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Bridon
Wire RopeAmerican Corporation
Design and Construction
Single Size Seale Filler Wire
The basic strand construction has wires Large outer wires with the same number Small wires fill spaces between large
of the same size wound around a center. of smaller inner wires around a core wire. wires to produce crush resistance and a
Provides excellent abrasion resistance but good balance of strength, flexibility and
less fatigue resistance. When used with an resistance to abrasion.
IWRC, it offers excellent crush resistance
over drums.
Warrington Seale Filler Wire Filler Wire Seale
Outer layer of alternately large and Many commonly used wire ropes use Many commonly used wire ropes use
small wires provides good flexibility combinations of these basic constructions. combinations of these basic constructions.
and strength but low abrasion and crush
resistance.
Warrington Seale Seale Warrington Seale Multiple Operation
Many commonly used wire ropes use Many commonly used wire ropes use One of the above strand designs may be
combinations of these basic constructions. combinations of these basic constructions. covered with one or more layers of uni-
form-sized wires.
Wire ropes are composed of independent parts—wires, wires will be more abrasion resistant and less fatigue
strands and cores—that continuously interact with each resistant than a large number of small wires.
other during service.
Wire rope engineers design those parts in differing steel Finish
grades, finishes and a variety of constructions to attain Bright finish is suitable for most applications. Galvanized
the best balance of strength, abrasion resistance, crush finish is available for corrosive environments. Plastic
resistance, bending fatigue resistance and corrosion resis- jacketing and encapsulation is also available on some con-
tance for each application. structions.
To select the best wire rope for each application, one
must know the required performance characteristics for Wire Grades
the job and enough about wire rope design to select the
optimum combination of wire rope properties. The most common steel wire grades are: IPS (Improved
The following information is presented as a basic guide. Plow Steel), EIP (Extra Improved Plow Steel) and EEIP
Bridon American engineers and field service specialists (Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel). Stainless Steels and
are available to provide more specific recommendations. other special grades are provided for special applications.
Most wire ropes are made with round wires. Both trian-
Strand Constructions gular and shaped wires are also used for special construc-
tions.
Strands are designed with various combinations of wires Generally, the higher the strength of the wire, the lower
and wire sizes to produce the desired resistance to its ductility will be.
fatigue and abrasion. Generally, a small number of large
1-1
GENERAL INFORMATION
Bridon
Wire RopeAmerican Corporation
Design and Construction
Core
IWRC (Independent Wire Rope Core) provides good crush Fiber Core provides excellent flexibility.
resistance and increased strength.
Regular Lay Lang Lay
Definition Definition
Most common lay in which the wires wind in one direction and Wires in strand and strands of rope wind the same direction.
the strands the opposite direction. (right lay shown) (right lay shown)
Characteristics Characteristics
Less likely to kink and untwist; easier to handle; more crush Increased resistance to abrasion; greater flexibility and fatigue
resistant than lang lay. resistance than regular lay; will kink and untwist.
Definition Definition
Strands wound to the right around the core; (regular lay shown) Strands wound to the left around the core. (regular lay shown)
Characteristics Characteristics
The most common construction. Used in a few special situations—cable tool drilling line,
for example.
Alternate Lay
Definition
Alternate strands of right regular lay and right lang lay.
Characteristics
Combines the best features of regular and lang lay for boom hoist
or winch lines.
1-2
INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridon American Corporation
The primary factor in wire rope performance is select- A coil should be unwound by rolling along the floor like
ing a wire rope with the best combination of properties a hoop. Coils should never be laid flat and the free end
for the job. The service life of that rope can be greatly pulled out.
extended by following a planned program of installation, 1
operation, maintenance and inspection to avoid the most Winding on a Drum
common causes of wire rope failure:
KINKING will result in permanent rope deformation and
localized wear. It is generally caused by allowing a loop
to form in a slack line and then pulling the loop down to
a tight permanent set.
OVERLOADING results in accelerated wear, abrasion,
rope crushing and distortion on drums and sheaves, and
could result in complete rope failure.
DRAGGING wire rope over a bank or some other object
results in localized wear, which means shorter life.
IMPROPER SPOOLING results in crushed and distorted
ropes and comes from careless installation and operation
of the rope.
WHIPPING a line, which results in many squared off bro-
ken wires, comes from jerking or running the line loose. Proper practices for transferring rope from reel to drum:
The following recommendations are general guides for • The reel should be placed as far from the drum as pos-
getting the longest life from your wire rope. Bridon sible in order to avoid putting any turn into the rope.
American engineers and field service specialists are avail- • Rope should be wound from top-to-top or bot-
able to provide advice in specific situations. Our technol- tom-to-bottom to avoid reverse bends, which tend to
ogy and experience are as close as your telephone. make a rope harder to handle.
Unloading, Unreeling and Uncoiling • Use enough tension to avoid kinking.
