172 minutes.
Software Design
The instructions for the microcontroller to follow are coded based on C++ programming language. These
instructions include the monitoring of temperature, humidity, and mass, connection between the
microcontroller and Bluetooth and the setting up the parameters for the fruit drying. This application works
together with the hardware as it bases on the instruction set in order to determine the environment and
condition inside the design.
31
Software Development Life Cycle
The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) process applies to information system development projects
ensuring that all functional, user requirements, agency strategic goals, and objectives are met. The SDLC
provides a structured and standardized process for all phases of any system development effort.
Figure 3.24 System Development Life Cycles

As illustrated in Figure 3.24, it provides the sequence of the design process in which the process is seen as
flowing steadily downwards like a waterfall through the phases of Analysis, Design, Implementation, and
Testing. A phase cannot proceed to next phase until the processes on that phase are done. After testing,
the flow should return to the specific phase responsible for the changes if there is any error or
recommendations for improvement.
The stages of Software Development Life Cycle:
1. Requirement Analysis: The requirement analysis phase determines the requirements needed for
the design. This phase involves breaking down of the system in different pieces to analyze the
situation, how to use the application, who’s the target client of the application, analyzing the project
goals, breaking down what needs to be created and attempting to engage users so that definite
requirement could be define.
32
2. Design: The primary objective of the design phase was to create a design that satisfies the agreed
application requirements. It uses the requirement analysis as guidelines for designing the possible
model. The requirements that were developed earlier during the analysis phase were gradually
improved and extended to include all the specified function of the applications.
3. Implementation: This phase comes after a complete understanding of system requirements and
specifications; it is the actual construction process after having a complete and illustrated design
for the requested system. In the Software Development Life Cycle, the actual code is written here,
and if the system contains hardware, then the implementation phase will contain configuration and
fine-tuning for the hardware to meet certain requirements and function.
4. Testing: Once the code is developed and implanted in the system, it is tested against the
requirements such as the given constraints and standards. The testing phase also includes that the
project objectives was met. In this phase, all types of testing are being tested.
5. Deployment: After succeeding the conducted tests and made sure that the requirements and
project objectives were met; the finished application is deployed to the users or customer for them
to use.
6. Maintenance: In this phase, periodic maintenance for the system will be carried out to make sure
that the system will not become obsolete, this will include replacing the old hardware and
continuously evaluating system’s performance, it also includes providing latest updates for certain
components to make sure it meets the right standards and the latest technologies to face current
security threats.
33
Data Flow Diagram
A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphically characterize data processes and flows in an information
system. It is consisted of system inputs, processes, and outputs. A series of layered data flow diagrams
may be used to represent and analyze detailed procedures in a larger system.
Figure 3.25 Data Flow Diagram
The data flow diagram is illustrated in Figure 3.25; the data have to undergo procedures as it passes
through the system. The input parameters are the temperature of the device and weight of the load. The
sensor transmitted the data to the microcontroller Atmega328. The digital signal gathered from the sensors
read a value that transmit to the Bluetooth and using wireless transmission it will be sent to android phone.
The android application will display the output data of temperature and weight of the fruit.
34
CHAPTER 4: DESIGN TRADE-OFFS
Design Trade-Offs
Trade-offs is an objective that is set to satisfy the economic, manufacturability and performance. These are
the constraints of the design that must achieve. The design circuits are all similar but different only on the
method on dehydrating fruits. Trade-offs are used to analyze an alternative solution and compare different
components to determine which design is the most suitable to achieve the objectives of the project. The
designs subjects to the trade-offs are the fruit drying device technique that uses an Induction Coil,
Incandescent Bulb and Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp.
In the design trade-offs, it has been considered the economic, manufacturability and performance as the
decision criteria in choosing what component should be used on each designs. Each of the designs has
been ranked based on the decision criteria identified.
In order to determine the describe materials that were pursued in the latter design stage, the selection uses
trade-offs strategies (Otto and Antonsson, 1991). The importance of each criterion (on a scale of 0 to 5), 5
with the highest importance was assigned and each design technology’s ability to satisfy the criterion was
likewise tabulated.
Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials.
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)/𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 Equation 4.1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) ∗ 10 Equation 4.2

The governing rank given to the design trade-offs was based on the subjective observation. The same on
how criterion importance and the ability to satisfy the criterion are rated. The subjective values were
gathered based on the initial analysis. The subordinate rank was computed based on Equation 4.2
Figure 4.1 Ranking Scale for Percent Difference
A sample scale, as shown in Figure 4.1, shows the distance of different from governing rank with a value of
5 to the computed rank which is the subordinate rank with a value of 0.
Three trade-offs were chosen which are economic, functionality and performance. The first trade-off was
economic with a value of 3. The second trade-off was performance and it was given with a value of 4. The
performance, which focuses on production time, was given with the value of 5 as it was importance to have
a faster production time.
35
Trade-off#1 Economic (Cost)
The total cost of each three (3) designs has been considered for economic constraints. The design criterion
was calculated by determining the total cost of each design (see Chapter 3). It has been considered in
Table 4-1 Comparison of three (3) designs based on economic cost

