Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
NEWSPAPER GUILD IN
OHIO, 1933-1938
FOREFRONT OF A
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
ROGER J. MEZGER
THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPER GUILD IN OHIO, 1933-1938
FOREFRONT OF A NATIONAL MOVEMENT
by
Roger J. Mezger
M a y, 1 9 8 1
Thesis written by
Roger J. Mezger
B . A . J . , O h i o S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, 1 9 7 2
M . A . , K e n t S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, 1 9 8 1
!
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To a l l w h o c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h i s p r o j e c t , m y t h a n k s . A m o n g t h o s e
whose assistance was especially valuable are David J. Eisen,
director of research and information for The Newspaper Guild;
Wa r n e r P f l u g , a s s i s t a n t d i r e c t o r o f t h e A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n
A f f a i r s a t W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, a n d h i s s t a f f ; F r e d r i c F. E n d r e s ,
P h . D . , w h o d i r e c t e d t h e t h e s i s ; R a l p h C . D a r r o w, M . A . , a n d K a r l F.
Tr e c k e l , P h . D . , w h o s e r v e d o n t h e t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e ; a n d m y w i f e ,
Ann, whose patience and understanding during the past year helped
keep me going.
Roger J. Mezger
Overset Press
ISBN 978-0-692-06147-3
iii
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................ iii
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1
I I I . T H E G U I L D ' S E A R LY D AY S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
I V. O H I O I N T H E F O R E F R O N T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8
V. O B S E R VAT I O N S A N D C O N C L U S I O N S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9
APPENDICES
A. TA B L E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6
iv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This study is concerned primarily with the roles that
newspaper workers in principal Ohio cities played in the formation
of the American Newspaper Guild during the years 1933 to 1938.
This union, whose membership from the outset has consisted
mostly of newspaper editorial employees, arose as a result of
worker dissatisfaction with industry wages and working conditions
during the Great Depression.
To p u t t h e O h i o o r g a n i z i n g a c t i v i t y i n t h e p r o p e r c o n t e x t , i t
is necessary to include a brief history of unionism among
newspaper editorial employees prior to the founding of the
American Newspaper Guild in 1933. An account of the guild's
national beginnings in places other than Ohio also will help define
Ohio's contributions to this aspect of the newspaper labor
movement. Examples of organizing and bargaining in Ohio cities
and elsewhere during the period studied, the early months and
years of the guild, afford a look at some of the specific issues,
including salaries and working conditions, that concerned
Depression-era news workers.
Rationale
Methodology
D a n i e l L e a b ’ s A U n i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l s . Tw o p e r s o n a l
interviews were conducted.
Background
The movement to establish a union that would effectively
represent newspaper editorial workers dates to the 1890s, but it
was not until 1933 that a group of such workers succeeded in
forming a collective-bargaining unit that endured longer than a few
years. Although working conditions and salaries seem to have been
generally poor for editorial employees in the roughly forty years
prior to the onset of the Great Depression, the severe economic
hardship of the 1930s provided the stimulus that the union
advocates needed to gain the support of their fellow news workers.
The American Newspaper Guild was founded in December
1 9 3 3 i n Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . , b u t t h e p r o c e s s t h a t l e d t o e s t a b l i s h m e n t
of the union actually had its origin in Cleveland, Ohio. Several
Cleveland newspapermen began meeting after work in August 1933
to explore the possibility of organizing for their common good. The
Cleveland group, in those early months, worked hard to organize not
only the Cleveland news workers but also those in other big Ohio
cities. The assistance that the Cleveland local gave to fledgling
locals around the state and in other states put Ohio in the forefront
of the national movement from which
3
t h e g u i l d e m e r g e d . E v e n t h o u g h N e w Yo r k b e c a m e t h e f i r s t n a t i o n a l
headquarters, the Cleveland activists took on a large portion of the
early organizational work. It is the intent of this study to examine the
pioneering role of Ohio locals in the formation of the guild, against a
background of the earlier attempts to establish national journalists'
unions and of the formative days of the guild on the national level.
In order for the guild idea to take hold, the leaders had to
help the rank and file face up to and overcome an obstacle that
had kept generations of journalists from acting in their own best
interests, their romantic perceptions of themselves and their
business. As Stewart Goulding has noted:
S t u a r t D . G o u l d i n g , “ R e p o r t e r s R a l l y, ” T h e C o m m o n w e a l ,
1
4
5
CHAPTER II
BEFORE THE GUILD: 1891-1933
( C o l u m b u s : T h e S p a h r & G l e n n C o m p a n y, 1 9 3 3 ) , p p . 1 6 3 - 6 4 .
In 1849, the Ohio Editorial Association was formed;
anyone associated with the Ohio press was eligible to
j o i n . 3 Tw o s i m i l a r b u s i n e s s a n d s o c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d e d
b e f o r e 1 9 0 0 : t h e H o c k i n g Va l l e y a n d O h i o A s s o c i a t i o n i n t h e 1 8 7 0 s
and the Buckeye Weekly Press Association in 1895. In 1898 the
O h i o E d i t o r i a l A s s o c i a t i o n a n d t h e H o c k i n g Va l l e y g r o u p m e r g e d w i t h
the Buckeye Weekly Press Association to form the Buckeye Press
Association.4
Several factors led the news writers of the 1890s
toward unionism. The “individualistic traditions of journalism”
that had nurtured the conviction among news writers that
collective action to win concessions from their employers was
beneath their calling started giving way to the realization that
working conditions were not what they should be;5 the
perceived distinction of being engaged in a profession rather
than a trade “was no longer sufficient reward for endeavor
w h e n a c c o m p a n i e d b y l o n g h o u r s , j o b i n s e c u r i t y, a n d w a g e s
lower than those of workers in the printing trades”;6 and,
perhaps most important, an oversupply of labor entering the
profession led to cutthroat competition for jobs, prompting
desperatemen “to secure employment . . . by offering to do
4 Ibid., p. 172.
7
the work of some other man, and displace him, at a lower rate of
wages.”7 Rather than attempt to organize their own union, the news
w r i t e r s t u r n e d t o t h e e s t a b l i s h e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Ty p o g r a p h i c a l U n i o n
(ITU), whose members were earning more money than the news
i s s u e d t o g r o u p s o f e d i t o r s a n d r e p o r t e r s . 9 F o r y e a r s t h e r e a f t e r, t h e
n e g o t i a t i o n s t o r a i s e t h e w a g e s o f p r i n t e r s . 10
s e v e n m o r e w e r e i s s u e d i n t h e 1 8 9 0 s a n d e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s , 12
7 Ibid., p. 105.
“ B e f o r e G u i l d , I T U h a d n e w s w r i t e r s , ” T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, J a n u a r y
8
13, 1978, p. 5.
B e n j a m i n S t o l b e r g , T h e S t o r y o f t h e C . I . O . ( N e w Yo r k : V i k i n g
10
12 T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . 5 .
8
c o n s t i t u t i o n . 14
A n E x p e r i m e n t i n t h e Tr a d e U n i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n o f P r o f e s s i o n a l s ” ( M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s ,
C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y, 1 9 4 7 ) , p . 2 6 .
9
E d w i n E m e r y, H i s t o r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r P u b l i s h e r s
17
18 Ibid., p. 24.
10
d e p a r t m e n t s , n o t t h e n e w s r o o m . 19
N o t u n t i l a f t e r Wo r l d Wa r I h a d e n d e d w e r e t h e r e
other notable attempts to organize journalists. One of them was the
short-lived American Journalists' Association, founded in 1919 by
about 150 newsmen in St. Louis. Formed more along the lines of a
professional organization than of a labor union, the group admitted
news executives and planned a national convention for 1920. But the
p l a n s n e v e r m a t e r i a l i z e d , a n d t h e a s s o c i a t i o n q u i c k l y v a n i s h e d . 20
The low wages and labor surplus of the post-war years
gave rise to more serious organizing efforts as well. Reporters were
painfully aware that their prospects for advancement were negligible
as long as editors continued to hire, for low wages, young men
r e c e n t l y o u t o f h i g h s c h o o l . 21 T h a t d i s c o n t e n t w a s m a n i f e s t e d i n a
sudden renewed interest among reporters in affiliation with the
typographical union. Fifteen reporters' locals were chartered in
1 9 1 9 , 22 i n c l u d i n g a r e o r g a n i z e d B o s t o n u n i t d e s c r i b e d a s “ a p r o d u c t o f
s i m p l e e c o n o m i c p r e s s u r e . ” 23 B o s t o n n e w s p a p e r s a l a r i e s
11
in 1918 had averaged twenty-one dollars a week, a figure the
unionists found to be inadequate in 1919 when, before presenting to
management their first wage demands, they asked the newspapers'
trades workers how much they were earning. The editorial
employees subsequently demanded a minimum salary of thirty-eight
dollars a week for reporters, forty-five dollars for desk men. Fearing
that the typographical union would support a strike by newsmen, the
B o s t o n n e w s p a p e r s e v e n t u a l l y s e t t l e d . 24 T h e N e w R e p u b l i c n o t e d t h e
significance of the event:
24 Ibid., pp. 8, 9.
25 Ibid., p. 8.
12
Ty p o g r a p h i c a l U n i o n , a f t e r a m e m b e r s h i p r e f e r e n d u m , v o l u n t a r i l y
surrendered jurisdiction over reporters’ unions to the American
F e d e r a t i o n o f L a b o r i n M a y 1 9 2 3 . 28 A p r o v i s i o n o f t h i s a g r e e m e n t w a s
that no news writers’ local affiliated with the typographical union
w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o d r o p o u t o f t h e u n i o n . Tw o o f t h e f i v e l o c a l s s t i l l
i n e x i s t e n c e t h a t y e a r, M i l w a u k e e a n d S c r a n t o n , t h u s w e r e a b l e t o
retain their typographical union charters for many years, with Scranton
lasting longer--unti1 1943, when the local joined the American
N e w s p a p e r G u i l d . 29
2 8 N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d , p . 11 0 ; L a w r e n c e B r o w n , “ T h e P r e s s
29W e i s s a n d P e t e r s o n , p . 1 ; N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d , p . 11 0 ;
T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . 5 .
