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TG
6,3 Factors influencing e-government
adoption in Pakistan
Mariam Rehman and Vatcharaporn Esichaikul
258 Computer Science and Information Management Program,
Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Thailand, and
Received 20 December 2010 Muhammad Kamal
Revised 23 June 2011,
7 October 2011
Brunel Business School, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
Accepted 2 December 2011
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Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify critical factors that enable citizens to adopt
e-Government services in a society which is at a rudimentary stage of e-Government adoption. To
achieve the objective of the research study, an integrated conceptual model has been proposed and
validated which is based on sound theoretical conditions, keeping in view the local context of Pakistani
society.
Design/methodology/approach – An integrated conceptual model is proposed highlighting a
comprehensive set of potential factors influencing the adoption of e-Government services. The
conceptual model was developed using related literature review and also by conducting expert reviews
with government officials, academic researchers and software engineers in Pakistan.
Findings – From expert reviews, the results indicate that awareness, trust in the internet and trust in
the government are the significant variables specific to the context of Pakistani society. The results of
this study prove that awareness is a significant variable having influence on the citizens’ intention to
use e-Government services, either to get information or to perform a transaction using the government
web site. Information quality is found to be a significant variable when getting information from the
government website. Perceived ease of use, service quality and transaction security are significant
variables which influence the citizens’ intention to perform transactions with the government.
Research limitations/implications – An integrated conceptual model is a robust way to explore
the key factors that have great influence on e-Government adoption. The target respondents for this
study are internet users. In future, the research work will be extended by including technology divide
citizens called offline respondents, i.e. less frequent internet users. The results of online and offline
respondents are compared so that the perception of technology divide citizens may also be included to
identify the factors influencing the adoption of e-Government services.
Practical implications – The key findings are useful for policy makers and decision makers, for a
real understanding of the needs of the citizens. The proposed model can be used as a guideline for
e-Government strategy formulation and implementation for the Government of Pakistan.
Originality/value – To address the originality, an integrated conceptual model is proposed to
overcome the shortcomings of the previous models by adding factors and their respective variables
to make the model more comprehensive. Later, the proposed conceptual model is customized and also
validated according to the local context of Pakistani society.
Keywords Pakistan, E-government, Internet, Citizen participation, Trust, E-government services,
Adoption factors, Technology acceptance model, Diffusion of innovation
Paper type Research paper
Transforming Government: People,
Process and Policy
Vol. 6 No. 3, 2012
pp. 258-282 1. Introduction
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited Governments’ efforts are moving towards improving the process of providing services
1750-6166
DOI 10.1108/17506161211251263 to the citizens. Most of governments are still facing troubles such as:
[. . .] bureaucratic tendencies in governance systems, centralized decision making patterns, e-Government
complexity of redundancies in the public sector, lack of co-ordination and information
sharing in public sectors, and the lack of effective information and communication adoption
technologies (ICT) infrastructure (Srivastava and Teo, 2008). in Pakistan
A revolution in ICT has changed the way of interaction between government and their
citizens. These changes have turned into a new form of government called
e-government. E-government is defined as: 259
[. . .] the use of ICT and internet to enhance the access to and delivery of all facets of
government services and operations for the benefits of its stakeholder groups which includes
citizens, businesses, and government itself (Srivastava and Teo, 2008).
For successful implementation of e-government, citizens’ willingness to adopt
e-government is considered as the most dominating aspect. To address this aspect,
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research work aims to identify the critical factors which influence the citizens’ intention
to adopt e-government services. In order to implement the concept of e-government
adoption, there are various models proposed by various researchers, i.e. technology
acceptance model (TAM), diffusion of innovation (DOI), and DeLone and McLean IS
success (D&M) model, which explain users’ acceptance of a technology. These models
have been followed to validate the proposed conceptual model.
the model proposed by Gilbert et al. (2004), the major factors were perceived relative
benefits, perceived barriers, visual appeal, experience, financial security, information
quality, low stress and trust. The significant variables were time, cost, financial
security, trust and information quality. The findings show that perceived ease of use
was not a significant variable, which was contradictory with other research studies.
