FIF2 06 - You-Lin Xu - Monitoreo Estructural

Health Monitoring of Large Civil
Structures
You-Lin XU
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Second Future Infrastructure Forum (FIF2), 17-18 January 2012, Cambridge, UK
Department
42 Academics of 6 Disciplines:
Structural Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Construction
Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering,
and Environmental Engineering Science.

Structural Engineering
12 Academics in Structural Engineering

Major Research Areas
Group Major Research Areas
Structural Structural health monitoring, Structural control, Smart

Dynamics structures, Wind engineering, Earthquake engineering.
Steel Structures Steel-concrete composite structures, cold-formed structures,

Stability, Second-order and nonlinear analysis.
FRP composites High-performance structures, Durability, Life-cycle

management, Retrofit of structures, Structural fire engineering.

Outline of Presentation
1. Background
2. Structural Health Monitoring Systems (SHMS)
3. SHMS in Landmark Structures
4. University Niche Area Program
5. Future Infrastructure

1. Background
1.Background
Many innovative large civil structures have been built or are

under construction throughout the world.

1. Background
Tall Buildings
Petronas Twin Tower,

Burj Khalifa, Dubai , 828m Taipei 101, Taipei, 509 ICC, Hong Kong, 484m
Kuala Lumpur, 452 m
m
1. Background
Long-span Bridges
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan, 1991 m
Sutong Bridge, China, 1088 m

Stonecutters Bridge, Hong Kong, 1018 m
1. Background
Large Spatial Structures
National Stadium National Grand Theater
CCTV New Headquarters

National Aquatics Centre

1. Background
Civil structures, on the other hand, have become increasingly

vulnerable to natural and man-made hazards.
Sichuan Earthquake, May 12, 2008

1. Background
Civil structures built in strong wind regions are vulnerable to

wind-induced damage

1. Background
I-35W Bridge, USA, August 1, 2007 Guangdong Bridge, June 15, 2007

1. Background
Global climatic change

presents many
challenges to our
engineering community,
such as stronger
hurricanes and faster
material deterioration.

1. Background
Serviceability, safety and sustainability of large civil structures

are therefore main concerns of our society.
Recently-developed long-term structural health monitoring

technology is one of cutting-edge technologies for monitoring
serviceability, safety, and sustainability.

2. Structural Health Monitoring
Systems (SHMS)
2. Structural Health Monitoring Systems
A long-term structural health monitoring system shall

include at least five integrated modules/systems:
 Sensory system.
 Data acquisition and transmission system.
 Data processing and analysis system.
 Date management system.
 Structural heath evaluation system.

Data acquisition Data

and transmission processing and
system analysis system
Data
management
Structural heath system
Sensory system evaluation
system
Decision-Making
and Management



Main functions of structural health monitoring
 Monitor and assess load conditions

 Examine current design philosophy
 Verify new analytical methods and computer simulations
 Assess structural performance and detect damage
 Facilitate inspection and maintenance works
 Help authority to make quick and right decision in emergency
cases
 Ultimate goal is to ensure serviceability, safety, and sustainability

3. SHMS in Landmark Structures
3.1 SHMS of Tsing Ma Bridge

3.2 SHMS of Stonecutters Bridge
3.3 SHMS of Canton Tower
3.4 SHMS of Shanghai Tower
Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong is the longest suspension bridge

carrying both highway and railway with a main span of 1377m.

The bridge has been equipped with a Wind and Structural

Health Monitoring System (WASHMS) since 1997.
Anemometer (6)
Accelerometer (19)
Temperature Sensor (115)
Strain Gauge (110)
GPS Rover Station (14)
Displacement Transducer (2)
Level Sensing Station (10)
Data Acquisition Outstation (3)
Weigh-in-Motion (7)
By courtesy of HyD


Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong: The second longest

stay-cabled bridge with a 1018-m main span (2009)

n s tru m e n ta tio n L a y o u t in
S to n e c u tte rs B rid g e
S tonec utters T o w er
By courtesy of HyD
W IM
T sing Y i T ow er
A nem om eters (24)

W IM
F ixed S ero - T yp e A cc elerom eters (58)
T em perature S ens ors (388 )
D ynam ic S tra in G auge s (6 78)
S tatic S train G aug es (158)
G lobal P ositio ning S ystem s (20)
D isplacem en t T ransd uce rs (3 4)
B uffer S enso rs (18)
B earin g S ens ors (12)
E lectro - M a gnetic S ens ors (32)
B arom eters, R ainfall G aug es & H ygrom eters (28)
C orros ion C ells (33) 27
D igital V ideo C am eras (18)
W IM D ynam ic W eigh - in - M o tion S tatio ns (4 )
T otal N o. of S ens ors : 1505
Sensor layout of Stonecutters Bridge

