Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Review of DT Signal
& System Concepts
1
Notational Conventions (P-1.2)
Sets of Numbers: R = real numbers
C = complex numbers
Z = integers ( …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …)
N −1
DT Circular Convolution: {x ⊕
⊗ y}[n ] = ∑ x[m] y[(n − m) mod N ] 0 ≤ n ≤ N −1
m =0
Set z = ejθ
Special Case: N1 = 0
1 − α N 2
, if α ≠ 1
N 2 −1 1 − α
∑ αn =
n =0 N , if α = 1
2
5
Euler’s Formulas
e jθ + e − jθ
cos(θ ) =
2
jθ e jθ − e − jθ
e = cos(θ ) + j sin(θ ) sin(θ ) =
2j
e − jθ = cos(θ ) − j sin(θ )
Im
Im
e jθ e jθ
2jsin(θ)
− jθ
−e
j sin(θ )
cos(θ ) Re 2 cos(θ ) Re
− j sin(θ )
e − jθ e − jθ
6
Discrete-Time Processing (P-2, P-7)
x[n] h[n] y[n] = h[n]*x[n]
Xf(θ) Hf(θ) Yf(θ) = Hf(θ) Xf(θ)
Xz(z) Hz(z) Yz(z) = Hz(z) Xz(z)
7
Discrete-Time System Relationships
Time Domain Z / Freq Domain
Pole/Zero
Block Diagram
Inspect Diagram
Inspect Roots
Frequency
DTFT
Impulse Response
Response
H f (θ ) = H z ( z ) |z = e jθ
8
h[k]
Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function
b0 + b1 z −1 + L + bq z − q
H z ( z) =
1 + a1 z −1 + L + a p z − p
FIR: Finite Impulse Response – h[n] has only finite many nonzero values
Filter is FIR: If ai = 0 for i = 1, 2, …, p (It is IIR otherwise)
H z ( z ) = b0 + b1 z −1 + L + bq z − q
10
Example System
[ ]
Input-Output Form
y (n) − α y (n − 1) = β x(n) Y (z) 1−α z = β X (z)
−1
Recursion Form
y (n) = β x(n) + α y (n − 1)
Y ( z) β
H ( z) = =
X ( z ) 1 − α z −1
11
Example System (cont.)
x(n) y(n)
β Σ
α z-1
y(n-1)
Block
Inspect Diagram
Inspect
β
Recursion Form H ( z) =
y (n) = β x(n) + α y (n − 1) 1 − α z −1
12
Example System (cont.)
Z / Freq Domain
β
H ( z) = Transfer
z = e jΩ 1 − α z −1 Function
z −1 = e − jΩ
On z −1 = e − jΩ Unit Circle
Unit
Circle β Frequency
H (Ω ) = Response
1 − α e − jΩ
Ω ∈ (−π , π ]
13
Example System (cont.)
Euler’s
Plotting Transfer Function Equation
β β
H (Ω) = =
1 − α e − jΩ 1 − [α cos(Ω) − jα sin(Ω)]
Group into
β
= Real & Imag
[1 − α cos(Ω)] + jα sin(Ω)
β
H (Ω) = Standard
[1 − α cos(Ω)] + [α sin(Ω)]
2 2
Eqs for
α sin(Ω) Mag. & Angle
∠H (Ω) = − tan −1
1 − α cos( Ω )
14
Example System (cont.)
Unit
Z/Freq Domain Circle
Im{z}
Pole/Zero
Diagram
Re{z}
Roots
Transfer
Function Zero
Num. = 0
β βz When z = 0
H ( z) = =
1−α z −1
z −α
Pole
If α < 1: Inside UC
Den. = 0
If α > 1: Outside UC
When z = α
15
Example System (cont.)
