Elementary Functions

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong

Room #513

October 28, 2012

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 1 / 22
Exponential functions

f (x) = b x , b > 0, b 6= 1
where b is called the base

x y
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) x+y x y
Elementary Functions xy October 28, 2012 2 / 22
Logarithmic functions
Logarithmic functions are inverses of exponential
functions
y = b x ⇔ x = logb y

logb (xy ) = logb x + logb y

logb x y = y logb x, x > 0
loga x ln x
logxb = =
loga b ln b
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 3 / 22
Examples
16 = 24 ⇔ 4 = log2 16
Find x such that log4 x = 12
1 1
log4 x = ⇔ x = 4 2 = 2
2
Find x such that log64 16 = x
log64 16 = x ⇔ 16 = 64x ⇔ 42 = (43)x ⇔ 2 = 3x
Find x such that logx 27 = 3
logx 27 = 3 ⇔ x 3 = 27 = 33 ⇔ x = 3

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 4 / 22
Composite function

(f ◦ g )(x) = f (g (x))
If : X → Y , g : Y → X , and
∀x ∈ X , g (f (x)) = x
∀y ∈ Y , f (g (y )) = y
then f is the inverse function of g , and g is the
inverse function of f .
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 5 / 22
Quiz
2
1. Solve 5x +2x = 125
2. The bacteria population in a bottle at time t
(in hours) has size P(t) = 1, 000e 0.35t . After how
many hours will there be 5,000 bacteria?
3. Use the table below to evaluate
(f ◦ g )(1), (g ◦ f )(1), (f ◦ f )(1)
(g ◦ g )(1), (g ◦ f )(3), (f ◦ g )(6)
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
f(x) 3 1 4 2 2 5
g(x) 6 3 2 1 2 3
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 6 / 22
Example

Let f (x) = x + 2, g (x) = x − 1, then

(f ◦ (g ◦ g ))(x) = f (g (x − 1)) = f ((x − 1) − 1)
= f (x − 2) = (x − 2) + 2 = x

((g ◦ g ) ◦ f )(x) = g (g (x + 2)) = g ((x + 2) − 1)

= g (x + 1) = (x + 1) − 1 = x
Therefore f −1 = g ◦ g

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 7 / 22
Some common inverses

f1(x) = x − 3, f1−1(x) = x + 3
x
f2(x) = 5x, f2−1(x) =
5
2 2
f3(x) = , x 6= 0, f3−1(x) =
x x
−1
f4(x) = ln(x − 1), x > 1, f4 (x) = e x + 1
√
f5(x) = x − 1, x ≥ 1, f5−1(x) = x 2 + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 8 / 22
Properties

If f is 1-1 on its domain, then f is invertible.

domain(f)=range(f −1)
range(f)=domain(f −1)
(f ◦ g )−1 = g −1 ◦ f −1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 9 / 22
Example

x 1
f (x) = =1− = f3(f2(f1(x)))
x +1 x +1
where
1
f1(x) = x + 1, f2(x) = , f3(x) = 1 − x
x
1
f1−1(x) = x − 1, f2−1(x) = , f3−1(x) = 1 − x
x
1 x
f −1(x) = f1−1(f2−1(f3−1(x))) = −1 =
1−x 1−x
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 10 / 22
Graphs of inverse functions
Graph of f −1(x) is the reflection of the graph of
f (x) through the line y = x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 11 / 22
Trigonometric functions

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1.
π 
sin − x = cos x
2
sin(x + 2π) = sin x
sin(x + y ) = sin x cos y + sin y cos x
cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 12 / 22
Show that

1 + cos 2x
cos2 x =
2

1 − cos 2x
sin2 x =
2

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 13 / 22
Fill in the values of sin and cos

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 14 / 22
More values
π
Assume 0 ≤ θ < 2 and sin θ = 35 , find
cos θ
tan θ
sin 2θ
cos 2θ
sin 2θ
cos 2θ

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 15 / 22
Inverse trigonometric functions
−1 cos−1 x ∈ [0, π]
 π π
sin x ∈ −2, 2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 16 / 22
Inverse trigonometric functions

 π π
−1
tan x∈ − ,
2 2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 17 / 22
cos(sin−1 x)

−1
 π π
Let sin x = y ∈ − 2 , 2 , then
cos(sin−1 x) = cos y
q
= 1 − sin2 y
p
= 1 − x2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 18 / 22
Homework 2-0

From the formula

π 
sin − x = cos x,
2
find a formula relating sin−1 x and cos−1 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 19 / 22
Homework 2-1

Express
x −2
f (x) =
x −1
as a composition of the functions
1
f1(x) = , f2(x) = x − 1, f3(x) = 1 − x
x
Then find the inverse function f −1(x)

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 20 / 22
Homework 2-2

Show that
x
tan(sin−1 x) = √
1 − x2
1
cos(tan−1 x) = √
x2 + 1
x
sin(tan−1 x) = √
x2 + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 21 / 22
Homework 2-3, 2-4

3. Show that
2x
2 tan−1 x + sin−1 = π, ∀x ≥ 1
x2 + 1
4. Suppose g (x) is the inverse of f (x). Find
inverse functions of the functions
g (x)
f (x + 1), 4f (x), , g (x − 1)
4

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Elementary Functions October 28, 2012 22 / 22