Carter and Belanger (2004) proposed an integrated model containing TAM, DOI
and the web trust model. The findings showed that perceived usefulness, relative
advantage and compatibility were significant factors in increasing citizens’ intention
to adopt e-government services. Belanger and Carter (2005) surveyed the students
to identify the most influential factors for the adoption of e-government services.
They used the DOI model to conduct their study. The findings revealed that
relative advantage, compatibility, image and ease of use were significant factors for
citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services. Carter and Belanger (2005) found
that perceived ease of use, compatibility, and trustworthiness were the significant
factors for the adoption of e-government services. Phang and Sutanto (2005) proposed a
model that was based on TAM. The target respondents for their research study were
senior Chinese citizens. The results of their study revealed that perceived ease of use
and internet safety have influence over the perception of senior Chinese citizens’ about
usefulness of e-government. Akman et al. (2005) inspected the role of education and
gender in the adoption of e-government services. Their findings show that females are
less frequent users of e-government services than males and also level of education was
directly associated with the adoption of e-government services.
Dimitrova and Chen (2006) administered an online questionnaire in the USA
and identified perceived usefulness, perceived uncertainty and civic-mindedness as
influential adoption factors. Chang et al. (2006) explore an e-government service in Taiwan
that is called the online tax filing and payment system (OTFPS). The questionnaire was
distributed among the users of the service through e-mails. The study shows that
perceived usefulness, ease of use, perceived risk, trust, compatibility, external influence,
interpersonal influence, self efficacy and facilitating conditions were the influential factors
for the adoption of OTFPS, an e-government service. Kumar et al. (2007) proposed the
model which overcomes the limitation of the existing models by adding a new dimension
of service quality and satisfaction. The dimensions of the model were user characteristics
including perceived risk, perceived control and internet usage experience, web site design
including perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, service quality and satisfaction.
AlAwadhi and Morris (2008) proposed an integrated model called united theory of
acceptance and use of technology (UTUAT). The indicators of the model were e-Government
performance expectancy, effort expectancy, peer influence, facilitating conditions, gender, adoption
academic course and internet experience. The findings revealed that performance
expectancy, effort expectancy, peer influence and facilitating conditions were significant in Pakistan
variables of e-government adoption in Kuwait. Bwalya (2009) proposed an integrated
conceptual model that combines existing models with culture awareness and ICT
infrastructure. The findings generated from this study were related to the creation of an 261
ICT-enabled environment for the adoption and use of e-government. The objective was to
make citizens aware about available e-government services. Elena (2009) proposed a
model to find out determinants of trust in e-government. The determinants were age,
perceived usefulness, perceived quality, risk perception, privacy concerns, perceived
organizational trustworthiness, trust in technology, propensity to trust, years of internet
experience, income and education. The results show that age and privacy were significant
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variables influencing trust. It was also concluded that the elder people had less trust in
e-government. In addition, Lean et al. (2009) proposed a theoretical framework to measure
the intention of Malaysian citizens to use e-government services. The proposed model was
based on TAM and DOI. The findings show that trust, perceived usefulness, perceived
relative advantage and perceived image had a significant relationship with citizens’
intention to adopt e-government services.
3. Research model
The research model measures citizens’ intention of adoption at different levels of
e-government services, e.g. the information and transaction levels. An integrated
conceptual model presents the factors and their respective variables found in
the literature with an extension of quality of service, web site design, trust, e-readiness
and security factors containing the variables of service and information quality,
paralingual web support, trust in the internet and trust in the government, awareness,
TG information and transaction security, respectively. The proposed model is an extension
6,3 of the model proposed by Rehman and Esichaikul (2010).
Table I summarizes e-government literature that highlights the importance of
selected variables on citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services.
security and trust including the variables of trust in the internet and trust in the
government. These factors are the proposed multi-dimensional constructs for the
adoption of e-government services.