30 N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d , p . 11 0 ; W e i s s a n d P e t e r s o n , p . 1 .
31 N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d , p . 111 .
13
T h e i d e a o f a j o u r n a l i s t s ’ u n i o n , h o w e v e r, d i d n o t d i e
along with the labor federation’s dreams. The problems of low
p a y, l o n g h o u r s , a n d j o b i n s e c u r i t y c o n t i n u e d t o f e s t e r a s a r e s u l t
of major newspaper mergers and an influx into the job market of
m o r e c o l l e g e - t r a i n e d j o u r n a l i s t s . 32 I n d e e d , t h e l o t o f t h e
newspaperman during the decade was not an enviable one,
according to Lawrence Brown:
32 Ibid., p. 1 1 1 .
33 Brown, New Republic, p. 297.
34 National Labor Relations Board, p. 109.
I b i d . , p . 11 3 ; I s a b e l l e K e a t i n g , “ R e p o r t e r s B e c o m e o f A g e , ” H a r p e r ’ s ,
35
14
CHAPTER III
T H E G U I L D ’ S E A R LY D AY S
W i l l a r d G r o s v e n o r B l e y e r, “ J o u r n a l i s m i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s : 1 9 3 3 , ”
1
C . C . N i c o l e t , “ T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d , ” T h e A m e r i c a n M e r c u r y, O c t o b e r
2
1936, p. 188.
15
Debt-ridden for the most part, their economic status has been
little above those accepting public charity through relief
channels. Especially during the past three years the morale of
the newspaperman has descended about to the breaking-point.4
A s n e w s p a p e r w o r k e r s ' f r u s t r a t i o n s g r e w, a n e w
president was shepherding through Congress the National
Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, a law that would give rise
a g a i n t o u n i o n a c t i v i t y a m o n g j o u r n a l i s t s . 5 Tw o p r o v i s i o n s o f
Section 7a of the act offended publishers: the guaranteed
right of collective bargaining between employer and
employee, and the freedom of labor union
B e r t a C r o n e , “ O c c u p a t i o n s - - To d a y a n d To m o r r o w, ”
3
1934, p. 325.
5 Abraham Weiss and Florence Peterson, Collective Bargaining by the
A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d ( W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, A p r i l
1940), p. 1.
16
E d w i n E m e r y, H i s t o r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r P u b l i s h e r s
6
7 Ibid., p. 224
P a u l Y. A n d e r s o n , “ M r. A n d e r s o n i n a Te n d e r M o o d , ” N a t i o n , A p r i l 1 8 ,
9
1934, p. 443.
17
N o w, i r r e s p e c t i v e o f w h e t h e r o n e b e l i e v e d i n N R A , i t w a s
difficult for us editorial workers to see wherein a five-day
week was likely to endanger Freedom of the Press. . . .
Hence, the extremism of the publishers so aroused the
conservative newspaper workers that they were willing to go
a l o n g w i t h M r. [ H e y w o o d ] B r o u n . 1 2
J o h n S c r i b n e r, “ T h e N e w s W r i t e r s F o r m a U n i o n , ” N a t i o n , J u n e 2 0 ,
10
1934, p. 698.
12 N i c o l e t , A m e r i c a n M e r c u r y, p p . 1 8 9 - 9 0 .
18
13 E m e r y, p p . 2 2 5 - 2 6 .
19
d o l l a r s o r m o r e . 14 A n d w h i l e t h e a v e r a g e w e e k l y s a l a r y i n t h e f a l l o f
1934 was $41.81 compared with $40.85 in April 1930, the
researchers found, the figures were distorted by the higher salaries
paid the executives; the majority of the employees studied were
p a i d s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n t h e a v e r a g e . 15 T h e O c t o b e r 1 9 3 4 s t u d y
showed that reporters and photographers at those papers were
making an average $34.79 a week, or 13.1 percent less than in
April 1930; artists, $47.80, 7.7 percent less; and deskmen, $51.32,
1 3 . 5 p e r c e n t l e s s . 16
On May 3, 1935, as a result of the survey findings, the
National Industrial Recovery Board approved an amendment to
the code for fulltime daily newspaper employees’ wages that
established $12.50 a week as minimum salary in cities of less
than 10,000 population, $25.00 in cities larger than 500,000,
a n d o t h e r r a t e s i n b e t w e e n . 17
T h e n e w s w o r k e r s , h o w e v e r, d i d n o t n e e d t o w a i t f o r
studies to tell them that they were suffering economically As
early as the summer of 1933, some had begun talking
15 I b i d . , p p . 11 3 9 - 4 0 .
16 I b i d . , p . 11 4 1 .
“ Wa g e S c a l e f o r N e w s p a p e r E d i t o r i a l D e p a r t m e n t A p p r o v e d b y
17
20
18 H e y w o o d B r o u n , " A U n i o n o f R e p o r t e r s , " N e w Yo r k W o r l d
Te l e g r a m , A u g u s t 7 , 1 9 3 3 , p . 1 3 .
21
good service but they did not like to have their reporters
t h i n k i n g o f t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t e r m s o f m o n e y. 1 9
W h e n h e w r o t e h i s c a l l t o a r m s i n 1 9 3 3 , h o w e v e r, t h e
successful Broun was being paid far more than the average news
worker dreamed of earning. By 1938, the year before he died, Broun’s
y e a r l y s a l a r y w a s a n a s t r o n o m i c a l $ 3 5 , 0 0 0 . 20 W h i l e B r o u n ’ s e c o n o m i c
status might have made him an unlikely focal point for the underpaid
masses, his freedom to make pro-union statements in print was an
advantage. The columnist’s contract with Scripps-Howard allowed him
to express his opinions regardless of the company’s editorial policies.
21 Thus many researchers, John R. Moskin among them, have
concluded that:
Heywood Broun was, if any one man was, the Father of the
American Newspaper Guild. . . . Broun created the spark out of
w h i c h w a s f a n n e d t h e N e w Yo r k o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d f i n a l l y t h e
national G u i l d . 22
T h e p o i n t s h o u l d b e m a d e , h o w e v e r, t h a t m a n y o t h e r s w o r k e d h a r d t o
ensure the success of the guild; the fact that their names are not as
readily identified with the
1935, p. 184.
H e r b e r t H a r r i s , A m e r i c a n L a b o r ( N e w H a v e n : Ya l e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ,
20
1938), p. 175.
21 Ibid., p . 177.
22John R. Moskin, “Origins of the American Newspaper Guild: A Genetic
S t u d y i n A m e r i c a n H i s t o r y ” ( M a s t e r ’ s t h e s i s , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y, 1 9 4 7 ) , p . 4 9 .
22
There was a growing realization that news writers had “carefully built
up a philosophy that has kept them for decades insulated against a
r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e i r o w n i n t e r e s t s . ” 25 E d u c a t o r s w e r e a s s i g n e d t h e i r
share of the blame:
H e y w o o d B r o u n , h o w e v e r, s a w t h o s e d i s t o r t e d s e l f - p e r c e p t i o n s
as a potential weapon:
26 Ibid., p. 603.
23
24
a n d N e w Yo r k . To s o m e t h e w o r d “ u n i o n ” w a s u n p a l a t a b l e .
A t o n e o f t h e f i r s t m e e t i n g s a t H e y w o o d B r o u n ’ s N e w Yo r k
apartment after Cleveland had taken steps to organize, a
solution was proposed, Lewis Gannett later wrote:
A N e w Yo r k T i m e s m a n , a s I r e c a l l i t , s u g g e s t e d t h a t p e r h a p s
the word “union” was a little strong, and there were others who
agreed. I didn’t. I think I said that it would be called a union
a n y w a y, t h a t t h e s t i g m a w a s n ’ t i n t h e n a m e b u t i n t h e i d e a ,
and that I hoped we’d make it stick. Heywood, in that
w o n d e r f u l l y f r i e n d l y, l a z y d r a w l o f h i s , a s k e d w h a t , i f a n y,
would be a better name, and someone proposed “Guild.” The
n a m e s t u c k ; i t i s m y m e m o r y t h a t t h e n a m e N e w Yo r k t i m i d l y
p r o p o s e d f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s p r e a d t o t h e n a t i o n . 30
There has been much petty surmising over whether the Guild
was a labor union or a professional group. I don’t think there
are many members of the American Newspaper Guild who
believe it is either of these. I can only say that the Guild is a
guild, and, if its negotiations with publishers take on the
appearance of trade unionism, it is still a guild. If it seeks to
set up and maintain a professional standard, it is yet a guild
and that alone. Neither of these designations frightens nor
disturbs us. We all know we labor for a living; we also know
we have at least quasi-professional status. The left handed
a t t e m p t t o c l a s s i f y u s i s j u s t h u m b u g g e r y. 3 1
30 L e w i s G a n n e t t , “ 1 9 3 3 - - W h e n T h e G u i l d W a s Ve r y Yo u n g , ” T h e
G u i l d R e p o r t e r, D e c e m b e r 2 6 , 1 9 5 8 , p . M 4 . G a n n e t t w o r k e d f o r t h e N e w
Yo r k H e r a l d T r i b u n e .