Suitable precautions should be taken to prevent dropping There is usually only one way to install rope on a
of reels or coils during unloading and moving. If the reel grooved drum.
should collapse, it may be impossible to remove the rope
without serious damage.
1-3
INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridon American Corporation
On installations where the rope pass- • Crane ropes will fatigue at an equalizer sheave. Careful
es over a sheave onto the drum, the inspection is required to identify fatigue points.
1 maximum fleet angle (angle between • Hoist ropes will frequently fail from vibration fatigue at
sockets, clips and dead end points.
the center line of the sheave and the
rope) should be not more than 1 1/2
degrees for a smooth-faced drum and On most installations, wear and fatigue are more severe
2 degrees for a grooved drum. A 1 1/2 on one half of the rope than the other. Changing a rope
degree fleet angle is equivalent to 38 end-for-end more evenly distributes wear and fatigue
feet of lead for each foot of rope travel from repeated bending and vibration.
on either side of the center line of the
sheave. Smaller fleet angles may result Lubrication
in the rope piling up on the drum. Factory lubrication is not always sufficient to last the
Larger fleet angles may cause exces- useful life of wire rope. Periodic field lubrication may be
sive wear from rubbing against the required to minimize friction and provide corrosion pro-
flanges of the sheave as well as exces- tection. Important guides for field lubrication:
sive crushing and abrasion of the rope
on the drum. • Ropes should be inspected frequently to determine the
need for lubrication.
• Clean the rope thoroughly with a wire brush, scraper
or compressed air to remove foreign material and old
lubricant from the valleys between the strands and the
spaces between the outer wires.
• The lubricant should be applied at a point where the
rope is being bent in order to promote penetration
within the strands. It may be applied by pouring, drip-
Break In ping or brushing.
A few trips through the working cycle at slow speed and Used motor oil is not recommended as a wire rope lubri-
light load will set the strands firmly in place for smooth, cant.
efficient operation. BriLube® is recommended for relubing ropes.
On applications using a wedge socket, such as drag and
hoist ropes, it is also a good idea to cut off a short sec- Measuring Wire Rope Diameter
tion of rope to allow twist to run out and to equalize the
strands.
Operation
Skillful operation is important to wire rope performance.
Rapid acceleration, shock loading and excessive vibration
can cause premature rope failure. Smooth, steady applica-
tion of power by the equipment operator can add signifi-
cantly to wire rope service life.
1-4
INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridon American Corporation
Matching the Wire Rope with Sheaves and Drums
1RPLQDO5RSH'LDPHWHU 7ROHUDQFH
Other values are permitted by various standards. For LQFKHV 8QGHU 2YHU
example ASME B 30.5 allows minimum hoist rope D/d XSWR
ratio of 18 and boom hoist rope D/D ratio of 15. RYHUWR
To calculate the recommended or minimum sheave diam- RYHUWR
eter for any given rope, find the rope construction and RYHU
multiply the rope diameter by the value shown. (Ex.:
Recommended sheave diameter for a 6 x 19 classification
wire rope of 3/4” diameter would be 51 x .75 = 38 1/4”)
Rope speed also affects fatigue life. Higher operating
rates require larger sheaves.
Reverse bends from one sheave to another should be
avoided. Other factors that affect bending fatigue life are
load, number of cycles and condition of the sheaves and
drums. Consult your local Branch for specific recommen-
dations.
1-5
INSTALLATION, OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS
Bridon American Corporation
1-6
INSPECTION OF WIRE ROPE AND STRUCTURAL STRAND
Wire Rope
Carefully conducted inspections are necessary to ascer-
expected rope life as determined by experience on the
particular installation or similar installations, severity of 1
tain the condition of wire rope at various stages of its environment, percentage of capacity lifts, frequency rates
useful life. The object of wire rope inspection is to allow of operation, and exposure to shock loads.
for removal of the rope from service before the rope’s Periodic inspections with a signed report should be
condition, as a result of usage, could pose a hazard to performed by an appointed or authorized person. This
continued normal operations. inspection should cover the entire length of rope. The
The individual making the inspection should be familiar individual wires in the strands of the rope should be
with the product and the operation as his judgment is a visible to this person during the inspection. Any deteri-
most critical factor. Various safety codes, regulations, oration resulting in appreciable loss of original strength,
and publications give inspection requirements for spe- such as described below, should be noted and determi-
cific applications. nation made as to whether further use of the rope would
constitute a hazard:
The following inspection procedure, taken from the • Distortion of the rope such as kinking, birdcaging,
ASME B-30 series, serves as a model of typical inspec- crushing, unstranding, main strand displacement, or
tion requirements. core protrusion.