Security
Perceived risk (PR) Warkentin et al. (2002), Bwalya (2009), Azmi and Perceived risk is the “risk of exposing and losing
Kamarulzaman (2010), Schaupp and Carter (2010) personal information through online interaction”
Information security (IS) Miyazaki and Fernandez (2001), Government On-Line It is “a measure to ensure that personal information of
(2004) the citizens is kept confidential to increase the rate of e-
government adoption”
Transaction security (TS) Miyazaki and Fernandez (2001), Government On-Line It is “a measure to ensure that citizens can transact
(2004) online securely”
E-readiness
ICT infrastructure (IN) Bwalya (2009), Ibrahim and Irani (2005), The government should provide an ICT-enabled
Karunasena et al. (2011) environment which can be good starting point for the
citizens who intend to use e-government services.
Government should provide ICT hubs so that citizens
may access e-government services from anywhere even
if they do not have computers and internet facility at
their homes
Awareness (AW) Mofleh and Wanous (2008) People’s knowledge of e-government in their country
and also availability of electronic resources are the
major concerns
Awareness is found to have significant impact on
citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services
Web site design
Perceived usefulness (PU) Davis (1989), Phang and Sutanto (2005), Hung et al. Perceived usefulness is “the degree to which the citizen
(2005), Gefen et al. (2002), Warkentin et al. (2002), believes that the web site would provide all the required
Irani et al. (2010), Shih (2004), Sang et al. (2010), information”
Azmi and Kamarulzaman (2010), Hussein et al. Perceived usefulness is operationalised as “the extent to
(2011a, b), Dwivedi et al. (2011) which the work can be done more quickly, an
enhancement in job performance, and an increase in
productivity and effectiveness”. This variable is
extracted from TAM
(continued)
e-Government
in Pakistan
adoption
conceptual model
Variables of the proposed
263
Table I.
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6,3
TG
264
Table I.
Variables Literature reviewed Definition
Perceived ease of use (PEOU) Phang and Sutanto (2005), Hung et al. (2005), “The degree to which a person believes that using a
Warkentin et al. (2002), Azmi and Kamarulzaman (2010), particular system would be free of mental and physical
Hussein et al. (2011a, b) effort”. This variable is extracted from TAM
Paralingual web support (PW) Segovia and Jennex (2009) Paralingual is a web support methodology for
presenting information in more than one language
Quality of service
Service quality (SQ), reliability, Tassabehji and Elliman (2006), Chutimaskul et al. Quality of service is one of the major elements for online
availability speed of delivery, (2008), Parasuraman et al. (1988), Hussein et al. (2011a, business environments. It is important to understand
information quality b), Dwivedi et al. (2011) the needs of the citizens and also tailor those services
according to their needs
Reliability (SQ) Parasuraman et al. (1988) Reliability is “the ability to perform the promised
service dependably and accurately”
Availability (SQ) Parasuraman et al. (1988) Availability is “a measure to ensure availability of
service all the time”. This measure is mapped to
assurance dimension of SERQUAL
Speed of delivery (SQ) Parasuraman et al. (1988) Speed of delivery is “a measure to respond the users
quickly”. Speed of delivery is mapped to responsiveness
dimension of SERVQUAL
Information quality (IQ) Chang et al. (2006), DeLone and McLean (2003), Information quality has been defined by “the degree to
Tassabehji and Elliman (2006) which users are provided with quality information
regarding their needs”. Information quality shows
users’ perception about the output produced by an
information system. The parameters for information
quality are relevance, timeliness and accuracy
Trust
Trust in the internet (TI) Al-Sobhi et al. (2009), Sang et al. (2010), Schaupp and Trust level that citizens have on the internet
Carter (2010), Hussein et al. (2011a, b)
Trust in the government (TG) Mofleh and Wanous (2008), Al-Busaidy and Trust level that citizens have on their governments
Weerakkody (2009), Hussein et al. (2011a, b)
Intention to adopt e-government Lean et al. (2009), Irani et al. (2009), Lin et al. (2011), The intention of the citizens’ to get information from the
services to get information (INT_1) Lee et al. (2011) government web site
Intention to adopt e-government Added by the researchers The intention of the citizens’ to conduct transaction
services to get information (INT_2) with the government web site
personal information of the citizens while communicating with the government. e-Government
If the government is able to maintain citizens’ trust on the system then citizens’ usage of adoption
e-government services will be high. According to one survey conducted in 22 countries,
results show that citizens still prefer to have face-to-face communication as compared with in Pakistan
online communication with the government (Accenture, 2005). Therefore, governments
should have a transparent system so that citizens can blindly rely on online system of
communication with the government. The major issues to pay attention to for online 265
communication are security and privacy so that citizens feel secure while transacting and
also their personal information is protected from unwanted access.