Time Domain Z / Freq Domain
β
H ( z) =
Inv. ZT 1 − α z −1
Table
(See Porat)
Transfer
Function
h(n) = βα n
ZT
Unit Circle
β
H (Ω ) =
1 − α e − jΩ
Inv. DTFT
π β
h( n) = ∫ dΩ
−π 1 − α e − jΩ
Ω ∈ (−π , π ]
16
Review of Standard
Sampling Theory
(P-3.1-3.2)
17
Practical Sampling Set-Up
ADC DAC
x(t)
x[n] = x(nT) Pulse
“Hold” CT LPF
Gen
Sample at ~
t = nT ∞ x r (t )
T = Sampling Interval
~
x p (t ) = ∑ x(nT ) ~p(t − nT )
n = −∞
Fs = 1/T = Sampling Rate
1
Signal Value
-1
-2
0 0 .2 0.4 0 .6 0.8 1
Tim e
2
1
Signal Value
-1
-2
0 0 .2 0.4 0 .6 0.8 1 18
Tim e
Sampling Analysis (#1)
Goal = Determine Under What Conditions We Have:
Reconstructed CT Signal = Original CT Signal ~
x (t ) = x (t )
∞
~
x p (t ) ⇒ x p (t ) = ∑ x(nT )δ (t − nT )
n = −∞
{ }
∞ ∞
∑δ (t − nT )
∑
x p (t ) = x (t ) 1 j 2πkFs t
= −∞
n1
X p( f ) = F x ( t ) e
44244
3
periodic ⇒ use FS
T k = −∞
∞ ∞
∑
1 j 2πkt / T
∑ X ( f − kFs )
= x (t ) e 1
T k = −∞
=
∞
T k = −∞
∑ x (t )e
1 j 2πkFs t
=
T k = −∞
20
Sampling Analysis (#3)
ADC DAC
x(t)
x[n] = x(nT) Impulse
“Hold” CT LPF
Gen
Sample at
t = nT x p (t ) x r (t )
X( f )
–B B
f
Xp( f )
f
Xr( f )
Xr( f ) = X( f ) f
If Fs ≥ 2B 21
Sampling Analysis (#4)
What this says: Samples of a bandlimited signal completely define
it as long as they are taken at Fs ≥ 2B
x(t)
x[n] = x(nT) Extracted
“Hold” Computer
Sample at Information
t = nT
22
Sampling Analysis (#5)
FT of Impulse Sampled Signal gives view of Original FT
&
FT of Impulse Sampled Signal = DTFT of Samples
∞ ∞
F {x p (t )} = F ∑ x ( nT )δ (t − nT ) = ∑ x ( nT ) F {δ (t − nT )}
n = −∞ n = −∞ 14 4244 3
e − jnωT
∞ ∞
= ∑ x ( nT ) e − jnωT
= ∑ x[ n ]e − jnθ
θ = ωT
n = −∞ n = −∞
F f
X p (θ / T ) = X (θ ) 23
Sampling Analysis (#6)
X( f ) θ = ωT
–B B f
2π
DTFT
= f
–2Fs –Fs –Fs/2 Fs/2 Fs 2Fs
f Fs
θ DT Freq
–4π –2π –π π 2π 4π (rad/sample)
24
Introduction to
EE521 Case Study
25
EE521 Case Study: Emitter Location
Processing Tasks
• Intercept RF Signal @ Rx’s
Radio Freq Transmitter (Tx)
• Sample Signal Suitably for Processing • Communications
• Detect Presence of Emitter’s Signal • Radar
• Estimate Characteristics of Signal
• Use Est’d Char’s to Classify Emitter
• Share Data Between Rx’s
• Cross-Correlate Signals to Locate Tx
Data
Link
Receiver #3
Data Link (Rx3)
Receiver #1
(Rx1) Receiver #2
(Rx2) 26
Overall Processing Set-Up
Rx1
Antenna Estimate
Detect Classify
Signal
Analog ← → Digital Signal Emitter
Parameters
RF Data Link
Rx2
Antenna Data Link &
Analog ← → Digital Decompress
Estimate
Detect Classify
Signal
Signal Emitter
Parameters 27
Processing Tasks Overview (#1)
RF Front-End (Analog Circuitry): “RF” = “Radio Frequency”
• Selects reception band; may need to scan bands
• Amplifies signal to level suitable for ADC, etc.
• Frequency-shifts signal spectrum to range suitable for ADC
! Technology trend is toward requiring less shifting
• Unfortunately: noise introduced by analog electronics (Random Signals)
Topic We’ll Cover
FT of Signal
Before RF-FE
Antenna
FT of Signal
RF After RF-FE
Front-End
200 MHz 28
Processing Tasks Overview (#2)
Sampling Sub-System (Mixed Analog/Digital Circuitry):
• Converts analog CT signal into digital DT signal (Bandpass Sampling)
• Converts real-valued RF signal into complex LP signal (Equiv. LP Signals)
Digital Front-End (Digital Processing):
Topics
• Convert to complex LP signal (Equiv. LP Signals) We’ll
• Equalizes response of analog front-end (DFT-Based Filtering) Cover
! Magnitude and Phase
• Bank of digital filters splits signal into sub-bands
for further processing (Filter Banks)
• Reduce sampling rate after filtering to sub-bands (Multi-Rate Processing)
Signals are
Oversampled
DTFT of Signal
–π π θ
Before Digital FE
Digital
–π π θ
“Front-End”
–π π θ rad/sample
29
–π π θ
Processing Tasks Overview (#3)
Detect Presence of Signal (Digital Processing):
• Has signal been intercepted or only noise in subband (DFT-Based Proc.)
Estimate Parameters of Signal (Digital Processing) (see also EE522):
• Estimate frequency of signal (DFT-Based Processing)
Classify/Model Signal (Digital Processing):
• What type of signal is it? (Spectral Analysis of Random Signals)
PSD Model
b0 + b1 z −1 + b2 z −2 + L + b p z − p
Px (θ ) = σ 2 −1 −2 −q
–π π θ 1 + a1 z + a 2 z + L + a q z jθ
z =e
Use PSD Model parameters {bi} and {ai} to classify signal type