Frequent Inspection • Reduction of rope diameter below normal diameter
due to loss of core support, internal or external corro-
All running ropes and slings in service should be sion, or wear of outside wires.
visually inspected once each working day. A visual • Severely corroded or broken wires at end connec-
inspection consists of observation of all rope and end tions.
connections which can reasonably be expected to be in
use during daily operations. These visual observations • Severely corroded, cracked, bent, worn, or improperly
should be concerned with discovering gross damage applied end connections.
such as listed below, which may be an immediate haz- • Lubrication.
ard:
Special care should be taken when inspecting portions
• Distortion of the rope such as kinking, crushing, subjected to rapid deterioration such as the following:
unstranding, birdcaging, main strand displacement or
core protrusion. • Portions in contact with saddles, equalizer sheaves,
or other sheaves where rope travel is limited.
• General corrosion.
• Portions of the rope at or near terminal ends where
• Broken or cut strands. corroded or broken wires may protrude.
• Number, distribution and type of visible broken wires.
• Lubrication. Rope Replacement
Special care should be taken when inspecting portions No precise rules can be given for determination of
subjected to rapid deterioration such as flange points, the exact time for replacement of rope, since many
crossover points and repetitive pickup points on drums. variable factors are involved. Continued use in this
Special care should also be taken when inspecting cer- respect depends largely upon good judgment by an
tain ropes such as: appointed or authorized person in evaluating remaining
• Rotation-resistant ropes such as 19 x 7 and 8 x 19, strength in a used rope, after allowance for deteriora-
because of their higher susceptibility to damage and tion disclosed by inspection. Continued rope operation
increased deterioration when working on equipment depends upon this remaining strength.
with limited design parameters. Conditions such as the following should be sufficient
• Boom hoist ropes because of the difficulties of reason for questioning continued use of the rope or
inspection and important nature of these ropes. increasing the frequency of inspection:
• In running ropes, six randomly distributed broken
When damage is discovered, the rope should either wires in one lay, or three broken wires in one strand
be removed from service or given an inspection as in one lay. (The number of wire breaks beyond which
detailed in the section below. concern should be shown varies with rope usage and
construction. For general application 6 and 3 are satis-
Periodic Inspection factory. Ropes used on overhead and gantry cranes, as
defined in ASME B-30, 2-1983, can be inspected to 12
The inspection frequency should be determined by a and 4. Rotation resistant ropes should be inspected to
qualified person and should be based on such factors as: 4 in 30 rope diameters and 2 in 6 rope diameters)
1-7
INSPECTION OF E ROPE AND STRUCTURAL STRAND
ridon American Corporation
1-8
WIRE ROPE LUBRICATION & PRESERVATION
Bridon American Corporation
INTRODUCTION
Steel wire ropes are used in a wide variety of applications
GENERAL GUIDELINES ON LUBRICATING ROPES
A. For maximum benefit, the lubricant should be applied
1
and environments. as soon as the rope is put to work.
Many ropes are of complex construction and designed to B. The lubricant should be re-applied at regular intervals,
meet specific engineering applications. preferably before the rope shows signs of corrosion
The ultimate working life of a wire rope is dependent or dryness. Frequency of application depends on the
upon many factors, but effective in-service lubrication actual site conditions and the periods indicated in
and corrosion protection are fundamental parts of each section in this information sheet are for guidance
planned maintenance. only.
The selection of the correct lubricant designed to meet C. If the existing lubricant on the rope is heavily loaded
the requirements of the application, environment and with foreign matter, (dirt, sand, grit etc.) the rope
rope design is vital if maximum benefit from in-service should be cleaned before fresh lubricant is applied.
lubrication is to be obtained. Pressure cleaning and relubricating systems are the
most effective methods.
Bridon gives advice on the specific rope lubricants best
suited to any application. D. The loose products of corrosion should be brushed
off before fresh lubricant is applied. If the external
High pressure lubricators, which greatly assist both clean- wires in the rope are heavily corroded, or if there is
ing and re-lubrication are available and Bridon will advise reason to believe that there is severe internal cor-
on their suitability for any particular application. rosion, the rope must be examined by a qualified
person and, if necessary, discarded.
GENERAL OPERATIONAL CATEGORIES E. The lubricant and application should be such that a
Most ropes have a lubricant incorporated during manu- thin even adherent coat covers all the wires in the
facture, to prevent corrosion during shipment and stor- rope.
age, and to provide internal lubrication during the early
part of the rope’s working life. It must be emphasized that these comments are general
recommendations, applicable to round, triangular strand
However, wire ropes are like any other machine and and multi-strand ropes used in similar applications to those
lubrication and corrosion protection must be maintained indicated. They do not apply to certain specialized ropes
for optimum life to be achieved. Such service mainte- such as locked coil ropes, where specific recommenda-
nance is termed re-lubrication. tions can be made on request. Extensive research has been
It is important that the lubricant used are formulated carried out into lubrication of ropes under a wide variety
specifically for wire rope maintenance and are compat- of usages and environmental conditions and Bridon will be
ible with the manufacturing lubricant. The particular pleased to advise rope users on specific problems.