3.5 E-readiness
E-government requires an ICT-enabled environment so that every citizen is able to
access the required resources easily. Bui et al. (2003) define e-readiness as “the aptitude of
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an economy to use ICT to migrate traditional businesses into the new economy”.
In addition, to promote e-government adoption, there must be ICT hubs or service
centers so that citizens can have access to available e-government services. In this way,
the citizens who do not have resources, i.e. a computer, a laptop and internet connection
at home or office are still able to access e-services. According to the experts, awareness is
found as a major concern for the adoption of e-government services within the context of
Pakistani society.
4. Research methodology
The paper aims to identify citizens’ perception about the factors influencing the citizens’
intention to adopt e-government services in Pakistan. The research methodology
employed is quantitative based on online survey. In addition, this study attempts
to examine whether or not the conjectured relationship has been substantiated.
The detailed research methodology of this study is shown in Figure 2.
Intention to adopt e-
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Trust
Figure 1.
Proposed conceptual Trust in the internet
model for the adoption of
e-government in Pakistan Trust in the government
Start of
Research
Research Design
Knowledge Review and Expert Reviews)
Factor loadings
Survey instrument items Web site design E-readiness Security Trust Quality of service
PU_1 0.754 – – – –
PU_2 0.789 – – – –
PU_3 0.756 – – – –
PU_4 0.787 – – – –
PEOU_1 0.705 – – – –
PEOU_2 0.766 – – – –
PEOU_3 0.737 – – – –
PEOU_4 0.689 – – – –
IN_1 – 0.743 – – –
IN_2 – 0.759 – – –
IN_3 – 0.531 – – –
AW_1 – 0.657 – – –
AW_2 – 0.759 – – –
AW_3 – 0.768 – – –
PR_1 – – 0.578 – –
PR_2 – – – – –
PR_3 – – 0.638 – –
IS_1 – – 0.785 – –
IS_2 – – 0.680 – –
IS_3 – – 0.772 – –
TS_1 – – 0.775 – –
TS_2 – – 0.795 – –
TI_1 – – – 0.574 –
TI_2 – – – 0.649 –
TI_3 – – – 0.622 –
TG_1 – – – 0.604 –
TG_2 – – – 0.710 –
TG_3 – – – 0.632 –
RL_1 – – – – 0.483
AW_1 – – – – 0.636
SD_1 – – – – 0.795
IQ_1 – – – – 0.797
IQ_2 – – – – 0.752 Table IV.
IQ_3 – – – – 0.528 Factor analysis
TG 5. Research findings
6,3 In order to test the effect that independent variables have on the citizens’ intention to
adopt e-government services, the data are analyzed using stepwise regression analysis.
usefulness, perceived ease of use, paralingual web support, ICT infrastructure, awareness,
service quality, information quality, trust in the internet, trust in the government,
perceived risk, information security and transaction security were used to determine the
citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services. From the statistical analysis,
a significant model emerged at p , 0.001. The model explains 21.8 percent of variance in
citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services.
Information quality and awareness are found to be significant variables which
influence citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services to get information from the
government web site.