25
26
b e c o m e s i g n i f i c a n t . 35 D u r i n g t h e D e p r e s s i o n , w h e n j o b
security became a prime concern among salaried
professionals, the trade-union idea attracted interest
because professional societies were of no help in dealing
with the workers’ severe economic problems. Management
personnel often were well-represented among those who
determined policy in the societies, effectively eliminating
a n y c h a n c e t h a t t h e s o c i e t i e s c o u l d b e c o m e i n v o l v e d . 36 A n d t h e r e
were serious psychological barriers to white-collar workers’
acceptance of trade unions. According to Bernard Goldstein:
1. P r o f e s s i o n a l s i d e n t i f i e d m o r e w i t h t h e i r c o l l e a g u e s a n d w i t h
management than with industrial workers.
2. P r o f e s s i o n a l w o r k e r s ’ i d e a o f u n i o n i s m m a d e i t r e p u g n a n t t o
them; unions were seen as making emotional rather than
rational appeals.
3. A c o l l e c t i v e e f f o r t t o a c h i e v e i n d i v i d u a l w a n t s a n d r e w a r d s
b a s e d o n s e n i o r i t y r a n c o u n t e r t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l c r e e d . 37
37 Ibid., p. 202.
27
C. C. Nicolet, who wrote, “Maybe we editorial men belong in the
p r o l e t a r i a t , b u t w e s t i l l f e e l M i d d l e - C l a s s . Ye t t h i s n e e d n o t k e e p
u s f r o m d e s i r i n g a s t r o n g l a b o r u n i o n . . . . ” 38
But the idea of collective action took some getting used
to:
38 N i c o l e t , A m e r i c a n M e r c u r y, p . 1 8 8 .
40 Harris, p. 186.
28
rationale for opposing unionization of editorial
e m p l o y e e s . 41 B u t s o m e , i n c l u d i n g A l f r e d M c C l u n g L e e ,
had little sympathy for the argument that collective
bargaining endangered press freedom:
41 E m e r y, p p . 2 1 8 - 1 9 .
43 E m e r y, p . 2 2 8 .
29
J a m e s E . P o l l a r d , P r i n c i p l e s o f N e w s p a p e r M a n a g e m e n t ( N e w Yo r k :
44
45 E m e r y, p . 2 3 5 .
46 K e a t i n g , H a r p e r ’ s , p . 6 11 .
47 I b i d . , p . 6 11 .
30
in the late summer of 1933, Editor & Publisher seemed almost
supportive:
This and other evidence from the field this week indicated
unrest among editorial workers without parallel in our
m e m o r y. I t i s p l a i n t h a t n e w s w r i t e r s i n m a n y c o m m u n i t i e s ,
with some conspicuous exceptions, feel themselves imposed
on and that they must act to gain better material
consideration than during the past three years or more. . . .
Editorial men, generally speaking, have stood the brunt
of hard times. . . .
The abuses from which news writers have been suffering
in some offices, with well-known exceptions, are real and
s h o u l d b e c l e a n e d u p w h e t h e r t h e r e i s u n i o n i z a t i o n o r n o t . 48
48 “ N e w Yo r k G u i l d , ” E d i t o r & P u b l i s h e r, S e p t e m b e r 2 3 , 1 9 3 3 , p . 2 4 .
“ E n t e r N a t i o n a l G u i l d , ” E d i t o r & P u b l i s h e r,
49
50 S c r i b n e r, N a t i o n , p . 6 9 9 .
31
52 George Seldes, "Roy Howard," New Republic, July 27, 1938, p. 323.
32
53 E m e r y, p . 2 3 5 .
54 J. David Stern, The Reminiscences, oral history transcript, Louis M.
S t a r r, i n t e r v i e w e r ( N e w Yo r k : C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y, 1 9 7 2 ) , p . 6 2 .
55 Ibid., p. 62.
33
58 " G i f t o n a P l a t t e r, " B u s i n e s s W e e k , A u g u s t 3 , 1 9 3 5 , p . 2 2 .
34
paid vacation per year written into the contract, the story said, but
i n c l u d e d . S t e r n , a n a c c o m p l i s h e d p l a y e r, s a i d n o t h i n g , b u t g o t o u t
his chess set. Despite the protests of other guild negotiators, the
game got under way around midnight. Four hours later Stern
m e . " 59
35
61J . D a v i d S t e r n , M e m o i r s o f a M a v e r i c k P u b l i s h e r ( N e w Yo r k :
S i m o n & S c h u s t e r, 1 9 6 2 ) , p p . 2 8 6 - 8 7 .
36
64 S c r i b n e r, N a t i o n , p . 6 9 9 .
65 G i l f i l l a n , J o u r n a l i s m Q u a r t e r l y, p . 5 5 .
37
CHAPTER IV
1 R o b e r t B o r d n e r, " A D e l e g a t e R e c a l l s t h e F o u n d i n g M e e t i n g , " T h e
G u i l d R e p o r t e r, D e c e m b e r 2 6 , 1 9 5 8 , p . M 3 .
2 Ibid., p. M3.
38
3 D a n i e l J . L e a b , A U n i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l s ( N e w Yo r k : C o l u m b i a
4 B o r d n e r, G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . M 3
5 Leab, p. 49.
6 Ibid., p. 52.
39
let the world know something was going on and he was for it. We
suddenly became moderately respectable."7
A m e e t i n g w a s a r r a n g e d f o r S u n d a y, A u g u s t 2 0 , a t t h e
Hollenden Hotel to begin serious planning for a union of
Cleveland newspaper editorial workers. One hundred
two8 of the approximately 300 news workers employed by the three
big dailies attended the gathering that had been called by Lloyd
White, Garland Ashcraft and John Goski of the Press; Jack Haas,
A. H. Roberts and Frank O'Neil of the News; and Ralph Donaldson,
C h a r l e s S k i n n e r a n d W. G . L a v e l l e o f t h e P l a i n D e a l e r. 9
Immediately it became clear that although the organizers were set
on forming a union, most of those in the auditorium were afraid of
that idea of even of calling the organization a union. It was
decided, therefore, at that first meeting to call the group the
C l e v e l a n d E d i t o r i a l E m p l o y e e s A s s o c i a t i o n . 10
A n o t h e r m e e t i n g w a s h e l d t h e f o l l o w i n g S u n d a y. A
constitution that had been drafted during the week was proposed,
but the Plain Dealer contingent was unhappy because the
document had the earmarks of unionism. There was a fight, with
the majority favoring the constitution
7 B o r d n e r, G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . M 3 .
8 Ibid., p. M3.
9 "Editorial Workers in Cleveland Organize Under Recovery Act,"
E d i t o r & P u b l i s h e r, A u g u s t 2 6 , 1 9 3 3 , p . 6 .
10 B o r d n e r, G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . M 3 .
40
11 Ibid., p. M3.
41
But ready they were. The newly organized Press and News
workers began writing to colleagues at other newspapers about the
labor uprising in Cleveland, enclosing membership applications and
c o p i e s o f t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n . 15 A s t h i s o r g a n i z i n g e f f o r t c o n t i n u e d
t h r o u g h S e p t e m b e r, O c t o b e r a n d N o v e m b e r, i n t e r e s t a t o t h e r
newspapers grew to the point that correspondence alone was not
an adequate means of answering questions and spreading the
word. Cleveland had sought to organize newspapers in the 107
United States cities of more than fifty thousand population by
d e v e l o p i n g a m a s t e r m a i l i n g l i s t , 16 b u t c l e a r l y w h a t w a s n e e d e d
now was to gather together representatives from newsrooms
interested in unionizing. Bordner and Ashcraft "put the heat on
H e y w o o d B r o u n " 17 t o s p o n s o r a n a t i o n a l m e e t i n g a n d t o b e c o m e
president if a national union were formed as a result. A convention
w a s c a l l e d f o r D e c e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 3 3 , i n Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C .
In the meantime, managements at the Plain Dealer
and the News restored some of the pay that had been cut
before the activities of August, helping alleviate, at least
among Plain Dealer editorial workers, some of the
15 B o r d n e r, G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . M 3
17 B o r d n e r, G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . M 4 .
42
d i s c o n t e n t . 1 8 D e s p i t e a s t a t e m e n t b y P a u l B e l l a m y, e d i t o r o f t h e
P l a i n D e a l e r, a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h a t n e w s p a p e r m e n u n d e r t h e l a w
had the right to organize and expressing hope that good would
come of it, the union organizers suspected that Bellamy and other
management officials on all three newspapers were working to
thwart them. The split involving the Plain Dealer workers was a
p r i m e t a r g e t o f t h e i r s u s p i c i o n . 19
In the fall of 1933, as the Cleveland Editorial Employees
Association worked to organize other cities, it was suggested by
J o n a t h a n E d d y o f t h e N e w Yo r k G u i l d t o o t h e r u n i t s t h a t , f o r
u n i f o r m i t y, t h e y c a l l t h e m s e l v e s " g u i l d s . " T h e C l e v e l a n d
membership voted on October 17 to adopt the name Cleveland
N e w s p a p e r G u i l d . 20
Of the thirty-seven delegates attending the
n a t i o n a l f o u n d i n g m e e t i n g i n D e c e m b e r, s i x w e r e f r o m
Ohio: Don Strouse, Akron; Victor Logan, Cincinnati; Ned
B r o o k s , Yo u n g s t o w n ; a n d R o b e r t B o r d n e r, I . L . K e n e n a n d
L l o y d W h i t e , C l e v e l a n d . B y p r o x y, K e n e n a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d
C o l u m b u s . 21 T h e s u c c e s s o f t h e m e e t i n g w a s n e v e r g u a r a n t e e d , a s
Bordner recalled:
18 Leab, p. 54.
20 Ibid., p. 89.
" T h e F o u n d i n g F a t h e r s , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, D e c e m b e r 2 6 ,
21
1958, p. M10.