S tructural H ealth
M onitoring S ystem
N o E xc eed anc e Inpu t o f M onitorin g In dex

C om pariso n of
M onitoring P aram eters
E xcee dan ce
S tructural H ealth S tructural H ealth

E valaution S ystem R ating S ystem
N o E xc eed anc e
C om pariso n of
E valu atio n P ara m eters Inpu t o f E valuation In dex
E xcee dan ce
B ridge Inspection & S tructural H ealth D ata

R eport of O verstressed or
M aintenance Team M anagem ent S ystem
D am aged C om ponents
Inspection/M aintenance R esults
Figure 1 Flow D iagram of S tructural H ealth M onitorin g & E valua tio n S yste m
By courtesy of HyD
Flow Chart of SHM for Stonecutters Bridge
Canton Tower in Guangzhou:

a 450 m high main tower and
a 150 m high antenna.
573 sensors (10types) in

construction stage.
280 sensors (12 types) in

service stage

Type of sensors in the SHM system FBG sensor network

Sensors and sub-stations for in-construction monitoring Sensors and sub-stations for in-service monitoring

Shanghai Tower (632 m), Jin Mao Tower (421 m), and
Shanghai World Financial Center (494 m)
Bundled tubes
Two-story-high
Mega column outrigger
Two-story-high
belt truss
Outer Tube Inner Tube

Core Tube Out er Frame
GPS (2)
Tower Crown
Anemomet er (1) Tower
I ncl i nomet er (2) Crown 599. 70m Accel er omet er (9)
Sub- St at i on (1)
Sei smogr aph (1) Accel er omet er (2)

Accel er omet er (3) Wi nd Pr essur e Sensor (9)
I ncl i nomet er (2) F124 573. 90m Ther momet er (15)
Sub- St at i on (1)
I ncl i nomet er (2) F121 561. 00m St r ai n Gauge (27)
Zone 9
Accel er omet er (3)
I ncl i nomet er (2) F117 542. 00m Accel er omet er (2)
Sub- St at i on (1)
Zone 8
I ncl i nomet er (2) F109 505. 50m
Accel er omet er (3) Accel er omet er (2)
Sensor Layout
I ncl i nomet er (2) F100 465. 40m Thermomet er (15)
Sub- St at i on (1)
I ncl i nomet er (2)
Zone 7
F92 428. 90m Accel er omet er (9)
400 sensors of 11 types

I ncl i nomet er (2) F84 393. 30m Wi nd Pr essur e Sensor (9)
Sub- St at i on (1)
F76
Zone 6
355. 60m
11 substations
Accel er omet er (3) Accel er omet er (2)
St r ai n Gauge (14) St r ai n Gauge (45)
Sub- St at i on (1)
Zone 5
I ncl i nomet er (2) F51 239. 40m Accel eromet er (2)
Sub- St at i on (1)
206. 20m Accel er omet er (9)

Zone 4
I ncl i nomet er (2) F44
Accel er omet er (2) Accel eromet er (2)

I ncl i nomet er (2) F37 173. 70m Wind Pressure Sensor (9)
Sub- St at i on (1)
Ther momet er (15)
Zone 3

I ncl i nomet er (2) F21 99. 00m Accel er omet er (2)
Sub- St at i on (1)
Zone 2
F14 65. 80m Accel er omet er (2)

St rai n Gauge (21) St r ai n Gauge (45)
Sub- St at i on (1)
St r ai n Gauge (21) F4 16. 64m St r ai n Gauge (18)
Zone 1
Sei smograph (1) B5 St r ai n Gauge (18)

Sub- St at i on (1) Accel er omet er (3)
St rai n Gauge (16)
I ncl i nomet er (2) The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Strain sensors (vibrating wires) Strain sensors (vibrating GPS reference

installed inside the RC shear wires) installed on the station
wall of the inner tube – to embedded steel column of
measure the strain of the one mega column – to
concrete measure the strain of the
steel

4.University Niche Area Program
 Some progress has been made, but there are many key issues to
be solved.
 Hong Kong is a suitable place to pioneer this technology because
Hong Kong has many tall buildings an long span bridges.
 Hong Kong also has a strong infrastructure development program
for next ten years
 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University has a strong team of
experts in sensing technology, spatial information technology,
computing, civil and structural engineering.