At the second stage of the analysis as shown in Table VI, the predictors of perceived
usefulness, perceived ease of use, paralingual web support, ICT infrastructure, awareness,
service quality, information quality, trust in the internet, trust in the government,
perceived risk, information security and transaction security were used to determine
the citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services to conduct transaction with the
government. A stepwise regression analysis was performed. From the analysis,
The results for intention to adopt e-government services are shown in Table VII.
The results indicate that 81 percent of the citizens have an intention to adopt
e-government services for the purpose of getting online information while 60 percent of
the citizens are willing to access e-government services for transaction purposes with the
government. The respondents were asked about their mode of communication with the
government as to whether they preferred to use online e-government services or
face-to-face interaction with the government. The results indicated that 44 percent of
participants preferred face-to-face interaction rather than using e-government services.
Although most of the respondents were educated and also had good internet experience
they still prefer to have face-to-face interaction with the government department instead
of using e-services.
0.105 0.074
Perceived Usefulness Level of E-government Perceived Risk
0.087
0.065 Information Services Information Security
Perceived Ease of Use
0.014
Transaction Security
–0.048
Paralingual Web Support
Awareness
0.204** Trust
Figure 3.
Validated model for
Trust in the internet citizens intention to adopt
e-government services to
Trust in the government get information
TG
6,3
Website Design Security
0.068 Level of E-government 0.123
Perceived Usefulness Perceived Risk
0.129
Transaction Services Information Security
0.155**
272 Perceived Ease of Use
0.252**
Transaction Security
0.006
Paralingual Web Support
Intention to adopt
e-government services Quality of Service
E-Readiness
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R2 = 41.9
0.373**
0.066
ICT Infrastructure Service Quality
0.106 0.111
0.164** 0.171
Awareness Information Quality
Figure 4. Trust
Validated model for
citizens intention to adopt Trust in the internet
e-government services to
conduct transaction Trust in the government
Intend to use government services Yes, possibly yes (%) Not sure (%) No, possibly no (%)
Table VII.
Intention to adopt To get information 81 12 7
e-government services To transact 60 15 25
It is with these backgrounds that the variables of awareness, trust in the internet and
trust in the government were incorporated into the proposed conceptual model after
conducting experts’ reviews to make the study specific to Pakistan. The results confirm
the relationship of awareness and intention of the citizens to adopt e-government
services. In the context of Pakistan, awareness was found to be one of the potential
contributors to the adoption of e-government services. In addition, low internet usage in
the country, which is 10.9 percent of the whole population, leads to low usage of
e-government services (Internet World Stats, 2011). The government should initiate
awareness campaigns among the citizens to boost the adoption of e-government
services. However, the relationship of trust variables and intention the citizens was not
found to be significant. The reason for its non-significance could be respondents who are
highly educated and who also have great internet usage experience. Therefore, it can be
assumed that these citizens did not consider trust as a significant concern for adoption as
they are already well aware of internet technology.
On the basis of critical factors identified, the research has come up with an integrated
conceptual model to overcome the shortcomings of existing models (Kumar et al., 2007;
AlAwadhi and Morris, 2008; Mofleh and Wanous, 2008; Bwalya, 2009; Lean et al., 2009;
Elena, 2009), by integrating the adoption factors based on existing literature, and also
incorporating country-specific variables to make the model comprehensive. The model
presents the factors and their respective variables found in the literature with an
extension of quality of service, web site design, trust, e-readiness and security factors
containing the variables of service and information quality, paralingual web support,
trust in the internet and trust in the government, awareness, information security and
transaction security, respectively. In addition, the proposed model may also serve as
a starting point for decision makers to develop a better understanding of critical factors
influencing e-government adoption in Pakistan.
5.4 Summary of findings
The summary of findings for citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services to get
information from the government web site are shown in Table VIII. Information quality
and awareness are found to be significant variables. The values of beta state that
information quality has the greatest effect on citizens’ intention to adopt e-government
information services followed by awareness, as shown in Table VIII. To lead to an intention
to adopt e-government information services, first citizens must be aware of available
services provided by the government to get information from the government web site.