Design Total Cost (PHP)
Design 1: Induction Coil 7,396.00
Design 2: Incandescent Bulb 5,976.00
Design 3: Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp 8,205.00
The tabulated total cost on Table 4-1 was discussed and calculated on Chapter 3. Design 1, Induction coil
estimated total cost is PHP 7,396.00. Design 2 Incandescent bulb has the total estimated cost of PHP
5,976.00. Design 3 Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp has the total estimated cost of PHP 8,205.00.
Computation of Ranking for Economic Constraints of Design 1 vs. Design 2

The Design 1 is compared to the Design 2 in terms of cost. The Design 2 is used as the governing rank for
the computation of the subordinate rank of Design 1. This method used to compute the overall rank in order
to see the different in each design.
Using Equation 4.1:

Higher Value = 7,396
Lower Value = 5,976
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (7,396.00 − 5,976.00)/7,396.00
Using Equation 4.2:

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 5 − (0.1920) ∗ 10 = 3.0800 = 3
Figure 4.2 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 2 for Economic Constraints
The computation of ranking of economic between Design 1 and Design 2 has been shown in Figure 4.2.
Distance between the different of the governing rank of value of 5 that has been given to Design 2 with the
lowest value of cost and the cost value of Design 1. These values were used in the computation for the
percent difference using Equation 4.1 and Equation 4.2. The computed value is 3, which determines the
percent difference of the two designs. According to the data show, there’s 20% difference in Design 1 and
Design 2.
36
Computation of Ranking of Economic Constraints of Design 2 and Design 3
The Design 3 is compared to the Design 2 in terms of cost. The Design 2 with the lowest cost is used as
the governing rank for the computation of the subordinate rank of Design 3. This method used to compute
the overall rank in order to see the difference in each design.
Using Equation 4.1:
Higher Value = 8,205
Lower Value = 5,976
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (8,205 − 5,976)/8,205
Using Equation 4.2:

Figure 4.3 Percent Difference of Design 2 vs Design 3 for Economic Constraints
The computation of ranking of economic between Design 2 and Design 3 has been shown in Figure 4.3.
Distance between the difference of the governing rank of value of 5 that has been given to Design 2 with
the lowest value of cost and the cost value of Design 3. These values were used in the computation for the
percent difference using Equation 4.1 and Equation 4.2. The computed value is 2, which determines the
percent different of the two designs. According to the data show, there’s 30% difference in Design 2 and
Design 3. According to the data show, there’s 60% difference in Design 2 and Design 3.
Trade-off #2: Functionality (Power Consumption)
The functionality in terms of power consumption was considered for each design. The power consumption
in the unit of wattage to power the main component of each design was presented in Table 4-2. Design 1
got the lowest power consumption while the design 3 got the highest power consumption. The wattage
value of three designs was discussed on Chapter 3.
Table 4-2 Comparison of three (3) designs based on power consumption
Design Power Consumption
Design 1: Induction Coil 401.849 Watts
Design 2: Incandescent Bulb 501.849 Watts
Design 3: Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp 601.849 Watts
The tabulated value for power consumption of the main dehydrating component in wattage in table 4-2 was
discussed on Chapter 3: Specifications of the Materials. The Induction coil has the power consumption of
120 Watts. In design 2, it uses four incandescent bulbs that have power consumption of 40 Watts with the
total of 160 Watts. Design 3 uses two halogen-coiled tungsten lamps that have power consumption of 150
Watts with the total of 200 Watts.
37
Computation of Ranking for Functionality Constraints Design 1 vs. Design 2
The Design 1 is compared to the Design 2 in terms of power consumption. The Design 1 is used as the
governing rank for the computation of subordinate rank of Design 2. This method used to compute the
overall rank in order to see the difference in each design.
Using Equation 4.1

Higher Value = 501.849
Lower Value = 401.849
:
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (501.849 − 401.849)/501.849
Using Equation 4.2:

Figure 4.4 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 2 for Functionality Constraints

The computation shows in Figure 4.4 subordinate the rank of Design 1 against Design 2 based on Equation
4.1 and Equation 4.2. The percent difference is used to solve the subordinate rank wherein the computed
value is 3, which determines the percent difference of the two designs. According to the data show, there’s
20% difference in Design 1 and Design 2.
Computation of Ranking of Functionality Constraints Design 1 vs. Design 3

The Design 1 is compared to the Design 3 in terms of power consumption. The governing rank used to
compute for the subordinate rank of Design 3 is the Design 1. This method used to compute the overall
rank in order to see the difference in each design.
Using Equation 4.1:
Higher Value = 601.849
Lower Value = 401.849
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (601.849 − 401.849)/601.849
Using Equation 4.2:

38
The computation of ranking of Functionality between Design 1 and Design 3 has been show on Figure 4.5.
Figure 4.5 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 3 for Functionality Constraints
The distance between the difference of the governing rank in Figure 4.5 with the value of 5 that has been
given to Design with the lowest value of power consumption and the subordinate rank of the Design 3.
These values were used in the computation for the percent difference using the Equation 4.1 and Equation
4.2 The computed value is 3, which determines the percent difference of the two designs. According to the
data show, there’s a 20% difference in Design 1 and Design 3.
Trade-off #3: Performance (Production Time)

The estimated production time in Table 4-3 was discussed on the discussion of performance of each
design on Chapter 3. Design 3 got the fastest production time and Design 2 got the slowest production
time.
Table 4-3 Comparison of three (3) designs based on production time