43
T h e R o o s e v e l t c h a r m p u t u s a t i n f o r m a l e a s e i m m e d i a t e l y.
The guy was interested, seriously interested, in what we
w e r e u p t o . W e t o l d h i m w h a t w e h a d d o n e s o f a r, o u r p l a n s
for the future, our roadblock in Hugh Johnson. We stumbled
all over each other in trying to tell him everything at once.
He was particularly delighted that we had the guts to
t a c k l e t h e p u b l i s h e r s . H e k n e w t h e i r p o w e r. T h e y w e r e
seldom very friendly to him.
“Forget Johnson. Go ahead. My blessing on you and
more power to you,” Roosevelt said.
Exhausted an hour before, now we left the White House
w a l k i n g o n p i n k c l o u d s t h a t w i n t e r e v e n i n g . 23
T h e c o n v e n t i o n o v e r, t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d
having been born, the Cleveland group moved swiftly to
claim recognition for the work it had done. On December
19, Bordner wrote to Heywood Broun, who had been chosen
president of the new union:
22 B o r d n e r, G u i l d R e p o r t e r, p . M 4 .
23 Ibid., p. M4.
44
And because the Cleveland Newspaper Guild was the first local
guild to be formed, we respectfully apply for the first local guild
charter to be issued.
In other words, because we started the movement and have done
so much work to spread it nationally, and because we are one of the
most active in the country, we crave formal recognition by being
granted the two number one charters to be issued. 24
" A U n i o n o f R e p o r t e r s , " f r o m t h e W o r l d Te l e g r a m o f A u g u s t 7 ,
1933, was put in the book solely because it had some effect
in promoting the organization of the American Newspaper
Guild, although the movement was already under way in
C l e v e l a n d . 26
25 Leab, p. 56.
H e y w o o d B r o u n , I t S e e m s t o M e 1 9 2 5 - 1 9 3 5 ( N e w Yo r k : H a r c o u r t ,
26
45
The national guild‘s first official letterhead listed fifty charter cities;
besides Cleveland they included Cincinnati, Columbus, Akron and
Yo u n g s t o w n . 2 7 C l e v e l a n d h e l p e d i n v a r y i n g d e g r e e s t o o r g a n i z e t h e
o t h e r f o u r, i n a d d i t i o n t o To l e d o . A l s o , C l e v e l a n d w a s b e h i n d t h e
efforts to establish a guild in Dayton, the only one of seven cities
studied that today does not have a guild editorial bargaining unit.
There was a good deal of additional correspondence directly between
t h e i n d i v i d u a l O h i o l o c a l s a n d t h e N e w Yo r k o r g a n i z e r s . T h e C l e v e l a n d
guild's early interest in spreading the word was evident in a November
1 9 3 3 l e t t e r f r o m t h e N e w Yo r k g u i l d ' s J o n a t h a n E d d y t o L l o y d W h i t e ,
president in Cleveland:
Thank you for accepting The Guild Reporter which will reach
you in a day or two. We are leaving it to you to distribute to
C i n c i n n a t i , A k r o n a n d Yo u n g s t o w n , a s w e l l a s a l l t h e n a m e s
you have collected in your organization campaign. We think
and hope that the Reporter will be of assistance to you in
organizing, and we are distributing it in Ohio through you
with the hope that you will help broaden Cleveland's scope
a s a c e n t r a l i z i n g p o i n t . 28
46
Wa s h i n g t o n . 29 N o t o n l y d i d C l e v e l a n d N e w s s t a ff e r K e n e n
represent Columbus at the first convention, but News activists
also worked to gain recognition of the Columbus guild by the
publishers of the Columbus Dispatch, as indicated by a letter
f r o m E d d y, t h e n e w n a t i o n a l s e c r e t a r y, t o E . O . F e h l h a b e r :
29 “ G u i l d F o r m e d i n C o l u m b u s , " E d i t o r & P u b l i s h e r. D e c e m b e r 2 3 , 1 9 3 3 ,
p. 8.
47
I n Yo u n g s t o w n , t h e o f f i c e r s w a s t e d n o t i m e a f t e r t h e f o u n d i n g
c o n v e n t i o n i n f o r m a l l y c h e c k i n g i n w i t h N e w Yo r k . A D e c e m b e r 1 8
l e t t e r f r o m W. W. G r i f f i t h , Yo u n g s t o w n g u i l d c h a i r m a n , w a s a n s w e r e d
by Jonathan Eddy: "I believe this is the first contact the temporary
N a t i o n a l H e a d q u a r t e r s h a s h a d w i t h t h e Yo u n g s t o w n G u i l d . " 3 3 A c r o s s
t h e s t a t e i n To l e d o , t h e n e w l y o r g a n i z e d g u i l d m e m b e r s o n F e b r u a r y
4, 1934, heard Lloyd White of Cleveland explain the background
o f t h e n a t i o n a l u n i o n . 34
Some of the most interesting correspondence dealing with
local organizing concerns Dayton, where an early attempt did not
s u c c e e d . B y t h e e n d o f 1 9 3 4 , h o w e v e r, C l e v e l a n d a n d n a t i o n a l
guild officials were determined to reclaim the former Dayton
membership. An exchange of telegrams, letters and memos reveals
t h e p s y c h o l o g y o f u n i o n o r g a n i z i n g . W. M . " B i l l " D a v y, e x e c u t i v e
secretary of the Cleveland guild, contacted Curtis Lovely in
Dayton:
32 “ A k r o n S t u d i e s O r g a n i z a t i o n , " E d i t o r & P u b l i s h e r, S e p t e m b e r 9 ,
1 9 3 3 , p . 11 .
33 J o n a t h a n E d d y t o W. W. G r i f f i t h , Te l e g r a m ,
January 5, 1934, The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 19, Folder 25,
A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
34 “ P u b l i s h e r s B l e s s N e w To l e d o G u i l d , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, F e b r u a r y
23, 1934, p. 3.
48
Curtis responded:
Yo u r p r o m i s e t o s e n d m e n t o g i v e u s t h e f a c t s i s w h a t t h e b o y s
needed.
Journal Herald staff leery because their jobs have been
t h r e a t e n e d b u t b e l i e v e w e c a n g e t m o s t o f t h e m t o t h e m e e t i n g . 36
35B i l l D a v y t o C u r t i s L o v e l y, Te l e g r a m , D e c e m b e r 11 , 1 9 3 4 , T h e
American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cleveland 7/34-12/34, Archives of
L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
36C u r t i s L o v e l y t o B i l l D a v y, Te l e g r a m , D e c e m b e r 11 , 1 9 3 4 , T h e
American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cleveland 7/34-12/34, Archives of
L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
37 B i l l D a v y t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, D e c e m b e r 1 7 , 1 9 3 4 ,
The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cleveland 7/34-12/34,
A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
49
W o r d s o f e n c o u r a g e m e n t f o r t h e D a y t o n i a n s a r r i v e d f r o m N e w Yo r k
a few days later in a letter from national treasurer Emmet Crozier:
F i n a l l y, a n u n d a t e d m e m o f r o m G a r l a n d A s h c r a f t t o J o n a t h a n
Eddy--one organizer to another--sums up the Dayton
experience:
A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n c a m e u p t h a t y e a r i n Yo u n g s t o w n , w h e r e
the original chapter foundered and the local leadership sought
r e o r g a n i z a t i o n h e l p . W. W. G r i f f i t h a d v i s e d J o n a t h a n E d d y, " A t l e a s t
we have the boys interested to a
38 E m m e t C r o z i e r t o J i m H e n r y, D e c e m b e r 2 1 , 1 9 3 4 ,
The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Dayton, Ohio 1933-43, Archives of
L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
dissertation. University of Minnesota, 1970), pp. 25-26. The author did not cite
his source.
50
W e h a d a r e a l m e e t i n g d o w n a t Yo u n g s t o w n l a s t n i g h t . I ' m
sure those boys will stay put from this time on. They'll pay
dues, attend meetings, and act like all newspaper men and
women ought to act that are not dead above the ears. It's just
a q u e s t i o n o f g o i n g a b o u t i t i n t h e r i g h t w a y, a n d t h e n g i v i n g
them a damned fine kick in the pants. They really are a nice
crowd and as I said before I'm sure they will be an up-an-
c o m i n ' u n i t f r o m n o w o n . 41
40 W. W. G r i f f i t h t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, M a y 1 4 , 1 9 3 4 , T h e A m e r i c a n
Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 19, Folder 25, Archives of Labor and Urban
A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
41 B i l l D a v y t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, M a y 1 8 , 1 9 3 4 , T h e A m e r i c a n
Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cleveland 1933-6/34, Archives of
L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
51
Salaries out here seem bad to me, but I may still be judging
b y N e w Yo r k s t a n d a r d s . T h e o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m i t t e e
b e l i e v e t h a t s a l a r i e s h e r e a r e n o w o r s e t h a n t h e y a r e i n , s a y,
Cleveland or Detroit. The Scripps-Howard management is
friendly to the guild idea, the managing editor having asked
several times why we do not organize. . . . We appreciate the
fact that we have a legal right to organize, but there seems to
be considerable hesitancy among the editorial personnel, at
l e a s t p a r t o f w h i c h i s b a s e d o n a f o r m o f f e a r.