TG
Relationships b p-value Findings
6,3
PU ! INT_1 0.105 0.199 Not supported
PEOU ! INT_1 0.065 0.441 Not supported
PW_1 ! INT_1 2 0.048 0.538 Not supported
ICT ! INT_1 0.011 0.924 Not supported
274 AW ! INT_1 0.204 0.011 * Supported
SQ ! INT_1 0.134 0.217 Not supported
IQ ! INT_1 0.366 0.000 * Supported
PR ! INT_1 0.074 0.370 Not supported
IS ! INT_1 0.087 0.290 Not supported
TS ! INT_1 0.014 0.865 Not supported
TI ! INT_1 0.036 0.687 Not supported
Table VIII. TG ! INT_1 0.149 0.095 Not supported
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Summary of findings
to get information Note: *p , 0.05
transaction with the government understand the ease of use associated with these
e-services. Therefore, this variable was found to be significant. The variable of
awareness about available e-government services was also found to be significant
in both cases of either getting information or conducting a transaction with the
government web site.
.
An integrated conceptual model is proposed by combining the constructs of
TAM, D&M, the DOI model and the SERVQUAL dimensions of service quality.
To make the model more comprehensive, country-specific variables were also
incorporated into the model after conducting experts’ reviews. The proposed
model contributes to the existing body of knowledge by integrating the adoption
factors into a unified model to present a complete picture of the influential factors
of adoption. The model provides basis for deep insight into the unified model
which can be used as a guideline for policy makers to develop strategies; and also
to boost-up the adoption of e-government services.
access to the internet and a computer at home as well as in their working environment.
Therefore, the need also arises to explore the adoption behavior of offline
respondents or less frequent internet users. Future work should explore and compare
the adoption behavior of online and offline respondents (frequent and less frequent
internet users) to come up with the findings at a more concrete level.
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in Pakistan
adoption
Table AI.
281
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6,3
TG
282
Table AI.
Variables Instrument items Researchers
PR_3 In general, I believe that using e-government services over the internet is risky Belanger and Carter (2008)
TS_1 “I feel it is unsafe to transact with an e-government service” Elena (2009)
TS_2 “Hackers may be able to intrude governmental services and can also steal my Elena (2009)
personal information stored on the web”
IS_1 “My personal information may be used in an unintended way by the government Elena (2009)
agency”
IS_2 “The governmental services may allow another party access to my personal Elena (2009)
information without my consent”
IS_3 “Someone can snatch my personal information while I am sending the information Elena (2009)
to a governmental website”
Quality of service
AV_1 E-government services enable me to access government information when I need Elena (2009)
it, i.e. 24/7 everyday
RL_1 E-government services are more reliable to deal with than the traditional way of Added in this study
dealing with the government
SD_1 E-government services are able to respond to citizens’ needs quickly Added in this study
IQ_1 E-government services provide the precise information you need Doll and Torkzadeh (1988), Wang and Liao (2008)
IQ_2 “E-government services provide up-to-date information” Doll and Torkzadeh (1988), Wang and Liao (2008)
IQ_3 E-government services contents are easily accessible via the e-government web Stephens (2004)
site
Trust
TI_1 “The internet has enough safeguards to make me feel comfortable with interacting McKnight et al. (2002a, b), Carter (2008)
with the e-Government services”
TI_2 “I feel assured that legal and technological structures adequately protect me from McKnight et al. (2002a, b), Carter (2008)
problems on the internet”
TI_3 “In general, internet is now a robust and safe environment to transact with the McKnight et al. (2002a, b), Carter (2008)
government agencies”
TG_1 “Government services can be trusted to carry out online transactions faithfully” McKnight et al. (2002a, b), Carter (2008)
TG_2 The government provided services through the internet are trustworthy McKnight et al. (2002a, b), Carter (2008)
TG_3 The government provided e-services keeps citizens’ best interests in mind McKnight et al. (2002a, b), Carter (2008)
Intention to adopt e-government services
INT_1 I intend to use e-government services to get the information Carter (2008), Belanger and Carter (2008)
INT_2 I intend to use e-government services to transact with the government Added in this study
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