Design Production Time
Design 1: Induction Coil 193 minutes
Design 2: Incandescent Bulb 385 minutes
Design 3: Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp 172 minutes
The production time and duration of dehydration performance in Table 4-3 is the productivity time of each
design. These production times in minutes were the results of a conducted research and simulation to
determine the estimated time for each design.
Computation of Ranking for Performance Constraints of Design 1 vs. Design 3

The Design 1 was compared to the Design 3 in terms of production time. Design 3 with the fastest
production time was given the governing rank for the computation of the subordinate rank of Design 1.
Using Equation 4.1:

Higher Value = 193
Lower Value = 172
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (193 − 172)/193
Using Equation 4.2:

39
The computation of ranking of performance between Design 1 and Design 3 had been shown on Figure
4.6. The percent difference of the two designs was calculated using Equation 4.1.
Figure 4.6 Percent Difference of Design 1 vs Design 3 for Performance Constraints
This value was used in the computation to determine the subordinate rank of Design 3. The computed
value is 4, which determines the difference of the two designs. According to the data show, there’s 10%
difference in Design 1 and Design 3.
Computation of Ranking for Performance Constraints of Design 2 vs. Design 3

The Design 2 was compared to the Design 3 in terms of production time. Design 3 with the fastest
production time was given the governing rank for the computation of the subordinate rank of Design 2.
Using Equation 4.1:

Higher Value = 385
Lower Value = 172
% 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = (385 − 172)/385
Using Equation 4.2:

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 5 − (0.5532) ∗ 10 = −0.5324 = −1
Figure 4.7 Percent Difference of Design 2 vs Design 3 for Performance Constraints
The computation of ranking of performance between Design 2 and Design 3 had been shown in Figure 4.7.
The percent difference of the two designs was calculated using Equation 4.1. This value was used in the
computation using Equation 4.2 to determine the subordinate rank of Design 3. The computed value is
-1, which determines the difference of the two designs. According to the data show, there’s 60% difference
in Design 1 and Design 2.
40
Influence of Design Constraints in the Final Design
Different standards and constraints were considered to choose the best design. This ensures that the final
design satisfies the three constraints which are economic, performance and functionality.
The calculations were done for determining the ranking and differences of each design through trade-offs.
Table 4-4 Final Trade-Off Table

Ability to satisfy the criterion
(on scale from -5 to 5)
Decision Criteria Criterion’s
Importance Design 1: Design 2: Design 3:
(on a scale of 0 to Induction Coil Incandescent Tungsten
5) Bulb Lamp
1. Economic 3 4 5 3
2. Functionality 4 5 3 1
3. Performance 5 4 -1 5
Overall Rank 52 22 38
The overall rankings in Table 4-4 choose the specified value on the criterion’s importance of each decision
criteria. Economic got a value of 3, Functionality got 4 and Performance got 5. The Performance
constraints got the highest importance as to satisfy and to meet one of the project objectives to lessen the
production time.
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or system can
be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in its inputs.
To determine the governing design among the three, the values of each of the criterion’s importance of the
constraints will be interchanged, putting into the consideration the previously calculated rankings in the
design trade-offs. Table 4-5 shows the raw ranking for the three designs.
Table 4-5 Scores from the computation of ranking for each design.
Decision Criteria Design 1 Design 2 Design 3
1. Economic 4 5 3
2. Functionality 5 3 1
3. Performance 4 -1 5
The tabulated scores for each design are shown in Table 4-5, wherein the governing rank is given a score
of 5. In terms of Economic constraints, Design 2 was given the governing rank for having the lowest cost for
all the designs. Design 1 was given the highest value and governing rank for having the least usage of
power consumption for Functionality constraints. Design 3 has the fastest production time and was given
the governing rank for performance constraints.
41
1st Combination for Sensitivity Analysis
The combination of 3-5-4 was used as the criterion’s importance in the first (1) set of sensitivity analysis.
The highest criterion of 5 was given to functionality constraints. A criterion of 4 was given to performance
constraints and criterion of 3 was given to economic constraint.
Table 4-6 First (1) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

Criterion’s Ability to satisfy the criterion
Importance (on scale from -5 to 5)
Decision Criteria (on a scale of 0 Design 1: Design 2: Design 3:
to 5) Induction Coil Incandescent Tungsten Lamp
Bulb
1. Economic 3 4 5 3
The result shows that the Design 1 is the highest over-all rank with a value of 53 as shown in Table 4-6.
Design 2 got the second highest overall rank with a value of 26 and Design 3 got the lowest overall with a
value of 34.
2nd Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

The combination of 5-3-4 was used as the criterion’s importance in the second (2) combination of sensitivity
analysis. The highest criterion of 5 was given to economic constraints. A criterion of 4 was given to
performance constraints and criterion of 3 was given to functionality.
Table 4-7 Second (2) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

Bulb
1. Economic 5 4 5 3
The result shows that the Design 1 is the highest overall rank with a value of 51 as shown in Table 4-7.
Design 2 got the second highest overall with a value of 38 and Design 3 got the lowest overall rank with a
value of 30.
42
3rd Combination for Sensitivity Analysis
The combination 5-4-3 was sued as the criterion’s importance in the third (3) combination of sensitivity
analysis. The highest criterion of 5 was given to economic constraints. A criterion of 4 was given to
functionality constraints and criterion of 3 was given to performance.
Table 4-8 Third (3) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

Bulb
1. Economic 5 4 5 3
Design 2 and Design 3 got the same overall rank of 34.
4th Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