How do you go about selling the idea of a guild to
reporters who might hang back either from a lofty idea of their
o w n i m p o r t a n c e o r f r o m t i m i d i t y ? 42
42 D o n a l d M . P o n d t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, J a n u a r y 2 2 ,
1933, The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 13, Folder 43,
A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
43 " C o l u m b u s D i s c o v e r s M o r e Te r r i t o r y, " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r.
December 15, 1934, p. 10.
52
f r i e n d l y t o w a r d t h e g u i l d m o v e m e n t . 44
I n Yo u n g s t o w n , t h e m e m b e r s h i p w r e s t l e d w i t h t h e l a b o r u n i o n -
professional organization question, and went on record as considering
i t s e l f b o t h . 45 B u t m e m b e r s a l s o c o m p l a i n e d t h a t t h e s i x t e e n - d o l l a r
m i n i m u m w a g e f o r n e w s w o r k e r s i n a Yo u n g s t o w n - s i z e c i t y p r o p o s e d
b y t h e N a t i o n a l R e c o v e r y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o d e w a s n o t e n o u g h . 46
M o r e o v e r, w o r k i n g h o u r s b e c a m e a m a j o r c o n c e r n . T h e Yo u n g s t o w n
guild's Bill Gray wrote:
T h e Te l e g r a m b o y s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e h o u r s
situation, which is very bad. Their daily average is 10 hours,
and their weekly 60. One reporter puts in 78 hours a week.
T h e l o w e s t m a r k i s 4 8 . T h e o t h e r s r u n f r o m 5 5 t o 6 0 . 47
W h e n To l e d o B l a d e , N e w s - B e e a n d T i m e s n e w s w o r k e r s
organized in February 1934, there was no opposition from
management. In fact, the editor of the Paul Block-owned Blade, Grove
P a t t e r s o n , p r a i s e d t h e p r o p o s e d o r g a n i z a t i o n i n h i s " Wa y o f t h e
World" column. Scripps-Howard’s News-Bee also lauded editorially the
g u i l d p l a n . 48
44 “ C o l u m b u s D r i v e s f o r 1 0 0 P e r C e n t , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, A p r i l 1 9 3 4 ,
p. 6.
4 5 " G u i l d I s P l a c e d O n 2 - P l y B a s i s B y Yo u n g s t o w n , "
T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, D e c e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 5 .
46 Ibid., p. 5.
B i l l G r a y, Yo u n g s t o w n g u i l d p r e s i d e n t , t o N e w Yo r k h e a d q u a r t e r s ,
47
February 28, 1936, The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 19, Folder 29,
48 T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, F e b r u a r y 2 3 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 3 .
53
In the fall of 1933 when editorial staff members of the Akron
B e a c o n J o u r n a l a n d t h e Ti m e s - P r e s s w e r e h o l d i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
meetings at the city's Mayflower Hotel, enthusiasm was high. But
some of the 120 members who originally had signed up "dropped out
when it was decided the organization's main purpose would be
collective bargaining. Some had originally thought of it as a sort of
p r o f e s s i o n a l f r a t e r n i t y. ” 4 9 L i k e m a n a g e m e n t p e r s o n n e l a t o t h e r
newspapers. Beacon Journal president and editor John S. Knight
misinterpreted the mission of the guild, going so far as to join the
A k r o n l o c a l . L a t e r, i n f o r m e d b y J o h a t h a n E d d y t h a t h e w a s i n e l i g i b l e
for membership, Knight wrote, "Not wishing to cause you any
e m b a r r a s s m e n t w h a t s o e v e r, I a m v e r y g l a d t o c o m p l y w i t h y o u r
s u g g e s t i o n t h a t I w i t h d r a w f r o m t h e A k r o n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d . " 50 F o r t y -
seven years later Knight wrote, "I did indeed view [the guild] as a
professional organization rather than a labor union. That is why I
b e c a m e a m e m b e r. . . . ” 5 1
49 H a r o l d Ta y l o r, " A k r o n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d H i s t o r y, " 1 9 5 5 t y p e s c r i p t ,
A k r o n g u i l d f i l e s , p . 1 . Ta y l o r w a s t h e f o u n d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f t h e A k r o n g u i l d .
50 J o h n S . K n i g h t t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, A p r i l 2 6 , 1 9 3 4 , T h e A m e r i c a n
Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 31, Folder 34, Archives of Labor and Urban
A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
51 J o h n S . K n i g h t t o R o g e r M e z g e r, L e t t e r, A p r i l 1 6 ,
1981.
54
A t S c r i p p s - H o w a r d ' s P o s t , a n e w m a n a g i n g e d i t o r,
J o e E . To r b e t t , h a d b e e n h i r e d e a r l y i n 1 9 3 3 a n d g i v e n b r o a d
powers to hire and fire. In the editorial department, by one
account, "he fired about eight and threw many
m e n i n t o p a n i c . " 5 3 N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t w a s To r b e t t w h o l a t e r
that year suggested that his employees start a guild,
w h i c h h e t o o p r o b a b l y p e r c e i v e d a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i e t y.
A Post staff member wrote to Heywood Broun about it:
O u r m a n a g i n g e d i t o r To r b e t t t e l l s m e y o u a r e o r g a n i z i n g a
national union of newspapermen. I have been asked to start
one going here, inasmuch as we have assurance that the
employers would offer no resistance and, in fact, indicate a
w i l l i n g n e s s t o c o o p e r a t e . 54
53 M a x S i e n , C i n c i n n a t i g u i l d , t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, u n d a t e d L e t t e r, T h e
American Newspaper Guild Collection,
B o x 3 2 , C i n c i n n a t i 1 9 3 3 - 3 5 , A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A ff a i r s , Wa y n e S t a t e
U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
54 A l f r e d S e g a l t o H e y w o o d B r o u n , u n d a t e d L e t t e r,
The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cincinnati 1933-35,
A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
55
Indeed, publishers and editors attended the dinner in
J a n u a r y 1 9 3 4 a t w h i c h t h e C i n c i n n a t i g u i l d w a s f o r m a l l y o r g a n i z e d . 55
f o n d n e s s f o r u n i o n i s m , h a v i n g o n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e Wa g n e r L a b o r
R e l a t i o n s A c t a s " o n e o f t h e m o s t o b n o x i o u s b i l l s . ” 56 H e w a s s a i d
e x e c u t i v e s a n d j u n i o r e d i t o r s . ” 57 T h e g u i l d o ff i c i a l w h o s o
c h a r a c t e r i z e d W i l e y h a d t h i s t o s a y a b o u t t h e Ti m e s - S t a r a n d i t s
publisher:
T h e r e s i s t a n c e o f t h e E n q u i r e r a n d Ti m e s - S t a r
m a n a g e m e n t s , c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e i r e m p l o y e e s ' a p a t h y,
prevented effective organizing at those papers. The
Cincinnati guild, as a result, came to represent only
55“ C i n c i n n a t i P u b l i s h e r s G e t B i d t o G u i l d R a l l y, "
T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, J a n u a r y 1 2 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 4 .
E d w i n E m e r y, H i s t o r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r P u b l i s h e r s
56
57 S i e n t o E d d y.
58 Ibid.
56
P o s t e m p l o y e e s a n d s o m e n o n - e d i t o r i a l Ti m e s - S t a r p e r s o n n e l . A
local officer explained to Jonathan Eddy:
59 A l f r e d S e g a l t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, u n d a t e d L e t t e r,
The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cincinnati 1933-35, Archives
o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
60 " C l e v e l a n d C a l l s f o r P a y I n c r e a s e s , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, M a y 1 9 3 4 ,
p. 3.
61 Leab, p. 169.
57
n o n - g u i l d P l a i n D e a l e r, w a s o w n e d b y F o r e s t C i t y P u b l i s h i n g
C o m p a n y.
N e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h t h e N e w s b e g a n d u r i n g t h e s u m m e r, w i t h
the guild demanding a closed shop, forty-five dollars a week
minimum pay for those with two or more years' experience,
o v e r t i m e p a y, e i g h t c e n t s a m i l e f o r r e p o r t e r s w h o u s e d t h e i r o w n
cars on assignments, written notice of dismissal, and vacation
t i m e . 62 T h e c l o s e d - s h o p d e m a n d a n g e r e d D a n R . H a n n a , p u b l i s h e r
and president of the News, who said he never would sign such an
a g r e e m e n t . 63
Though Hanna denied that he was trying to weaken the
guild's negotiating effort, he offered pay raises soon
after the talks began. But the guild rejected the money so as not to
become sidetracked in its quest for a contract that addressed
c o n c e r n s b e s i d e s m o n e y. 6 4 R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e g u i l d w a s b e i n g
stalled and that the idea of striking the News was becoming more
popular among the members, Garland Ashcraft wrote to Jonathan Eddy
that "Unless something unforeseen happens you are going to have
either a strike on the News by September 1 latest, or you'll see
“ C l e v e l a n d U n i t S e e k s C o n t r a c t W i t h t h e N e w s , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r,
62
September 1934, p. 3.
