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Development of theories
of optimal rotors
Lord
Rayleigh M. Kutta N. Joukowsky
S. Drzewiecki
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Flamm’s visualization and the first wing vortex system result to his theory
100 Years of Rotor Vortex Theory
Model of helical tip vortex in his first article (1912)
Joukowsky was first who derived the vortex ring approximation for helical tip vortex
but he neglected a regular rest term which is sufficiently great without which
becomes impossible to find a correct solution for rotor with finite number of blades
In the first article (1912) Joukowsky proposed the rotor vortex theory
with finite number of blades but he could solve this infinite case only!
100 Years of Rotor Vortex Theory
2-d article of “Vortex theory of screw propeller” (1914)
In the third article (1914) Joukowsky for the first time created
theory of hydrodynamical cascades from the blade profiles
100 Years of Rotor Vortex Theory
4-th article of “Vortex theory of screw propeller” (1918)
The general momentum theory based on an understanding of the rotor
flow from the vortex theory of the screw propeller has been formulated
A. Betz
L. Prandtl (pupil of Prandtl)
In 1919 Prandtl’s school could only formulate the optimum for the rotor
vortex theory with finite number of blades but they have considered
case of infinite number of blades like the Russian consideration!
The First Results grounded by Rotor Vortex Theory
Betz-Joukowsky limit (1920)
The First Results grounded by Rotor Vortex Theory
Blade element momentum (BEM) theory (1912-1920)
+ =
The first combination was made in Russia (Sabinin & Yuriev 1912),
the next ones in Germany (Betz 1915) and English school adopted
it in book by Fage & Collins in 1919 only.
Betz-Joukowsky limit
First optimization
of wind turbine by Glauert’s correction
H. Glauert
Development of Rotor Vortex Theory
Goldstein’s solution for Betz rotor (1929)
S. Goldstein
1.5
Joukowsky’s
approximation
1
0.5
0.5
pitch
1 2 4 6 8 10
w w
C T 2 w 1 I1 I 3
(Betz, 1919; Goldstein,1929) 0.6
4
2 2
The induction velocity did not 3
N =
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
0.6
Theodorsen’s consideration CP 0.8
CT
for propeller with finite 0.5
C T 2 w w
number of blades 0.4 C P 2 w 1 w w 0.6 2
(Theodorsen,1948) 0.3
0.4
The pitch calculates via 0.2
N=2
induction velocity in far wake N=3 0.2
0.1 N=4
N=5
R/V N=6 R/V
0 0
0 5 10 0 5 10
w w
CP 2w1 I1 I3
2 2
For the first time the comparison between the famous rotor conceptions
was made by analytical solutions but in both cases the wake expansion
has been neglected.
100 Years of Rotor Vortex Theory
“Development
of theories of an optimal rotor”