The combination of 4-3-5 was used as the criterion’s importance in the fourth (4) combination of sensitivity
analysis. The highest criterion of 5 was given to performance constraints. A criterion of 4 was given to
economic constraints and criterion of 3 was given to functionality.
Table 4-9 Fourth (4) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

Bulb
1. Economic 4 4 5 3
Design 3 got the second overall rank with a value of 40 and Design 2 got the lowest overall rank with a
value of 24.
43
5th Combination for Sensitivity Analysis
The combination of 4-5-3 was used as the criterion’s importance in the fifth (5) combination of sensitivity
analysis. The highest criterion of 5 was given to functionality constraints. A criterion of 4 was given to
economic constraints and criterion of 3 was given to performance constraints.
Table 4-10 Fifth (5) Combination for Sensitivity Analysis

Decision Criteria (on a scale of 0 to Design 1: Design 2: Design 3:
5) Induction Coil Incandescent Tungsten Lamp
Bulb
1. Economic 4 4 5 3
Design 2 and Design 3 got the same overall rank of 32.
Table 4-11 Results for repeatedly calculation for raw ranking

Overall Rank Initial 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Design 1: Induction Coil 52 53 51 52 51 53
Design 2: Incandescent Bulb 22 26 30 34 24 32
Design 3: Halogen-Coiled Tungsten Lamp 38 34 38 34 40 32
The tabulated results in Table 4-11 contains the repeatedly calculation for raw ranking. It shows that with
varying raw importance of criterions. Design 1 clearly shows that it can manage ranked 1 st among the other
designs. From this, it is clear that Design 1 is the best to implement for the project.
Discussion of Sensitivity Analysis Using Graphs

A line graph is used to show the representation of the Sensitivity Analysis. The graphical representation in
Figure 4.8 contains the value from the tabulated result from Table 4-11. Design 1 manages to be the best
design among the three designs.
60
50
40 Design 1
30
Design 2
20
Design 3
10
0
Initial 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Figure 4.8 Line Graph Representation of Sensitivity Analysis
44
The graphical representation using line graph in Figure 4.8 shows the rankings of the three designs
throughout the initial calculation and the 5 combinations of sensitivity analysis. The blue line represents the
Design 1, the red line represents Design 2 and the green line represents Design 3. Based on the results,
Design 1 won all the combination for sensitivity analysis.
Initial
60
50
40
5th 30 1st
20
10 Design 1
0 Design 2
Design 3
4th 2nd
3rd
Figure 4.9 Radar Graph of Sensitivity Analysis
Another graphical method in for displaying multivariate data is with the use of radar graph. The radar graph
represents data in the form of a two-dimensional chart with the three or more quantitative variables
represented on axes starting from the same middle point. The sensitivity analysis in Figure 4.9 shows
representation using the radar graph. As can be seen, Design 1 still manages to be the best design among
the three. The color that included in the representation is blue for Design 1, red for Design 2 and green for
Design
45
CHAPTER 5: FINAL DESIGN
Final Design
The selection process for the best design was made based on the different constraints discussed in the
previous chapter. The design that uses induction coil for the dehydration process has been selected. It
uses open-air dryer type of induction coil; it produces appropriate heat for dehydrating fruits than other
designs. DHT 22, a low-cost temperature and humidity sensor, has been used in the design for monitoring
the temperature inside the prototype. Aside from DHT 22, the design also uses a 3kg load cell to determine
the mass of the fruits. Using these two sensors and induction coil, the design complies with the standards
for the appropriate heating temperature and to determine the appropriate weight of dried fruits.
An Android application was used to monitor the dehydration process of the design. The part of the process
that needed to be monitor of the android application is the temperature produces by the heater and the
weight of the fruits.
As seen in Figure 5.1, the actual prototype design cover was made of metal sheet and angle bar made of
aluminum. Inside, were different hardware component, in which one is a Bluetooth module that is used for
communication between the prototype and android application. Another component is a solid-state relay
which interrupts the coil and fan once it receives the digital signal from the microprocessor.
Figure 5.0.1 Final Design
Android Application
The Android application that was designed for Automated Fruit Drying Device with Android Technology is
used for displaying the level of mass moisture content and temperature of the fruit.
46
Figure 5.0.2 Android Application
The android application in Figure 5.2 shows the sequence of procedure on how android device worked on
the prototype. The First Image was the home page; it displays the logo and name of the application. The
second image shows the displaying screen of the Android application where the Android device is waiting
for a connection. Once the user presses the “connect” button, it establishes a connection between the
Android device and the prototype. When the Android Device is connected to the prototype, it displays
varieties of fruit you want to dehydrate. After that, it displays the real time temperature of the prototype and
weight of the fruit.
Figure 5.0.3 Actual Measurement of Fruit
47
In the Figure 5.3, it shows the actual weight of the fruit before it tests in the device. the Banana and Mango
as the fruits that been tested throughout the project testing and evaluation.
Testing and Evaluation Procedures