environment and application must be considered in order
to select the most appropriate type of lubricant. For SELECTION OF IN-SERVICE LUBRICANTS
example, modern multi-strand ropes require a lubricant
with good penetration properties which will fill the small A. Ropes working in industrial or outdoor environments
interstrand spaces and penetrate as far into the rope as Typical examples are:
possible. • MOBILE AND TOWER CRANES
A. Ropes working in industrial outdoor environments
where corrosion is the predominant cause of deterio- • CONTAINER CRANES
ration. In such applications there is always the possibility of
Internal corrosion leading to fatigue initiation is the internal as well as external corrosion. Of the two the
major concern in these applications. former is more serious because it is hidden. There is the
B. Ropes working on friction hoists. possibility of moisture entrapment if an incorrect lubri-
cant is used, as it is usually difficult to dry the rope prior
Lubrication to combat corrosion and internal wear is to dressing.
necessary without risking the loss of frictional grip. It should be noted that many apparent fatigue type fail-
C. Ropes working over sheaves but not subject to heavy ures in such applications are initiated by corrosion.
surface abrasion or corrosion.
D. Ropes working in conditions of heavy wear. The lubricant must:—
Here abrasion is the predominant cause of failure. • Penetrate inside the rope—the most difficult part of
E. Standing ropes and working ropes subject to heavy the rope to inspect
loading in marine or other corrosive environments. • Displace moisture from internal and external surfaces
In this case corrosion and abrasive wear combine to form • Give good corrosion protection, internally and external-
the major causes of failure. ly
These wide variations in working conditions call for fun- • Be resistant to wash-off and emulsification
damentally different types of lubricant. Specific proper- • Not lead to build-up with repeated applications
ties are needed to achieve optimum rope performance.
In some cases, a combination of a solvent based corro- The best lubricant for such applications are solvent
sion preventative, designed to achieve penetration and based, which after evaporation leave a semi-dry waxy
moisture displacement, followed by the application of a film which is reasonably thick (0.01 mm typically). These
heavier protective coating can be used to achieve opti- lubricants must have specific anti-corrosion properties,
mum corrosion protection combined with good lubrica- they must be tenacious and the resulting film should be
tion. semi-dry to minimize pick-up of abrasive particles e.g.
sand, which can combine with an oil lubricant to pro-
mote internal wear.
1-9
WIRE ROPE LUBRICATION & PRESERVATION
Bridon American Corporation
1-10
WIRE ROPE LUBRICATION & PRESERVATION
Bridon American Corporation
1-11
WIRE ROPE SELECTION
Bridon American Corporation
1 Strength
Wire rope must have the strength required to handle the
Abrasion Resistance
Lang lay and large outer wires provide resistance to abra-
maximum load plus a design factor. sion. The relationship between abrasion resistance and
The design factor is the ratio of the breaking strength of fatigue resistance is illustrated below.
the rope to the maximum working load. To establish the
proper design factor, several operating characteristics
should be considered:
• speed of operation
• acceleration and deceleration
• length of rope
• number, size and location of sheaves and drums
• rope attachments
• conditions causing corrosion and abrasion
• danger to human life and property.
Fatigue Resistance
Smaller wires are the key to bending performance when
wire ropes are subjected to repeated bending over Crush Resistance
sheaves or drums. The more outer wires for a given size An IWRC (Independent wire rope core) and large
wire rope, the better the resistance to bending fatigue. outer wires will provide best crush resistance. Bridon
The relative bending life factors of typical wire rope con- American’s Constructex rope provides the best crush
structions are indicated in the following table. resistance of any wire rope.
Ropes having a large number of small wires, however,
should not be used where overwrapping on a drum takes Flexibility
place because they do not provide sufficient crush resis-
tance. Fiber core, lang lay and smaller wires provide a more
flexible wire rope.
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1-12
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
6 x 7 Classification
6 x 7 Rope 6 x 7 Classification Wire Ropes give long service in
operating conditions where ropes are dragged along the 1
ground or over rollers. Larger sheaves and drums (than
those used for more flexible constructions) are required
to avoid breakage from fatigue. 6 x 7 Classification Ropes
contain 6 strands with 3 through 14 wires, no more than
9 of which are outside wires.
Order Guide:
6 x 7 classification wire ropes may be ordered in diam-
eters from 1/4” to 1 1/2”…bright or galvanized…EEIP,
EIP and IPS grades…fiber core or IWRC…right or left lay,
regular or lang lay.
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*Acceptance strength is not less †Galvanizing: For class
than 2 1/2% below the Anominal
galvanized wire rope
strengths (EIP and IPS grades only), deduct 10% from the
listed.
nominal
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rope (EIP and IPS grades only), deduct 10% from the nominal strength shown.
1-13
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
6 x 19 Classification
6 x 19 Classification ropes provide an excellent balance between fatigue and wear resistance. They give excellent ser-
vice with sheaves and drums of moderate size. 6 x 19 Classification ropes contain 6 strands with 15 through 26 wires
per strand, no more than 12 of which are outside wires.