63 Ibid., p. 3.
64 " C l e v e l a n d U n i t R e j e c t s R a i s e s , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, N o v e m b e r 1 ,
1934, p. 1.
58
t h e N e w s u n i t g o t o p i e c e s . ” 65
A f t e r f i v e m o n t h s o f n e g o t i a t i o n s , h o w e v e r, a c o m p r o m i s e
was reached, and Ohio's first guild contract was signed in December
1934. It provided for a minimum salary of forty dollars a week after four
y e a r s ' e x p e r i e n c e ; a f i v e - d a y, f o r t y - h o u r w o r k w e e k f o r a l l b u t t h e
editor-in- chief, the managing editor and any six employees to be
designated by the publisher; a pledge to negotiate jointly with the
Press the issue of a closed shop; time off or straight pay for overtime
w o r k ; a g r i e v a n c e c o m m i t t e e ; a n d s e v e r a n c e p a y. A l t h o u g h v a c a t i o n s
and sick leave were not written into the contract, Hanna gave his word
t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e g r a n t e d . 66 T h e c o n t r a c t , s i g n e d b y L l o y d W h i t e f o r
the guild, left much to be desired. For example, employees with less
than four years' experience were guaranteed only twenty dollars a
w e e k . 67 N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e a g r e e m e n t , w h i c h r e m a i n e d i n e ff e c t f o r 2 8
months, represented the most important guild victory since the almost
uncontested signing in April with J. David Stern's Philadelphia Record.
The News contract was praised as "a signal advance for the Guild. It is
a contract won in the
65 Kuczun, p. 49.
66 A. H. Roberts, "Cleveland Contract Wins 5-Day Week, Sets $40
M i n i m u m , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r, J a n u a r y 1 ,
1935, p. 1.
59
S t u d y o f a W h i t e C o l l a r U n i o n " ( M a s t e r ' s t h e s i s . B r o w n U n i v e r s i t y, 1 9 4 7 ) , p .
25.
60
Like the News contract before it, the Press agreement was
considered by some in the guild to be a most significant advance. It
established collective bargaining for editorial
" S c r i p p s - H o w a r d S i g n s P a c t i n C l e v e l a n d , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r,
73
March 1, 1936, p. 1.
61
e m p l o y e e s a s a p o l i c y o f t h e m i g h t y S c r i p p s - H o w a r d c h a i n . 74 P r o v i s i o n s
of the contract were similar to those negotiated at the News, with
minimum pay rates set at forty dollars a week after three years and
t w e n t y - f i v e d o l l a r s f o r b e g i n n e r s . 75 T h e m a j o r o b j e c t i o n t o t h e P r e s s
agreement among union officials was a clause that said, "The principle
to be established here is that this accord is not in fact or in intent a so-
c a l l e d ' t r a d e s - u n i o n c o n t r a c t , ' b u t a f r i e n d l y, r e c i p r o c a l
a r r a n g e m e n t . . . . " 76
Seven more Ohio newspapers--four of them owned by
Scripps-Howard--signed guild contracts in 1937. All the agreements
r e m a i n e d i n e f f e c t f o r o n e y e a r e x c e p t Yo u n g s t o w n ' s , w h i c h w a s
honored for thirty-nine months. In Akron, the guild, which was
enjoying the guidance and support of the many national labor union
leaders--including John L. Lewis, Allen Haywood and Norman
H a p g o o d J r. - - w h o h a d b e e n c h e c k i n g i n t o t o w n d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n
o f t h e U n i t e d R u b b e r W o r k e r s , 77 s a w d i ff e r e n c e s d e v e l o p b e t w e e n
the two units as it began to seem that employees of John S. Knight's
Beacon Journal were likely to do better in bargaining than the
workers at Scripps-Howard's
74 Ibid., p. 1
75 Ibid.
76 Cleveland Press, first contract.
77 Ta y l o r, p . 1 .
62
T i m e s - P r e s s . 7 8 T h a t w a s a f a u l t y a s s u m p t i o n , h o w e v e r. A l t h o u g h t h e
B e a c o n J o u r n a l s i g n e d t h r e e m o n t h s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e Ti m e s - P r e s s , t h e
latter agreed to pay higher minimum rates: $42.50 after three years'
experience versus $37.50 at the Beacon Journal, and $22.50 for
b e g i n n e r s v e r s u s $ 2 0 . 0 0 . 79 B o t h c o n t r a c t s e s t a b l i s h e d a f o r t y - h o u r
week, severance pay upon dismissal, equal time off or straight pay for
overtime work, and six cents a mile for reporters using their own cars on
a s s i g n m e n t s . T h e Ti m e s - P r e s s c o n t r a c t h a d s e v e r a l a d d e d f e a t u r e s :
Death-benefit, sick- leave and vacation clauses. The Beacon Journal
declined to include specific vacation and sick-pay obligations in its
contract, instead pledging to maintain the informal policy of granting two
w e e k s ' v a c a t i o n p e r y e a r a n d s i c k p a y f o r a r e a s o n a b l e t i m e . 80
T h e Yo u n g s t o w n g u i l d c o n t i n u e d h a v i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n a l p r o b l e m s
after its 1934 difficulties. The chapter went out of existence in May
1 9 3 6 a n d w a s r e o r g a n i z e d t h a t f a l l . 81
78 Leab, p. 149.
63
I n t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 3 6 t h e Yo u n g s t o w n V i n d i c a t o r a b s o r b e d S c r i p p s -
H o w a r d ' s Te l e g r a m b e f o r e e i t h e r h a d s i g n e d a g u i l d c o n t r a c t . 8 2 T h e
r e j u v e n a t e d g u i l d d i d p r o c e e d t o n e g o t i a t e w i t h t h e V i n d i c a t o r, s i g n i n g
a contract In May 1937 that Included the standard benefits and set
minimum salaries at forty dollars a week after three years' experience
a n d t w e n t y - f i v e d o l l a r s f o r b e g i n n e r s . H o w e v e r, e m p l o y e e s I n t h e
paper ’s Society Department were to be paid $7.00 to $12.50 less per
week than those figures and were not covered by the forty-hour-week
c l a u s e . 83
I n To l e d o , t h e g u i l d e a r l i e r h a d e n j o y e d s a l a r y
increases at the Blade, and the News-Bee in 1934 Informally
agreed to pay beginners twenty dollars a week and experienced news
w o r k e r s f o r t y d o l l a r s a f t e r f i v e y e a r s . 84 A f e w m o n t h s l a t e r t h e
bargaining unit went back to the publishers, seeking a contract that
would provide pay Increases of twenty percent over the September
1 9 3 4 l e v e l s ; a f i v e - d a y, f o r t y - h o u r w e e k ; s e v e r a n c e p a y, a n d a n
82 S t a n l e y E . W o l f e , Yo u n g s t o w n g u i l d p r e s i d e n t , t o J o n a t h a n E d d y,
February 28, 1937, The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 19, Folder 22,
A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
83 Yo u n g s t o w n V i n d i c a t o r, f i r s t c o n t r a c t , T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s ,
Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C .
84 " G u i l d i n To l e d o W i n s P a y R a i s e s F r o m 2 P a p e r s , " T h e G u i l d
R e p o r t e r, O c t o b e r 1 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 1 .
64
a r b i t r a t i o n b o a r d f o r g r i e v a n c e s . 85 T h i s r e n e w e d a c t i v i t y c a m e a b o u t
a f t e r g u i l d l e a d e r s f r o m C l e v e l a n d a n d A k r o n w e n t t o To l e d o t o w a r n
the membership not to be satisfied with money alone but also to be
c o n c e r n e d a b o u t j o b s e c u r i t y. 8 6 L o c a l g u i l d s e c r e t a r y R . P. O v e r m y e r
said the membership realized that the publishers' largesse was
intended to douse the fire of unionism during bargaining, that the pay
r a i s e s h a d b e e n " u n q u e s t i o n a b l y a r e s u l t o f o u r n e g o t i a t i o n s " 87 f o r a
c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o n t r a c t . T h e P a u l B l o c k Ti m e s a n d t h e N e w s - B e e
agreed to terms with the guild in the spring of 1937. The News-Bee
agreement established a top-minimum salary of $42.50 a week after
three years and provided overtime compensation of equal time off or
s t r a i g h t p a y f o r t h e h o u r s w o r k e d . T h e Ti m e s c o n t r a c t p u t t h e t o p
minimum at fifty dollars after six years, set the rate of pay for overtime
at one and one-half times the regular hourly rate, and allowed for paid
h o l i d a y s . 88 T h e f i r s t c o n t r a c t s i g n e d b y P a u l B l o c k ' s
" To l e d o P u b l i s h e r s A s k e d t o C o n f e r, " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r,
85
October 1, 1934, p. 1.
To l e d o S t i r r e d b y F l y i n g S q u a d , " T h e G u i l d R e p o r t e r,
86
87R . P. O v e r m y e r t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, S e p t e m b e r 2 9 ,
1933, The American Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 13,
F o l d e r 4 8 , A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
88 To l e d o T i m e s , f i r s t c o n t r a c t , T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s , W a s h i n g t o n ,
D . C . ; To l e d o N e w s - B e e , f i r s t c o n t r a c t , T h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d C o l I e c t i o n ,
B o x 4 9 , A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
65
B l a d e , i n 1 9 3 8 , w a s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e s a m e a s a t t h e Ti m e s . 89
89 To l e d o B l a d e , f i r s t c o n t r a c t , T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .
90 C o l u m b u s C i t i z e n , f i r s t c o n t r a c t , T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s , Wa s h i n g t o n ,
D.C.