The test and evaluation results is considered to show the comparison of data gathered between the client’s
traditional way over the data gathered by the develop device.
Test Procedures
The testing procedures were based on the specific objectives. The prototype would be tested on its ability
to dehydrate the different variety of fruits and accurately produces heat, determining fruits’ weight and
interrupt and resume the process once it reached certain value.
The testing procedure was conducted through measuring the moisture mass content of the fruit using the
weight sensor. As the weight sensor meets the standard moisture mass content of the fruit it will
automatically off and end process of the device.
The following are step by step procedure that was followed by the designers for testing the accuracy of the
prototype:
1. Place the fruit in the mesh tray and put it on the fruit area of the prototype.
2. Plug the device into a 220VAC outlet
3. Turn on the Bluetooth settings of the Android device.
4. Run the Android application and press “Connect” to connect the Android device into the prototype.
5. After connecting, it notifies a sound that the android device is already connected.
6. When the Android device and the prototype are already connected, it displays automatically the
temperature in degree Celsius and the moisture mass content percentage of the fruit.
7. As the drying process continues, the load cell sensor measures the mass moisture of the fruit and
at the same time the real time temperature of the Fruit Area. Take a screenshot on the display of
the Android application and record the data.
8. Disconnect the android device to the prototype by pressing “Disconnect” button from the android
application.
The test evaluation form was presented in Table 5-1. Clients can grade each performance from Very
Satisfactory (5) to Very Unsatisfactory (1).
Table 5-0-1 Comparison of three (3) designs based on power consumption
Very Very
Performance of the Unsatisfactory Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory Fair (3) Satisfactory
Project (2) (4)
(1) (5)
1. Accuracy
Is the result accurate?
2. Ease of Use
Do the application and
the prototype is easy to
use?
3. Functionality
Does the application
displays the moisture
content of the paddy?
48
4. Reliability
Do the objectives were
achieved?
The questions that were stated in Table 5-1 were based on the accuracy and functionality of the project.
The test evaluation is important to determine the appeal of the client about the project for the designers to
know what part of the project needs an improvement.
Test and Evaluation Results
Accuracy Test
The accuracy was calculated based on the measured values produced by the system and the actual values
gathered by an external device.
The ability of the device has been tested. The software’s capabilities to represent the given data of the
device are also tested. The android application was created to display the gathered data from the
microcontroller. To test the accuracy of the device, it needed to use an external device to determine the
temperature of the device and the weight of the fruit. The gathered data by the software and the external
device has been used to determine the accuracy of the device.
The formula below was used to test the accuracy of each value.
𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
% 𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒚 = (𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆) ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Equation 5.1
Wherein,
%Accuracy – Defines the percentage of accuracy of the design
Lowest Value – Defines the lowest data gathered by the system or external devices
Highest value – Defines the highest data gathered by the system or external devices
(Thermometer, Weighing Scale)
The actual value would be taken using thermometer and portable digital weight scale; thereafter it would be
differentiating with the measured value taken from the prototype. The accuracy would be based on whether
the measured value has the same output as the actual value.
If the results of the test were close to the value taken from the thermometer and portable digital weight
scale
Accuracy Test for Temperature

The comparison of the measured value gathered by the system and the actual values gathered by an
external device was displayed. To select the data across the number of data gathered by the system and
external devices, one hour after the start of the process was the data needed to determine the accuracy of
the device. The average accuracy was used to determine if the system can produce accurate accuracy
throughout all trials.
Table 5-2 Test Results for the Accuracy of the Temperature
Trials Measured Actual Temperatures Calculated %Accuracy
Temperatures
1st 62.10 60.00 96.61%
2nd 65.60 64.00 97.56%
49
3rd 65.00 63.10 97.07%
Average Accuracy 97.08%
The comparison of the said values has been taking through the percentage accuracy formula and will only
be considered accurate once the value for the average accuracy is greater than 95%.
Accuracy Test for the Final Weight

The comparison of the measured value gathered by the system and the actual values gathered by an
external device was displayed. To select the data across the number of data gathered by the system and
external devices, the final weight of the fruits after the process was used to determine the accuracy of the
device. The average accuracy was used to determine if the system can identify the accuracy of the weight.
Table 5-0-2 Test Results for the Accuracy of the Final Weight
Trials Measured Weight Actual Weight Calculated %Accuracy

1 15.00 16.00 93.75%
2 15.70 15.00 95.54%
3 14.40 15.00 96.00%
Average Accuracy 95.09%
The comparison of the said values has been taking through the percentage accuracy formula and will only
be considered accurate once the value for the average accuracy is greater than 95%.
Efficiency Test Results

A test for efficiency have been taken through the comparison of the number of hours taken for the fruits to
be dried while inside the dryer compared to the average hours it taken to be dried. It would be given a
remark of efficient if the number of hours took are less than the standard number of hours and Not Efficient
if it is longer than the average hours it took to dried the fruits.
Table 5-0-3 Results for the number of hours it took to be dehydrated
Trials Average hours took Hours took to