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†Galvanizing For class A galvanized wire rope (EIP and IPS grades only), deduct 10% from the nominal strength shown
1-14
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
6 x 37 Classification
6 x 31 Warrington Seale 6 x 36 Warrington Seale
1
Characteristics Characteristics
12 outside wires. Slightly more flexible than 6 x 25 rope with 14 outside wires. More fatigue resistance; but less abrasion
the same abrasion resistance resistance than 6 x 25 rope.
Typical Applications Typical Applications
Overhead crane and mobile crane hoist ropes Overhead crane and mobile crane hoist ropes; winch lines;
IWRC shown; fiber core available large diameter towing lines
IWRC shown; fiber core available
16 outside wires. Good combination of Same characteristics and applications as 16 outside wires. Best fatigue resistance
fatigue and abrasion resistance for oper- 6 x 41 Warrington Seale and abrasion resistance in 6 x 37 classifi-
ating ropes. IWRC shown; fiber core available cation
Typical Applications Typical Applications
Overhead crane and mobile crane hoist Mooring, towing and anchor lines, shovel
ropes; shovel and dragline hoist ropes and dragline hoist ropes
IWRC shown; fiber core available IWRC shown; fiber core available
More flexible but less abrasion resistant than the 6 x 19 classification. Each strand contains numerous small diameter
wires. As the number of wires increases, flexibility increases. 6 x 37 classification ropes contain 6 strands with 27
through 49 wires, no more than 18 of which are outside wires.
1-15
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
6 x 37 Classification
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*Acceptance strength is not less than 2 1/2% below the nominal strengths listed.
†Galvanizing For class A galvanized wire rope (EIP and IPS grades only}, deduct 10% from the nominal strength shown.
1-16
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
Galvanized Cable
7 x 7 Galvanized Cable 1
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x7
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7 x 19 Galvanized Cable
x 19
1-17
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
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7 x 19 CX01-0182
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*Listed for comparison only. Actual operating loads may vary, but should never exceed 20% of catalog
breaking strength.
**According to MIL-W-83420D, with exceptions. Meeting Federal Specification RR-W-410D.
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*Listed for comparison only. Actual operating loads may vary, but should never exceed 20% of catalog Breaking Strength.
NOT FOR AIRCRAFT USE.
(“Aircraft Cable” has become an accepted industry term for small diameter 7x7 and 7x19 construction wire rope
intended for industrial and marine application.)
Read important warnings and information preceding wire rope section.
1-18
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
1-19
GENERAL PURPOSE WIRE ROPES
Vinyl Coated Cable
Clear Vinyl Coated Galvanized Cable
1
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Also available on special order: nylon and vinyl in various colors.
Approx. 3 weeks delivery.
* Listed for comparison only. Actual operating loads may vary, but should never exceed 20% of catalog Breaking Strength.
** Uncoated cable according to MIL-W-83420D, with exceptions.
Uncoated cable meets Federal Specification RR-W-410D.
7 x 19
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1-20
ROTATION
ROTATION RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
The accepted definition of rotation resistant rope as stated in the Wire Rope Users Manual is:
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ROTATION
ROTATION RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
1 WELDED ENDS are not shock loaded, and the ropes are frequently
inspected by a qualified person. BAC recommends that
1
A welded rope end can facilitate the installation of a each application requiring the use of a swivel with
Rotation Resistant Rope in a wedge socket.A welded Standard or Special Rotation Resistant Ropes be reviewed
rope end combined with a tail of less than 20 rope diam- and approved by a qualified person.
eters can cause rope distortion. If the proper tail length is
used, a welded end is acceptable. There has been some confusion about swivels attached
between the rope and the dead end attachment point
Capped welded end. and swivels below the traveling block (between the
block and the load). For the purpose of the previous dis-
cussion, we are referring to the swivel attachment
between the rope and the dead end attachment point.
Most swivels below the traveling block are not anti-fric-
tion ball bearing swivels.
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1-22
ROTATION
ROTATION RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
1 FLEET ANGLES
1
Because Rotation Resistant Ropes develop less torque
under load than a standard 6 strand rope, there can be a
problem with rope pileup and poor spooling unless a
proper fleet angle is maintained. The fleet angle
becomes even more important with the very low torque
ropes such as Dyform-34LR and Endurance 35LS. A fleet
angle of 1/2° to 1-1/2° is recommended for Rotation
Resistant Ropes.
RETIREMENT CRITERIA
Recommended retirement criteria for all Rotation
Resistant Ropes are 2 broken wires in 6 rope diameters
or 4 broken wires in 30 rope diameters. (i.e. 6 rope diam-
eters for a 1” diameter rope = 6”).
CABLING GRAPH
Field research jointly conducted by the Wire Rope
Technical Board and the Power Crane and Shovel
Association has shown that cabling of the rope parts in a
multiple part reeved hoisting arrangement is controlled
by several factors. The following calculations and graphs
can be used to determine when and if cabling will occur
on multiple part reeved hoisting arrangements.
