Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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COURSE STRUCTURE
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BASIC ELECTRONICS ENGINERING
UNIT-I
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ELECTRONICS AND ITS EVOLUTION
-1930 : LARGE VACCUME TUBES
-1940 : SOLID STATE DIODE
-1945 : BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR
-1958 : INTEGRATED CIRCUITS - ANALOG ICs LIKE OP-AMPS, TIMERS, PLL
- DIGITAL ICs – BASIC GATES, MULTIPLEXERS, DEMULTIPLEXERS, ENCODERS,
- DECODERS etc
- SEQUENTIAL DIGITAL ICs – FLIP-FLOPS, COUNTERS AND SHIFT REGISTERS etc
-1960 : ALU, MICROPROCESSOR, MICROCONTROLLER
- ASIC (APPLICATION SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS)
- SOC (SYSTEM ON CHIP) (40 million transistors)
- SOP (SYSTEM ON PACKAGE)
- SOB (SYSTEM ON BOARD)
- SON (SYSTEM ON NETWORK) (Huge
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Particle Charge
Proton +1
Neutron 0
Electron -1
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- Electrons revolves round the nucleus in definite discrete and fixed
orbits.
-These orbits are named as K, L, M, N, O, P etc starting from nucleus
onwards. The nearest orbit or shell is called K, then L and onwards.
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PERMITTED ORBITS
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Atomic Number :- The number of protons in an atom is referred to
as the atomic number of the atom.
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PERIODIC TABLE
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BONDING IN SOLIDS
ATOMS ARE LINKED OR BONDED TO OTHER ATOMS IN SOME MANNER AS A
RESULT OF INTER ATOMIC FORCES.
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IONIC BOND
Ionic Bonding: This bond exists between two atoms when one of the atoms is negative (has an
extra electron) and another is positive (has lost an electron). Then there is a strong, direct
Coulomb attraction. Basically ionic bonds are non-directional in nature. An example is NaCl. In
the molecule, there are more electrons around Cl, forming Cl- and fewer electrons around Na,
forming Na+. Ionic bonds are the strongest bonds. In real solids, ionic bonding is usually exists
along with covalent bonding.
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COVALENT BOND
Covalent Bonding: In covalent bonding, electrons are shared between the atoms, to saturate the
valency. The simplest example is the H2 molecule, where the electrons spend more time in
between the nuclei of two atoms than outside, thus producing bonding. Covalent bonds are
stereo-specific i.e. each bond is between a specific pair of atoms, which share a pair of electrons
(of opposite magnetic spins). Typically, covalent bonds are very strong, and directional in nature.
The hardness of diamond is a result of the fact that each carbon atom is covalently bonded with
four neighboring atoms, and each neighbor is bonded with an equal number of atoms to form a
rigid three-dimensional structure.
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METALLIC BOND
Metallic Bonding: Metals are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivities. Thus,
neither covalent nor ionic bondings are realized because both types of bonding localize the
valence electrons and preclude conduction. However, strong bonding does occur in metals. The
valence electrons of metals also are delocalized. Thus metallic bonding can be viewed as metal
containing a periodic structure of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons. The
attraction between the two provides the bond, which is non-directional.
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CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
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ENERGY BAND DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS
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ASSIGNMENT NO 1
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THANK YOU!
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