using solar drying dehydrate inside the Remark
dryer
1 2 hours 34 minutes Efficient
2 6 hours 2 hours 45 minutes Efficient
3 2 hours 30 minutes Efficient
As shown in the Table 5.3, the fruits inside the dryer took less than the average hours using solar drying.
As results, using the dryer to dehydrate the fruits is more efficient because the process took much faster
than using the solar drying.
50
Conclusion
The proposed project that would provide a monitored and controlled environment for the selected fruits met
the objectives. Based on the gathered results from the tests, it is concluded that the objective of
dehydrating the variety of fruits, to display the moisture mass content of the fruits and the standard values
for temperature and weight for the process has been reached.
In addition, the prototype was also able to successfully interrupt the dehydration process once it reached
and achieve the standard temperature and weight for the fruits.
51
CHAPTER 6: BUSINESS PLAN AND MODEL
Business Plan
Executive Summary
FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd. is a company that was established March 2018 by five (5) Engineering
Professionals. The first designed device of the company is the Automated Fruit Drying Device with Android
Technology. This developed device solves the problems of an old conventional process of dehydrating
fruits and processing the dehydrated fruits. It has the capabilities of dehydrating and processes the fruits
and has features that can be controlled and monitored remotely via a Bluetooth using an Android
application.
The trending is ever changing but the need for healthy products is never at the least. Every day there is
consumer who needs a healthy product such as the fruits and dried fruits. It is everyday consumable goods
that have a high demand. The potential of the company and its device, it can be used on another kind of
industry. It has a lot of potential in the industry of high technology, and research and development.
The company was owned by the persons who designed the product, namely Mr. Krizian Isaac M. Bernardo,
Mr. Shernan Paul A. Claveria, Mr. Dan Joseph P. Clet, Ms. Sheila T. Lim, and Mr. Nico Antonio G. Soriano
graduate professionals from Technological Institute of the Philippines.
The main office is located in Quezon City where the center of commercialization and industrialization are
found in here. Since the target markets are small-scale farmers, the FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd also
has offices in Bulacan and Cogeo, Antipolo, and Laguna City to cover both urban and rural areas.
Objectives
To achieve the quality of our product and services meets established standards. To ensure our business is
profitable and successful.
Mission
To provide quality of service, reliable and accurate device and up to date software system to satisfy the
customer's need and to contribute to the fastest growing technology in dehydrating fruit.
General Company Description
FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd. focused on designing and developing of device to solve certain problems.
It was founded by a group of students from Technological Institute of the Philippines – Quezon City, who
wanted a nationwide chain of research laboratories dedicated on solving circumstantial problems.
The partners graduated at Technological Institute of the Philippines, Quezon City. They specialized in
computer engineering consulting to small and medium sized businesses. Our company seeks major
contracts with small to medium scale farmer in industry.
It was found out that it can always find a problem for every action, process and activity being done by
humans, animals or the nature. The principle is to figure out those problems to be solved and make the
process much easier. It is our duty to earn the trust and confidence of our potential customers, business
partners and investors on our products and services. To earn their trust, we have one goal and that is to
design and develop a high quality products and services that help people to do the process of certain
problem much easier.
52
The company focused on designing and developing a machine to solve problems. We primarily focused on
one of the sector of agriculture and that is the fruit sector. Our first major product’s primary targets are
farmers and business owners, secondly is the health conscious people.
6.1 Company Logo

Products/Services Offered
The best in FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd., is that they always make sure that their device is the best of
the best of the highest quality that the customer can get. For the company to establish this standard is that
the company continuously researching the target customer and the machine device for more development.
The company developed a technique that’s unique to others for producing and developing the best high
quality device machine for the public. To maintain and supervise this production, the company intended to
have at least 2 supervisors to monitor every production phase and research development. Once the
Automated Fruits Drying Device open to the public, there’s another technique that the research and
development team can use to continuously gather data from the customer and that’s the customer service.
Having the customer service for FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd., it is much easier to get direct and more
useful data from the customers.
53
Market Segmentation
The market segmentation is the process of dividing of dividing abroad consumer or business market,
normally consisting of existing and potential customers, into sub-groups of consumers based on some of
shared characteristics.
Target Market
As shown in Figure 6.2, the shared of market of FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd. is the Philippines which
has 22 companies, and it would like to introduce the Automated Fruit Drying Device in of Luzon. The NCR
is the target market which has 3 companies located on Bulacan City.
Production Cost
The cost of the design should be considered in order to determine if it is feasible to create and implement
the design. The components used are indicated below including the costs of each component.
Table 6-1 Cost of Materials

Components Price Quantity Cost (PHP)
Gizduino with ATMega 328 662.00 1 662.00
Induction Coil 450.00 1 450.00
DHT22 370.00 1 370.00
DC Fans 150.00 1 150.00
HX711Amplifier Module 708.00 1 708.00
2 Channel Relay 285.00 1 285.00
3Kg Load Cell 486.00 1 486.00
Total PHP 7,396.00
54
The total cost was shown in Table 6-1. The list of components, price, quantity, and cost of each material
was based on its quantity needed for the design. The first design uses an Open Coil as the main
component that produces an artificial heat to dehydrate the fruits. The other components used are Gizduino
with Atmega328, DHT22, Bluetooth Shield, DC Fans, Load Cell Amplifier, 3Kg Load Cell, and 2 Channel
Relay. Overall, the following components, quantity, and cost which are stated in the table have a total of
PHP 7,396.00. It also includes the miscellaneous and expenses throughout designing.
Product Specification
The specification of each material needed for the hardware is shown in Table 6-4.
Table 6-1 Specifications of Materials