The graph illustrates two dimensional ratios. They are:
1. L/S = Length of fall per unit rope spacing Distortion of Rotation Resistant Ropes, as shown above,
2. D/d = Average pitch diameter of traveling and crown can be caused by shock load/sudden load release and/or
block sheave per unit rope diameter. induced torque and is the reason for immediate removal
from service.
Various constructions of rope shown on the graph indi-
cate the limited conditions for torsional stability with the
angular displacement of the hoist block to a maximum of RECOMMENDED MINIMUM SHEAVE AND DRUM
90 degrees.When the operating conditions for a particu- DIAMETERS
lar installation give a resultant above the appropriate The minimum D/d ratio allowed by applicable codes and
band, then cabling of the falls will most likely occur. If standards covering equipment where Rotation Resistant
the operating conditions give a resultant below any par- Ropes are typically used is 18:1.
ticular band, the cabling of the falls will most likely not
occur. If the operating conditions for any particular RECOMMENDED MINIMUM DESIGN FACTOR
installation fall within the band, cabling is unpredictable.
The minimum design factor allowed by applicable codes
and standards covering equipment where Rotation
Resistant Ropes are typically used is 5.
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1-23
ROTATION
ROTATION RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
RESISTANT WIRE ROPES
Bridon American Corporation
19 x 7 Rotation Resistant Rope
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1-24
HIGH PERFORMANCE LOW ROTATION WIRE ROPES
1-25
LOW ROTATION WIRE ROPES
34 x 7
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HIGH PERFORMANCE
HIGH PERFORMANCEWIRE
WIREROPE
ROPE
Bridon American Corporation
Dyform - 6 Wire Rope
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1-27
HIGH PERFORMANCE WIRE ROPE
Available as standard:
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3/8 0.32 0.14 9.7 86.3
10 0.30 0.14 9.8 87.3
11 0.38 0.17 11.8 105.0
7/16 0.40 0.18 12.4 110.4
12 0.44 0.20 14.2 126.0
1/2 0.51 0.23 16.2 143.7
13 0.52 0.23 16.5 147.0
14 0.60 0.27 19.2 171.0
9/16 0.65 0.29 20.3 180.7
5/8 0.80 0.35 25.0 222.5
16 0.78 0.35 25.2 224.0
18 1.01 0.46 31.8 283.0
19 1.12 0.51 35.5 316.0
3/4 1.16 0.51 36.0 320.4
20 1.24 0.56 39.3 350.0
22 1.49 0.68 47.7 424.0
7/8 1.58 0.70
. 48.3 429.4
24 1.78 0.81 56.8 505.0
1 2.05 0.91 62.8 558.5
26 2.12 0.96 66.5 592.0
28 2.47 1.12 77.2 687.0
1 1/8 2.60 1.15 79.0 703.1
1 1/4 3.22 1.42 98.0 872.2
32 3.26 1.48 100.8 897.0
1 3/8 3.90 1.72 117.0 1041.3
36 4.07 1.85 127.9 1138.0
1 1/2 4.62 2.04 138.0 1228.2
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HIGH PERFORMANCE WIRE ROPE
44 8.59 5.77 1569 160 176 107 24 1.5 1110 1038 1.61
44.5 13/4 8.60 5.78 1569 160 176 109 25 1.5 1121 1059 1.64
47.6 17/8 10.1 6.81 1782 182 200 125 28 1.8 1364 1214 1.88
48 10.4 6.99 1782 182 200 127 29 1.9 1375 1235 1.91
50.8 2 11.7 7.86 2010 205 226 142 32 2.2 1641 1383 2.14
52 11.9 8.00 2067 211 232 149 34 2.3 1728 1449 2.25
54 21/8 12.4 8.33 2187 223 246 161 36 2.6 1898 1563 2.42
56 13.3 8.94 2315 236 260 173 39 2.8 2084 1681 2.61
57.2 21/4 13.9 9.34 2373 242 267 180 41 3.0 2180 1751 2.71
60.3 23/8 15.0 10.1 2550 260 286 201 45 3.4 2472 1949 3.02
63.5 21/2 17.3 11.6 2922 298 328 223 50 4.0 2983 2161 3.35
64 17.5 11.8 2970 303 334 226 51 4.1 3055 2195 3.40
66.7 25/8 19.0 12.8 3227 329 363 246 55 4.7 3460 2385 3.70
69.9 23/4 20.8 14.0 3599 367 404 270 61 5.5 4044 2619 4.06
73.0 27/8 22.6 15.2 3756 383 422 294 66 6.0 4407 2856 4.43
76.2 3 24.7 16.6 3923 400 441 321 72 6.5 4805 3112 4.82
Big Hydra
Big Hydra multi-strand ropes provide an opportunity
to utilise large diameter ‘Rotational Resistant’ ropes
ensuring an excellent fatigue performance and high
strength. Big Hydra is available in conventional or
Dyform® construction to suit your individual require-
ments.