91 J. William Blatz, director of field operations for The Newspaper
G u i l d , i n t e r v i e w e d i n Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . , O c t o b e r 2 7 , 1 9 8 0 .
66
92 M a x S i e n t o J o n a t h a n E d d y, F e b r u a r y 5 , 1 9 3 5 , T h e A m e r i c a n
Newspaper Guild Collection, Box 32, Cincinnati 1933-35, Archives of Labor
a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y, D e t r o i t .
67
e m p l o y e e s o n l y. 9 4
68
CHAPTER V
O B S E R VAT I O N S A N D C O N C L U S I O N S
G e o r g e S e l d e s , L o r d s o f t h e P r e s s ( N e w Yo r k : J u l i a n M e s s n e r, I n c . ,
1
1938), p. 371.
69
That resistance among the rank and file has been a recurring theme
i n t h i s s t u d y, h a v i n g b e e n e v i d e n t d u r i n g t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n
w i t h e d i t o r i a l u n i o n i s m i n t h e 1 8 9 0 s , t h r o u g h t h e p o s t - Wo r l d Wa r I
revival of union agitating, and into the decisive Depression years
when professional pride was set aside long enough for the guild to
take hold.
S o m e , h o w e v e r, c l u n g t o t h e n o t i o n t h a t w h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s
had no business forming trade unions. Nearly a year after the guild's
f o u n d i n g , t h e a u t h o r o f a l e t t e r t o t h e N e w Yo r k T i m e s , i n a r g u i n g t h a t
establishment of a professional society for news workers would benefit
society more than a labor union, wrote:
L o u i s D u r a n t E d w a r d s , " N e w A s s o c i a t i o n U r g e d , " N e w Yo r k T i m e s ,
2
70
Newspaper men too long have been victims of the theory that
the raising of such prosaic issues as wages, hours, collective
bargaining, &c., are contrary to the development of higher
professional standards. The Guild takes the position that
there is no contradiction, that a better living standard for
news writers and a greater degree of security will inevitably
mean higher standards of professional performance.3
B e r n a r d R . M u l l a d y, " O r g a n i z i n g N e w s p a p e r M e n , " N e w Yo r k T i m e s ,
3
71
72
73
S t u a r t D . G o u l d i n g , " R e p o r t e r s R a l l y, " T h e C o m m o n w e a l ,
5
74
with federal requirements and realized that, as a result, more
reporters would be needed to do the same amount of work. He was
hired just as the guild was getting started.6
I n 1 9 3 5 T h e A k r o n G u i l d R e p o r t e r, i n s e e k i n g t o r a l l y
support for the young union local, stated, "Only a few people who still
believe in Santa Claus are not convinced that the Guild has made
working conditions a whole lot better in the last two years.”7 Assuming
the validity of that assertion, the early success of the guild is in large
part attributable to the Cleveland activists' dedication and the spirit
with which others around the state took up the cause. The influence
o f t h e s e p i o n e e r s w a s f e l t n a t i o n a l l y, f r o m t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a t t h e
founding convention to their precedent-setting contract bargaining.
T h i s p a p e r, i t i s h o p e d , h a s h e l p e d c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e O h i o a n s '
contributions.
6 T h e A k r o n G u i l d R e p o r t e r, f r o m A k r o n g u i l d l o c a l f i l e s , O c t o b e r 2 5 ,
1935, p. 3.
75
APPENDIX A
TA B L E S
TA B L E 1
O H I O G U I L D M E M B E R S H I P, M A R C H 1 9 8 1
Akron — 5
Cincinnati — 6
Cleveland 1
(includes Canton
—
and MassilIon)
Columbus — 3
—
To l e d o 2
Yo u n g s t o w n — 4
To t a l 1,636
S O U R C E : T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d , Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C .
NOTE: For bargaining purposes, the guild does not permit publication
of current membership figures for individual locals.
77
TA B L E 2
N AT I O N A L G U I L D M E M B E R S H I P I N S E L E C T E D Y E A R S
Ye a r No. Members
78
TA B L E 3
N U M B E R O F D A I LY A N D S U N D AY
N E W S PA P E R S I N S E L E C T E D Y E A R S
1933 1 , 9 11 506
79
TA B L E 4
1930 61,000
1940 66,000
80
TABLE 5
AV E R A G E A N N U A L E A R N I N G S O F F U L L - T I M E
EMPLOYEES, 1930-1940
81
TABLE 6
AV E R A G E H O U R LY A N D W E E K LY PAY F O R N E W S R O O M
E M P L O Y E E S I N S E L E C T E D C I T I E S , M AY 1 9 3 4
N e w Yo r k $1.013 $42.72
R i c h m o n d , Va . .795 36.64
Philadelphia .789 30.91
Boston .752 34.47
Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . .745 34.17
Fort Worth .740 36.44
St. Paul .735 33.79
NOTE: The figures were compiled by the Division of Research and Planning of the
National Recovery Administration from questionnaires gathered by the guild in May 1934
from 2,352 employees on 158 daily newspapers in 82 cities. Although Washington, D.C., was
not included in the NRA tabulation, it may be included in this table because the data cited
were reported to national guild headquarters at about the same time, April 1934.
The breakdown according to job description of the respondents is as follows:
executives, 99; desk men, 796; reporters, 1042; artists, 110; photographers, 95; copy boys,
69; clerks, 141.
82
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE CONTRACT
AN AGREEMENT
T h i s A g r e e m e n t i s b e t w e e n T h e To l e d o N e w s - B e e a n d
t h e To l e d o N e w s p a p e r G u i l d , a l o c a l o f t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r
Guild, acting for and on behalf of all editorial employees of The
To l e d o N e w s - B e e .
I t b e c o m e s e f f e c t i v e M AY 1 3 , 1 9 3 7 , a n d c o n t i n u e s f o r
o n e ( 1 ) y e a r, r e n e w i n g i t s e l f t h e r e a f t e r f o r y e a r l y p e r i o d s u n l e s s o r
until either party shall serve notice in writing on the other party
ninety (90) days before any given expiration date of a desire to
modify or terminate the contract. In event of such notice,
negotiations shall be immediately entered into and proceed with all
due diligence. If a new agreement has not been signed to go into
effect upon the expiration of this agreement, status quo conditions
shall be maintained during negotiations, but any wage increases
effected in the new agreement shall be retroactive to the expiration
date of this agreement.
Both parties understand and agree that:
(1) All conditions and benefits contained in this contract
shall be enjoyed by all the employes of the editorial
d e p a r t m e n t o f T h e To l e d o N e w s - B e e .
(2) The specific purposes of this Agreement are:
(a) To s e t u p m u t u a l l y a g r e e a b l e h o u r s , m i n i m u m s a n d o t h e r
working conditions.
(b) To p r e s e r v e a l l t h o s e e l e m e n t s o f n e w s p a p e r b a r g a i n i n g
between the management and editorial employes of the
News-Bee.
(3) T h e To l e d o N e w s p a p e r G u i l d i s r e c o g n i z e d a s t h e s o l e
collective bargaining agency for all editorial employees
during the life of this contract.
(4) The management has the right to determine
journalistic competence and to discharge for cause.
Nothing in this contract shall be interpreted to impair or
invade the right of the management to decide and express its
editorial policies. No employe, in a byline article, shall be
asked or expected to conform with the paper's editorial policy
at the expense of his personal convictions.
84
1. SALARIES
85
($25.00) a week; with more than one (1) year's and less
than two (2) years' experience, not less than thirty dollars ($30.00) a
week; with more than two (2) years' and less than three (3) years'
experience, not less than thirty five dollars ($35.00) a week.
(c) Copy boys shall be paid not less than fifteen dollars
($15.00) a week.
A copy boy may be regularly assigned on a part-time
basis to duties of a beginner for a period not to exceed
six (6) months as a preparation for his own training as
an experienced newspaperman, but he shall be paid not
less than twenty dollars ($20.00) a week throughout this
period, after which he shall be advanced to the full
status of a beginner if his employment is continued.
(d) Editorial and library clerks, and secretaries with less
than one (1) year's newspaper experience shall be paid
not less than eighteen dollars ($18.00) a week; with
more than one (1) year's and less than two (2) years'
experience, not less than twenty one dollars ($21.00) a
week; with more than two (2) years' and less than three
(3) years' experience, not less than twenty five dollars
($25.00) a week; with more than three (3) years'
experience, not less than thirty dollars ($30.00) a week.
(3) Any editorial employe whose duties are divided between two
or more salary classifications shall be paid not less than the
m i n i m u m f o r t h e h i g h e s t - p a i d s u c h classification.
2. HOURS
(1) Five (5) days of eight (8) hours shall constitute a regular
work week for all editorial employes.
(2) The eight-hour working day shall fall within nine (9)
consecutive hours, with one (1) hour being allowed for lunch.
(3) Overtime shall accumulate where duty is required in excess
of the normal working day or on any day off.
(4) Compensation for overtime shall be paid on an equal
b a s i s i n t i m e o f f , o r, a t t h e o p t i o n o f t h e m a n a g e m e n t , i n
cash.