4. University Niche Area Program
Health Monitoring of Large Civil Structures
4.1 Principal and Co-Investigators

4.2 Four Tasks
4.3 Ten Projects
4.4 Research Milestones
4.1 Principal and Co-Investigators
Name Department Area of Expertise

Y L Xu CSE (PI) Chair Prof. Structural Dynamics, Structural Health Monitoring,Wind Engineering
Y Q Chen LSGI (CoI) Chair Prof. GPS Technique, Monitoring of Building Structures
X L Ding LSGI (CoI) Chair Prof. GPS Technique, Monitoring of Building Structures, Interferometric Synthetic
H Y Tam EE (CoI) Chair Prof. Fibre-Optics Sensors, Photonics Sensor Networks, Optical Fibre Communication
J N Cao COMP (CoI) Chair Prof. Wireless Sensors,Computer Networks, Parallel and Distributed Computing
S S Law CSE (CoI) Prof. Structural Dynamics, Structural Damage Detection, System Identification
Y Q Ni CSE (CoI) Prof. Structural Dynamics, Sensing Technology, Structural Health Monitoring
Y Xia CSE (CoI) Assist. Prof. Structural Damage Detection, Structural Health Monitoring
S Zhu CSE (CoI) Assist. Prof. Structural Assessment, Structural Control

4.2 Four Tasks
Task Topic
1 Special Sensing Technology for SHM
2 Performance-based design of SHM systems
3 Real-time structural damage detection methods and structural rating systems
4 Real-time loading simulation and structural performance assessment

4.3 Ten Projects
Task Project Project Title

1 1 Fiber Bragg Sensor Networks for SHM
1 2 GPS Technology for SHM
1 3 Wireless Sensor Networks for SHM
2 4 Performance-based Design of SHM Systems
2 5 Advanced Data Acquisition, Transmission and Management Systems
3 6 New Modeling Technologies and Model Updating Methods
3 7 Novel Damage Detection Algorithms with Consideration of
Uncertainties and Operation Conditions
3 8 SHM-based Bridge Rating Systems
4 9 SHM-based Life-cycle Deterioration Models
4 10 Performance Simulation and Assessment of Structures under
Extreme Loadings

No. Research Milestones

1 Establishment of Bridge Rating System for Tsing Ma Bridge
2 Development of Structural Health Prognosis Tools and Condition
Rating System for Stonecutters Bridge
3 Development of Structural Health Monitoring System for Canton Tower
4 Development of Structural Health Monitoring System for Shanghai
Tower

The Hong Kong Highways Department asked the research

team to establish a SHM-based bridge rating system for Tsing
Ma Bridge in 2006. The project was completed in 2010. A
total of 12 reports have been submitted to HyD. The research
team analyzed enormous measurement data, developed a few
analytical methods, and established the new rating system.

 SHM-oriented finite element model of the bridge.

 Predominating wind loading.
 Predominating temperature loading.
 Predominating highway loading.
 Predominating railway loading.
 Criticality and vulnerability analyses.
 New bridge rating method.
 SHM-based bridge rating system.

A structural health monitoring-oriented (multi-scale) 3D

finite element model of the bridge such that stresses in
major structural components can be directly computed.
Ma Wan Approach Span
Main Span
Tsing Yi Approach Span

R a ilw a y tra c k s
O rth o tro p ic C ro s s b ra c in g s
d e c k (t o p ) (t o p c e n t e r )
C o rru g a te d s h e e ts
C ro ss fra m e s
(m a i n & i n t e r m e d i a t e )
L o n g itu d in a l C ro s s b ra c in g s O rth o tro p ic

tru s s e s (b o t t o m c e n t r e ) d e c k (b o t t o m )
C ro s s b ra c in g s
(b o t t o m o u t e r )
(a )
L o n g itu d in a l tru s s T ra c k p la te
In te r m e d ia te c ro s s fra m e
B o tto m c h o rd To p v i e w
(C r o s s f r a m e ) R a i l w a y b e a m s
T e e d ia p h ra g m
Sw ay
b ra c in g s
M a in c ro s s fra m e
B o tto m v ie w
(b ) (d )
D e c k p la te
D e c k tro u g h
(c ) The Hong Kong( ePolytechnic