Approximate mass Torque generated @20% load Metallic
Rope Minimum breaking Axial stiffness
diameter @20% load cross
force (Fmin) section
In air Submerged Lang’s
mm in kg/m lb/ft kg/m lb/ft kN Tonnes 2000lbs MN Mlbs kN.m lbs.ft mm2 in2
76 26.1 17.6 22.7 15.3 4747 484 533 295 66 3.68 2717 2813 4.36
76.2 3 26.3 17.7 22.9 15.4 4777 487 537 297 67 3.72 2742 2828 4.38
80 29.0 19.5 25.2 16.9 5249 535 590 327 74 4.18 3083 3117 4.83
82.6 31/4 30.9 20.8 26.9 18.1 5581 569 627 349 78 4.54 3351 3323 5.15
84 31.9 21.4 27.8 18.6 5778 589 649 361 81 4.84 3569 3436 5.33
88 35.0 23.5 30.5 20.5 6071 619 682 396 89 5.43 4004 3771 5.85
88.9 31/2 35.7 24.0 31.1 20.9 6194 631 696 404 91 5.57 4106 3849 5.97
92 38.3 25.7 33.3 22.4 6634 676 745 433 97 6.36 4688 4122 6.39
95.3 33/4 41.0 27.6 35.7 24.0 7086 722 796 464 104 6.79 5009 4423 6.86
96 41.6 28.0 36.2 24.3 7198 734 809 471 106 6.99 5155 4488 6.96
100 45.2 30.4 39.3 26.4 7797 795 876 511 115 8.17 6021 4870 7.55
101.6 4 46.7 31.4 40.6 27.3 8103 826 910 528 119 8.31 6127 5027 7.79
108 41/4 52.9 35.5 46.0 30.9 9076 925 1020 596 134 9.84 7253 5680 8.80
114.3 41/2 59.1 39.7 51.4 34.6 10121 1032 1137 668 150 11.68 8616 6362 9.86
120.7 43/4 66.1 44.4 57.5 38.6 11240 1146 1263 745 167 13.69 10091 7095 11.00
127 5 73.1 49.1 63.6 42.7 12355 1259 1388 825 185 15.81 11661 7855 12.18
133.4 51/4 80.9 54.4 70.4 47.3 13616 1388 1530 910 205 18.10 13346 8666 13.43
139.7 51/2 88.5 59.5 77.0 51.7 14726 1501 1654 998 224 20.77 15316 9504 14.73
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HIGH PERFORMANCE WIRE ROPE
mm in kg/m lb/ft kg/m lb/ft kN Tonnes Tons MN Mlbs kN.m lbs.ft mm2 in2
(2000lbs)
52 11.4 7.66 9.92 6.66 2271 231 255 140 31 1.5 1132 1333 2.07
54 21/8 12.3 8.26 10.7 7.19 2395 244 269 151 34 1.7 1240 1438 2.23
56 13.2 8.88 11.5 7.73 2511 256 282 162 36 1.8 1348 1546 2.40
57.2 21/4 13.8 9.25 12.0 8.05 2590 264 291 169 38 1.9 1419 1610 2.50
60 15.2 10.2 13.2 8.87 2797 285 314 186 42 2.2 1609 1775 2.75
60.3 23/8 15.3 10.3 13.3 8.96 2825 288 317 188 42 2.2 1633 1793 2.78
63.5 21/2 17.0 11.4 14.8 9.94 3433 350 386 209 47 2.8 2090 1988 3.08
64 17.3 11.6 15.0 10.1 3487 355 392 212 48 2.9 2139 2019 3.13
66.7 25/8 18.8 12.6 16.3 11.0 3707 378 416 230 52 3.2 2370 2193 3.40
68 19.5 13.1 17.0 11.4 3853 393 433 239 54 3.4 2512 2280 3.53
Diamond Blue offers the 69.9 23/4 20.6 13.8 17.9 12.0 4071 415 457 253 57 3.7 2728 2409 3.73
highest strength to weight 72 21.9 14.7 19.0 12.8 4338 442 487 268 60 4.1 2994 2556 3.96
76 24.3 16.4 21.2 14.2 4781 487 537 299 67 4.7 3483 2848 4.41
ratio for steel anchor 76.2 3 24.5 16.4 21.3 14.3 4806 490 540 301 68 4.8 3510 2863 4.44
lines supporting moves 80 27.0 18.1 23.5 15.8 5003 510 562 331 74 5.2 3837 3155 4.89
82.6 31/4 28.8 19.3 25.0 16.8 5503 561 618 353 79 5.9 4357 3364 5.21
to ultra-deep water loca- 84 29.7 20.0 25.9 17.4 5691 580 639 365 82 6.2 4582 3479 5.39
tions. 88 32.6 21.9 28.4 19.1 6400 652 719 401 90 7.3 5399 3818 5.92
88.9 31/2 33.3 22.4 29.0 19.5 6573 670 738 409 92 7.6 5601 3896 6.04
92 35.7 24.0 31.0 20.9 6582 671 739 438 98 7.9 5805 4173 6.47
95.3 33/4 38.3 25.7 33.3 22.4 7063 720 793 470 106 8.8 6452 4477 6.94
96 38.8 26.1 33.8 22.7 7167 731 805 477 107 8.9 6595 4543 7.04
100 42.2 28.3 36.7 24.6 7602 775 854 518 116 9.9 7287 4930 7.64
101.6 4 43.5 29.2 37.9 25.4 7848 800 882 534 120 10 7643 5089 7.89
108 41/4 49.2 33.0 42.8 28.7 8240 840 926 604 136 12 8531 5750 8.91
114.3 41/2 55.1 37.0 47.9 32.2 9515 970 1069 676 152 14 10425 6441 10.0
120.7 43/4 61.4 41.3 53.4 35.9 10241 1044 1150 754 169 16 11849 7182 11.1
127 5 68.0 45.7 59.1 39.7 11380 1160 1278 835 188 19 13854 7952 12.3
For use in floating production mooring systems the minimum breaking loads (MBL) are for cables with a drawn galvanised (Z class) finish
which gives corrosion protection for upto 6 years. For corrosion protection upto 10 years the cables are final galvanised (A class). In this case
the minimum breaking loads will be reduced by approximately 2%. Contact Bridon for specific requirements.