 Input Voltage: 100-220 V
 Bore Diamter: 20 – 300mm
Induction Coil
 Power Consumption: 400W
 Temperature Range: 20 to 250°C (5°C/minutes)
 Excitation voltage: 5-15 V
 Output sensitivity: 1.0±0.15mV/V
HX711 Load Cell
 Zero temperature shift: 0.05/0.03 %F.S/10°C
Amplifier
 Output: Analog output
 Size: 33mm*38mm
 Power Supply: 3.3-6V DC
 Operating range: humidity 0-100%RH; temperature -40~80Celsius
DHT22
 Accuracy: humidity +-2%RH(Max +-5%RH); temperature <+-
0.5Celsius
 Microcontroller: Atmega328
 Operating Voltage: 5 V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12 V
Gizduino  Input Voltage (limits): 6-20 V
(ATMega328)  Digital I/O Pin: 14 (of which provide PWM Output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6
 DC Current Per I/O Pins: 40 mA
 DC Current for 3.3V Pins: 50 mA
 Operating Voltage Range: 4.5-13.8 VDC
 Dimensions: 40mm × 40mm × 28mm
DC Fan  Starting Voltage: 4.5V DC (25 deg. C Power ON / OFF)
 Rated Speed: 2,500RPM ± l0%
 Storage Temperature : -40°C to +70°C
 Power Input:
Bluetooth Shield External: 8-12V
 Microcontroller Default : 5V
 Operating Voltage: 12 V
Relay Module  Channel: 2 Channel
 Voltage Contact : 220VAC
55
compromising the cost of the device. The Gizduino can easily integrate with Induction Coil, HX711 Load
Cell Amplifier, and DHT22, DC Fan, Bluetooth Shield, Relay Module. The specification where considered to
ensure that all components can properly function as needed.
Services
The FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd.offer services like conducting seminars and tutorials on how to operate
the device, free product warranty for 1 year including replacement for factory defect and upgrade and 24/7
technical support for our customer.
Marketing Strategy
The marketing strategy plan provides an outline of specific actions to be taken over time to achieve the
objectives. It is essentially a formula for how business is going to compete, what its goals should be and
what policies will be needed to carry out these goals (Michael Porter, Competitive Strategy: Technique for
Analyzing Industries and Competitors, NY, Free Press 1980).
Product
The FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd .offers two (2) products. Software products: This is an installer that
contains programs to perform specific task. It may be used for mobiles or personal computers. Hardware
products: This is a device that manufactured to perform monitoring and function accordingly with the
assistance of a software program.
Price
The FrutoSeca Food Equipment Ltd.first developed device has an estimated cost of PHP 10,000.00-
12,000.00 which is very affordable for the small scale farmers. It includes all the components, materials,
expenses, and labor of the developers.
Place
The target places are the small scale to medium scale farmers that manufactures dried fruits. This
campaign would be communicated through various methods and would focus in the product offering and
service.
Promotion
The process you use to make potential customers aware of your product or service and to influence them
to buy it is referred to as promotion. The company decided to use the social Medias, posters and websites,
Print Advertising, Direct Mail, Radio and Television, Product Placement, and Outdoor Advertising to
reached customers and inform dried fruit manufactures about the Automated Fruit Drying Device.
56
Business Model
The business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures values,
in in economic, social, cultural or other contexts. The process of business model construction is part of
business strategy.
Automated Fruit Dying Device

Figure 6.0.2 Businesswith
Model Android Technology
PROBLEM KEY ACTIVITIES VALUE CUSTOMER CUSTOMER

 Long process of PROPOSITIONS RELATIONSHIP SEGMENT
dehydrating the  Prototype Design  Display the
fruits  Software temperature and • Customer Service • Small scale up
 Susceptible to Application mass moisture • Surveying to medium
dust, pest and content of the fruit. • Maintenance for scale farm
Design the hardware
contamination  Control the owners who
 Market Research process of device. manufacture
SOLUTION  Promoting/ dehydration until it dried fruits.
 All in one Advertising reaches the
process with the  Quality standard weight of
features of Assurance the dehydrated
protection and fruit. CHANNELS
can be remotely  Android based How do we reach our
monitor and application customers?
KEY RESOURCES
control the
 Research Data • Online
process
 Core Personnel Advertisement
Which one of our
PARTNER  Unique device customer problems we • Print
NETWORK technology helping to solve Advertise
 Electrical  Patent work ment
Components  Process time for • Websites
Manufacturer dehydrating and • Direct Selling
 Farm Owner processing the
 Business Owner fruits
COST STRUCTURES REVENUE STREAMS

 Capital Investment  Product Fee
 Marketing Cost  Service Fee
 Project Development Cost  Downloadable Mobile Application Fee
 Material Cost
Figure 6.0.3 Business Model

As illustrated in Figure 6.6, it shows the answers to the problems, solution, key activities, key resources,
value propositions. Customer relationship, channels. Unfair advantages, cost structures and revenue
structure of the business model
57
References
Corporation, A (n.d) Atmega32 Retrieved from ATMEL

http://www.atmel.com/devices/atmega328.aspx?Tab=overview
Donald G. Mercer and Robert Myhara (n.d.) “Improving the Operation of a Commercial Mango Dryer”,
Chapter 6, in “Using Food Science and Technology to Improve Nutrition and Promote National
Development”, G.L. Robertson and J.R. Lupien, editors. Published by The International Union of Food
Science and Technology, 2008. ISBN 978-0-98102470-7
Donald G Mercer (n.d.) “A Basic Guide to Drying Fruits and Vegetables”, Intrduction 1. Published by the
Internation Union of Food Science and Technology, 2008. ISBN 978-0-9810247-7
Wikipedia (n.d.), Induction Coil. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/induction_coil
Wikipedia (n.d.) Incandescent light bulb retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
Wikipedia (n.d.) Halogen-coiled Tungsten Lamp retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/halogen_tungsten_lamp
ISO 12579:2010(en) Fans- Efficiency classification for fans

