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INTRO
Matter
Solid ↔ Liquid↔ Gas
PHASE CHANGES
Melting of ice
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
PHASE This is the typical textbook definition which one would see!!
Gases
Gaseous state always a single phase
→ mixed at atomic or molecular level
Liquids
Liquid solution is a single phase
→ e.g. NaCl in H2O
Liquid mixture consists of two or more phases
→ e.g. Oil in water (no mixing at the atomic/molecular level)
Solids
In general due to several compositions and crystals structures many phases are
possible
For the same composition different crystal structures represent different phases.
E.g. Fe (BCC) and Fe (FCC) are different phases
For the same crystal structure different compositions represent different phases.
E.g. in Au-Cu alloy 70%Au-30%Cu & 30%Au-70%Cu are different phases
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Components
3
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Components
Components
water
Mixture of
ethanol and a two-component system
water:
ethanol water
5
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Components
a two-component system
CaO CO2
Components
7
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Components
8
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Components
9
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
Components
Counting components
How many components are present in a system in which ammonium
chloride undergoes thermal decomposition?
Phase 1 Phase 2
additional NH3
NH4Cl or HCl
Degrees of Freedom
P V=R T
CONSTANT
Any two variables are sufficient to define the system completely and
the third variable gets defined automatically.
Phase transformation
P
F = C+2
C=3 1 4 4
2 6 3
3 components
3 8 2
4 10 1
Phase Diagram of Water
How many components
do you have?
We have only one
component which is H2O.
Summary:
1component 1 phase 2 degrees of freedom
1component 2 phases 1 degree of freedom
1component 3 phases 0 degrees of freedom