mm in kg/m lb/ft kg/m lb/ft kN Tonnes Tons MN Mlbs kN.m lbs.ft mm2 in2
(2000lbs)
52 12.3 8.27 10.70 7.19 2487 254 279 150 34 1.7 1232 1447 2.24
54 21/8 13.3 8.94 11.6 7.78 2667 272 300 162 36 1.9 1379 1560 2.42
56 14.3 9.61 12.4 8.36 2828 288 318 174 39 2.1 1539 1678 2.60
57.2 21/4 15.2 10.21 13.2 8.89 2938 300 330 182 41 2.2 1637 1747 2.71
60 16.2 10.9 14.1 9.49 3213 328 361 200 45 2.5 1874 1926 2.99
60.3 23/8 16.4 11.0 14.3 9.59 3252 331 365 202 45 2.6 1903 1945 3.02
63.5 21/2 18.8 12.6 16.4 10.99 3598 367 404 224 50 3.1 2280 2157 3.34
64 19.1 12.8 16.6 11.2 3676 375 413 228 51 3.2 2329 2191 3.40
66.7 25/8 20.3 13.6 17.7 11.9 3976 405 447 248 56 3.5 2599 2380 3.69
Dyform DB2K offers the 68 21.1 14.2 18.4 12.3 4140 422 465 257 58 3.7 2756 2474 3.83
highest strength to diameter 69.9 23/4 22.6 15.2 19.7 13.2 4372 446 491 272 61 4.1 3004 2614 4.05
72 23.6 15.9 20.5 13.8 4656 475 523 288 65 4.4 3271 2773 4.30
ratio enabling optimum 76 26.3 17.7 22.9 15.4 5065 516 569 321 72 5.2 3828 3090 4.79
utilisation of limited vol- 76.2 3 26.7 17.9 23.2 15.6 5087 519 571 323 73 5.2 3857 3106 4.82
ume winch arrangements. 80 29.2 19.6 25.4 17.1 5673 578 637 356 80 6.1 4488 3424 5.31
82.6 31/4 31.3 21.0 27.2 18.3 6032 615 678 380 85 6.6 4892 3650 5.66
Furthermore, the increased 84 32.1 21.6 27.9 18.8 6235 636 700 393 88 7.0 5194 3775 5.85
surface area of Dyformed 88 35.3 23.7 30.7 20.6 6813 694 765 431 97 8.1 5973 4143 6.42
strands improves stress 88.9 31/2 36.5 24.5 31.8 21.3 7025 716 789 440 99 8.3 6114 4228 6.55
92 38.6 25.9 33.6 22.6 7362 750 827 471 106 9.3 6825 4528 7.02
distribution enabling
95.3 33/4 41.8 28.1 36.4 24.4 7775 793 873 505 114 10 7373 4859 7.53
superior crush & abrasion 96 42.4 28.5 36.9 24.8 7968 812 895 513 115 10 7489 4931 7.64
resistance. 100 45.6 30.6 39.7 26.7 8350 851 938 556 125 11 8170 5350 8.29
101.6 4 47.5 31.9 41.3 27.8 8618 878 968 574 129 12 8637 5523 8.56
1-30
HIGH
HIGH PERFORMANCE WIRE ROPE
ROPE
Bridon American Corporation
Constructex® Wire Rope
1 CHARACTERISTICS
1
Greater Strength:
The design of Constructex compacts more steel per
diameter which provides for higher strength.This allows
users to lift heavier loads while maintaining the same
rope diameter.
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