Overtime shall be liquidated within sixty (60) days of its
accumulation, at the mutual convenience of the management
and the employe, except that no employe shall
86
be required to accept time off in periods of less than one full day and
except that an amount not to exceed one (1) week may - at the
employe's option - be carried along to the annual vacation.
(8) T h e n e w s e d i t o r, c i t y e d i t o r a n d a s s i s t a n t c i t y e d i t o r s h a l l b e
permitted to waive compensation for overtime. The sports editor
s h a l l w o r k a n e i g h t ( 8 ) h o u r d a y, t h i s e i g h t ( 8 ) h o u r s t o c o v e r a
spread to suit conveniences of his particular type of work. The
m a n a g i n g e d i t o r, c h i e f e d i t o r i a l w r i t e r a n d e d i t o r ' s c o n f i d e n t i a l
secretary shall be exempted from days and hours provisions of
this contract
3. CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT
(1) When an employe is discharged, he shall be paid a severance
indemnity equal to one (1) week's pay for every eight (8) months
or fraction thereof of his service. The maximum severance
i n d e m n i t y s h a l l b e t w e n t y f o u r ( 2 4 ) w e e k s ' p a y. S e v e r a n c e
indemnity need not be paid in dismissals under one month of
service.
In the event of death of an employe, the deceased's next of
kin shall be paid a sum equivalent to that which the deceased
would have been paid under the terms of this provision had he
been discharged at the time of death.
T h e m a n a g e m e n t r e c o g n i z e s t h e e q u i t y, u n d e r c e r t a i n
conditions, of paying severance pay in resignation, and will
make such payments where, in the judgment of the
management, they are justified.
I n c o m p u t i n g s e v e r a n c e p a y, a n e m p l o y e ' s t o t a l c o n s e c u t i v e
years in the Scripps-Howard organization, including NEA,
Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance, and the
87
88
S O U R C E : A r c h i v e s o f L a b o r a n d U r b a n A f f a i r s , W a y n e S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y,
Detroit.
89
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Unpublished Material
A k r o n , O h i o . A k r o n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s . " A k r o n G u i l d H i s t o r y, "
undated typescript.
A k r o n , O h i o . A k r o n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s . H a r o l d Ta y l o r, " A k r o n
N e w s p a p e r G u i l d H i s t o r y, " 1 9 5 5 t y p e s c r i p t .
T h e A k r o n G u i l d R e p o r t e r, O c t o b e r 2 5 , 1 9 3 5 .
Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d f i l e s . C o n t r a c t s a n d
correspondence.
Microform Reproduction
S t e r n , J . D a v i d . T h e R e m i n i s c e n c e s . N e w Yo r k : C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y,
1972.
90
Books
B r o u n , H e y w o o d . I t S e e m s t o M e . N e w Yo r k : H a r c o u r t , B r a c e
and Co., 1935.
E m e r y, E d w i n . H i s t o r y o f t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r
Publishers Association. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press, 1950.
H o o p e r, O s m a n C a s t l e . H i s t o r y o f O h i o J o u r n a l i s m 1 7 9 3 - 1 9 3 3 .
Columbus: The Spahr & Glenn Co., 1933.
H a r r i s , H e r b e r t . A m e r i c a n L a b o r. N e w H a v e n : Ya l e U n i v e r s i t y
Press, 1938.
L e a b , D a n i e l J . A U n i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l s . N e w Yo r k : C o l u m b i a
University Press, 1970.
S e l d e s , G e o r g e . L o r d s o f t h e P r e s s . N e w Yo r k : J u l i a n M e s s n e r,
Inc., 1938.
S t e r n , J . D a v i d . M e m o i r s o f a M a v e r i c k P u b l i s h e r.
N e w Yo r k : S i m o n & S c h u s t e r, 1 9 6 2 .
S t o l b e r g , B e n j a m i n . T h e S t o r y o f t h e C . I . O . N e w Yo r k : V i k i n g
Press, 1938.
" P u b l i s h e r s B l e s s N e w To l e d o G u i l d . " F e b r u a r y 2 3 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 3 .
91
" G u i l d i n To l e d o W i n s P a y R a i s e s F r o m 2 P a p e r s . "
October 1, 1934, pp. 1, 2.
" G u i l d P a y S t a t i s t i c s S h o w a $ 3 8 A v e r a g e A f t e r 2 0 - Ye a r G r i n d . "
October 1, 1934, pp. 1, 2.
" To l e d o S t i r r e d b y F l y i n g S q u a d . " O c t o b e r 1 5 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 6 .
" C o l u m b u s D i s c o v e r s M o r e Te r r i t o r y. " D e c e m b e r 1 5 , 1 9 3 4 , p . 1 0 .
" G u i l d I s P l a c e d O n 2 - P l y B a s i s B y Yo u n g s t o w n . "
December 15, 1934, p. 5.
" To l e d o P u b l i s h e r s A s k e d t o C o n f e r. " F e b r u a r y 1 5 , 1 9 3 5 , p . 8 .
B o r d n e r, R o b e r t . " A D e l e g a t e R e c a l l s t h e F o u n d i n g M e e t i n g . "
December 26, 1958, pp. M3, M4.
G a n n e t t , L e w i s . " 1 9 3 3 - - W h e n T h e G u i l d W a s Ve r y Yo u n g . "
December 26, 1958, p. M4.
92
Government Publications
C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g i n t h e N e w s p a p e r I n d u s t r y.
Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . : N a t i o n a l L a b o r R e l a t i o n s B o a r d ,
1939.
Weiss, Abraham, and Peterson, Florence. Collective Bargaining by
t h e A m e r i c a n N e w s p a p e r G u i l d . Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . : U . S .
D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, 1 9 4 0 .
U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census.
H i s t o r i c a l S t a t i s t i c s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , C o l o n i a l Ti m e s t o
1 9 7 0 . Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . : G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O ff i c e , 1 9 7 5 .
Journals
C r o w t h e r, D . G . , a n d R o g e r s , H . O . " S a l a r i e s a n d W o r k i n g
Conditions of Newspaper Editorial Employees."
M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w 4 0 ( M a y 1 9 3 5 ) : 11 3 7 - 4 8 .
B l e y e r, W i l l a r d G r o s v e n o r. " J o u r n a l i s m i n t h e U n i t e d
States: 1933." Journalism Quarterly 10 (December 1933):
296-301.
Gilfillan, R. S. "The Guild Viewpoint." Journalism Quarterly 12
(March 1935):53-59.
Goldstein, Bernard. "Some Aspects of the Nature of
U n i o n i s m A m o n g S a l a r i e d P r o f e s s i o n a l s i n I n d u s t r y. "
American Sociological Review 20 (April 1955):199-205.
93
Magazines
A n d e r s o n , P a u l Y. " M r. A n d e r s o n i n a Te n d e r M o o d . " N a t i o n , A p r i l 1 8 ,
1934, p. 443.
Broun, Heywood. "An Army With Banners." Nation, February
12, 1935, pp. 184-85.
Brown, Lawrence. "The Press Faces A Union." New Republic, January
23, 1935, pp. 297-99.
C r o n e , B e r t a . " O c c u p a t i o n s - - To d a y a n d To m o r r o w. " N e w
Outlook, June 1934, pp. 2-3, 5.
G o u l d i n g , S t u a r t D . " R e p o r t e r s R a l l y. " T h e C o m m o n w e a l ,
July 27, 1934, pp. 323-25.
Keating, Isabelle. "Reporters Become of Age." Harper's, April 1935,
pp. 601-12.
N i c o l e t , C . C . " T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d . " A m e r i c a n M e r c u r y, O c t o b e r
1936, pp. 186-92.
P r i n g l e , H e n r y F. " T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d . " S c r i b n e r ’ s , J a n u a r y
1939, pp. 21-23, 42, 44.
S c r i b n e r, J o h n . " T h e N e w s W r i t e r s F o r m a U n i o n . " N a t i o n , J u n e 2 0 ,
1934, pp. 698-99.
Seldes, George. "Roy Howard." New Republic, July 27, 1938, pp.
322-25.
Wharton, Don. "J. David Stern." Scribner's, December 1936, pp.
44-49, 124.
" G i f t o n a P l a t t e r. " B u s i n e s s W e e k , A u g u s t 3 , 1 9 3 5 , p . 2 2 .
"Journalism's Blue Eagle." New Republic, March 14, 1934, pp.
11 8 - 1 9 .
"The Newspaper Guild Attains Man's Stature." Literary Digest,
July 28, 1934, p. 30.
94
"News Writers Form Union Local No. 1." New Republic, August 6,
1919, pp. 8-9.
Daily Newspapers
B r o u n , H e y w o o d . " A U n i o n o f R e p o r t e r s . " N e w Yo r k W o r l d
Te l e g r a m , A u g u s t 7 , 1 9 3 3 , p . 1 3 .
E d w a r d s , L o u i s D u r a n t . " N e w A s s o c i a t i o n U r g e d . " N e w Yo r k T i m e s ,
November 19, 1934, p. 16.
M u l l a d y, B e r n a r d R . " O r g a n i z i n g N e w s p a p e r M e n . " N e w Yo r k T i m e s ,
November 24, 1934, p. 14.
Interviews
B l a t z , J . W i l l i a m . T h e N e w s p a p e r G u i l d , Wa s h i n g t o n , D . C . O c t o b e r
27, 1980.
Letter
K n i g h t , J o h n S . , t o R o g e r M e z g e r. A p r i l 1 6 , 1 9 8 1 .
95