) University
Long-span Suspension Bridge under Railway, Highway, and Wind Loading

A SHM-based framework for fatigue and reliability analyses of

long-span suspension bridges under multiple loading
(1) Dynamic stress analysis of long suspension bridges

under multiple loading
(2) Fatigue assessment of multi-load suspension bridges

over design life
(3) Fatigue reliability analysis of multi-load suspension

bridges

A new bridge rating method has been proposed. The associated

numerical value of each factor for a given structural component
is determined using SHMS-based computation simulations and
engineering judgments.
Synthetic rating: R Objective layer
Criticality rating: TC Vulnerability rating: TV Criterion layer
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 V1 V2 V3 Index layer 1
VA VB VC Index layer 2

Many key issues still remain unsolved and many difficulties are
encountered in pursuing the tasks and utmost goals of SHM. It is
desirable to establish a laboratory-based test-bed (benchmark).

1. Introduction
2. Long-span Suspension Bridges
4. SHM-Oriented Modeling
5. Monitoring of Highway Loading Effects
6. Monitoring of Railway Loading Effects
7. Monitoring of Temperature Effects
8. Monitoring of Wind Effects
9. Monitoring of Seismic Effects
10. Monitoring of Other Effects
11. Structural Damage Detection
12. Bridge Rating System
13. Establishment of Test-beds
14. Epilogue: Challenges and Prospects

4.5 Future Infrastructure
Structural Vibration Control Technology: Equip an important

structure with semi-active, active or hybrid control devices, a
sensing network and an information technology-based data
analysis system in order to:
 Reduce excessive vibration
 Enhance structural functionality, safety, and sustainability
 Retrofit historic buildings and structures


 At present, the areas of structural health monitoring and

vibration control have been treated separately according to
the primary objective pursued.
 However, both technologies require the use of sensors, data

acquisition, signal transmission, data processing and data
analysis.

 The next step shall be to integrate the two systems together to

create a smart structure with the sensors (nervous system),
processors (brain system), and actuators (muscular system) so
that the smart structure can mimic biological systems to
function themselves properly at all levels of specified
performance and to protect themselves against all kinds of
natural and man-made hazards.

Smart Buildings Smart VAWT

 This is a spectacular idea of our structural engineers. The idea

may be turned into reality in the decades ahead.

Acknowledgments
Financial Sponsors:
 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
 The Hong Kong Highways Department
 The Hong Kong Research Grants Council
Thank many co-workers and students. Without their helps and

supports, it is impossible to deliver this lecture.

Thank you for your attention
Welcome you to visit the Hong Kong Polytechnic University!

FIF2 06 - You-Lin Xu - Monitoreo Estructural

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Health Monitoring of Large Civil

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

12 Academics in Structural Engineering

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Group Major Research Areas

Structural Structural health monitoring, Structural control, Smart

Steel Structures Steel-concrete composite structures, cold-formed structures,

FRP composites High-performance structures, Durability, Life-cycle

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Many innovative large civil structures have been built or are

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Petronas Twin Tower,

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan, 1991 m

Sutong Bridge, China, 1088 m

Large Spatial Structures

National Stadium National Grand Theater

CCTV New Headquarters

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Civil structures, on the other hand, have become increasingly

Sichuan Earthquake, May 12, 2008

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Civil structures built in strong wind regions are vulnerable to

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Global climatic change

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Serviceability, safety and sustainability of large civil structures

Recently-developed long-term structural health monitoring

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

A long-term structural health monitoring system shall

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Data acquisition Data

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Main functions of structural health monitoring

 Monitor and assess load conditions

 Ultimate goal is to ensure serviceability, safety, and sustainability

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

3.1 SHMS of Tsing Ma Bridge

Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong is the longest suspension bridge

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The bridge has been equipped with a Wind and Structural

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong: The second longest

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

A nem om eters (24)

Sensor layout of Stonecutters Bridge

N o E xc eed anc e Inpu t o f M onitorin g In dex

S tructural H ealth S tructural H ealth

B ridge Inspection & S tructural H ealth D ata

Inspection/M aintenance R esults

Canton Tower in Guangzhou:

573 sensors (10types) in

280 sensors (12 types) in

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Type of sensors in the SHM system FBG sensor network

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Outer Tube Inner Tube

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Sei smogr aph (1) Accel er omet er (2)

400 sensors of 11 types

I ncl i nomet er (2) F60 280. 90m