https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:12759:ed-1:v1:en
58
APPENDIX A ILO 1986 Ref. 34: Solar Drying: Practical Methods of Food Preservation
59
APPENDIX B Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
60
APPENDIX C Induction Coil Datasheet
61
APPENDIX D Incandescent Lamp Datasheet
62
APPENDIX E Halogen Tungsten Bulb Datasheet
63
APPENDIX F Production Time Formula
This is the Initial dry moisture of mango sample equation formula based on the study researched by Donald
G. Mercer Ph.D. in his study of mango fruit drying.
APPENDIX G Datasheets
Gizduino Datasheet
64
65
DHT 22 Datasheet
66
SHT21 Humidity and Temperature Sensor Datasheet
67
68
HX711 Load Cell Datasheet
69
LM35 Temperature Sensor Datasheet
70
LM044L Datasheet
71
LM78XX Datasheet
72
uA7800 Series Positive-Voltage Regulators
73
INA122 Datasheet
74
LCD Display Datasheet
75
DC Fan Datasheet
76
Bluetooth Shield Datasheet
77
DHT 11 Datasheet
78
2 Channel Relay
79
APPENDIX H Component Prices
80
81
82
https://www.lazada.com.ph/arduino-uno-r3-motherboard-with-usb-cable-
5427831.html?spm=a2o4l.searchlistbrand.list.7.7b781abfy6FZbb
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/search&search=Dht22
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=892&search=Load+cell
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/search&search=2%20channel%20relay
83
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=494&search=Bluetooth+shield
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/search&search=Dc%20fan
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=909&search=Lm35
https://www.mouser.ph/productdetail/texas-
instruments/ina122p?qs=sGAEpiMZZMsE1dKaA2ImUPh%2Fgv48%2FeoecYaIG23%252bilQ%3D
https://www.mouser.ph/productdetail/sensirion/sht21?qs=sGAEpiMZZMvxTCYhU%252bW9mTLxwKc1ZK7
f5n%252bRbASwrmY%3D
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=1268&search=Dht11
www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=40820&search=Atmega328
https://www.lazada.com.ph/40w-big-promation-g80-incandescent-bulb-e27-globe-retro-edison-vintage-
lamp-intl-51456206.html?spm=a2o4l.searchlist.list.19.5ae5c6c2YtfmEg
https://m.grainger.com/mobile/product/GE-LIGHTING-50-200-250-Watts-Incandescent-1CWX5
https://www.ebay.com/itm/Philips-300-Watt-T3-Halogen-130v-R7s-Double-Ended-Bulb-4-11-16-118mm-
/311549905621
84

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AUTOMATED FRUIT DRYING DEVICE WITH ANDROID TECHNOLOGY

Bernardo, Krizian Isaac M.

Technological Institute of the Philippines

ENGR. MENCHIE MIRANDA

ENGR. MENCHIE MIRANDA

ENGR. RYAN S. MORALES ENGR. ARTURO O. SUDLON

ENGR. MARIA CECILIA A. VENAL

Table 3-1 Specifications of the Materials for Main Circuit ............................................................................ 15

425 Metric Tons

Figure 1.1 Market Figure

Figure 1.2 Engineering Design Process

Ask: Identify the needs and constraints

Research the Problem

Plan: Select a Promising Solution

Create: Build a Prototype

Test and Evaluate the Prototype

 Functionality (Power Consumption)

 Performance (Production Time)

 Eclipse & Android Development Tools

 Proteus Design Suite

 Circuit Drafting and Design

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Eclipse & Android  Data information

Standards and Multiple

Figure 3.1 Input – Process – Output

Figure 3.2 System Flowchart

Figure 3.3 Illustrative Diagram

Android Phone Device

Figure 3.4 Main Schematic Diagram

Figure 3.5 Gizduino with ATmega328

Figure 3.6 Bluetooth Module

Figure 3.7 Prototype Design of the Device

Specification of Materials for Main Circuit

Table 3-1 Specifications of the Materials for Main Circuit

Design 1: Induction Coil

Figure 3.8 Prototype of Design 1

Discussion of Standards Used in Design 1

Figure 3.9 Schematic Diagram of Design 1

Figure 3.10 Induction Coil with Relay

Figure 3.11 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

Figure 3.12 HX711 Load Cell Amplifier

Table 3-2 Specifications of Materials for Design 1

Discussion of Constraints in Relation to Design 1

Table 3-2 Cost of Materials for Design 1

Functionality (Power Consumption)

Table 3-3 Power Consumption of components in Design 1

Performance (Production Time)

Table 3-4 Production Time for Design 1

Design 2: Incandescent Bulb

Figure 3.13 Prototype Design for Design 2

Schematic Diagram for Design 2

Figure 3.14 Schematic Diagram for Design 2

Figure 3.16 DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

Figure 3.17 Incandescent Bulb with Relay

Table 3-5 Specification of Materials for Design 2

Functionality (Power Consumption)

Table 3-7 Power Consumption of Incandescent Bulb

Figure 3.18 Prototype Design for Design 3

Schematic Diagram for Design 3

Figure 3.19 Schematic Diagram for Design 3

Figure 3.20 LM35 Temperature Sensor

Figure 3.21 INA 122