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Objectives

 describe how columns work


 describe the internals of columns
 choose the appropriate column type for the service or
equipment that is modeled
 know how to solve the more common problems that arise
when columns are modeled
Preview

 Introduction
– Internals
– Specs and Profiles
– Columns Types
– Column Modeling
– Rigorous Column Theory

 Modeling Strategy

 Problems and Problems Resolution


Introduction

 Columns separate mixtures into two or more products via


counter current contacting of vapor and liquid
– Light (more volatile) components are vaporized and rise to higher
trays
– Heavy (less volatile) components are condensed and fall to lower
trays
– Separation is driven by energy input / temperature difference across
column height
Introduction

Distillation Column with Reboiler and Reflux


Specs and Profile

 Column Specs
– Based on available degrees of freedom
– Choice of what to fix (specify) and what to float (calculate)
 Column Profiles Temperature Pressure
– Temperature Cold Low
– Pressure

Liquid Vapor
Temperature Pressure
Hot High
Column Types

 HYSYS has four main column templates to facilitate addition


of a column to the simulation
– Absorber
– Reboiled Absorber
– Refluxed Absorber
– Distillation
Absorber

 Absorbs selected component(s) from gas


 Contains Tray Sections
 No specifications (degrees of freedom = 0)
 Examples:
– Lean-oil Absorber: absorbs gas liquids from natural gas
– Glycol Contactor: absorbs water from gas
– Amine Contactor: absorbs / reacts with H2S and CO2 to
remove those components from sour gas
Reboiled Absorber (Stripper)

 Drives off (strips) volatile components from a liquid


 Contains Tray Sections and Bottom Reboiler
 One specification (degrees of freedom = 1)
 Example:
– Demethanizer
Refluxed Absorber

 Condenses less volatile components from a gas


 Contains Tray Sections and Overhead Reflux
 One or two specifications (degrees of freedom = 1, 2)
 Example:
– Condensate Recovery
Distillation

 Separates liquid or two-phase feed into two or three


products
 Contains Tray Sections, Bottom Reboiler, and
Overhead Condenser
 Two or three specifications (degrees of freedom = 2, 3)
 Example:
– Stabilizer
– Depropanizer
– Debutanizer
Column Modeling

 Rating vs. Design Calculations


– Rating: specify duties or rates; compute purities
– Design: specify purities; compute duties and product rates
 Component Splitter
 Shortcut Distillation
 Rigorous Column Model
Component Splitter

 Must know or estimate expected separation recoveries


 Design: estimating
– product flows and compositions
– column pressure
– end-point saturation temperatures
 Rating: approximating column performance in large models
Shortcut Distillation

 For Distillation Columns only


 Must know or estimate expected separation recoveries
 Useful for estimating:
– # of stages
– reflux ratio
– feed stage location
– column pressure
– end-point temperatures
– product flows and compositions
– Note: component spec is an impurity in the product
Rigorous Column Model

 Useful for any column configuration


 Accurate results
 Can be difficult to converge
 Setting up realistic specifications and initial estimates are
key to success
Modeling Convention

 Tray Sections, Condensers, and Reboilers are individual unit


operations
– Condensers and Reboilers are not numbered sections
 Default stage numbering is from top (1) to bottom (N)
– This preference can be changed on Column Property View,
Connections tab
 Overhead Condenser represents a combined cooling and
separation stage
 Bottom Reboiler represents a combined heating and
separation stage
Modeling Strategy

 Use simple thermodynamic models to get started (PR or SRK vs.


BWRS)
 Model column with Component Splitter to get started
– Identify key components and desired product purities or impurities
– Results
• discover condenser type (if unknown)
• discover approximate column pressure (if unknown)
• discover approximate top and bottom temperatures (products are at dew or bubble
point temperatures at column pressure)
• run sensitivities at different pressures
 Optionally, use shortcut distillation to estimate
– overall number of stages
– feed stage location
– reflux ratio
Shortcut Distillation

 10 MMscfd of gas with below composition at 150 psig and 150 degF will
be separated using distillation column. C2H6 as light key component and
C3H8 as heavy key component. It is desired that maximum C2H6 in the
bottom product is 0.001 and C3H8 in the distillate is 0.0005.
 Condenser and reboiler pressure is 145 psig and 155 psig, respectively.
 Top product is in vapour phase and Reflux Ratio =1, determine the actual
tray used in the distillation column
C1 0.40
C2 0.20
C3 0.20
i-C4 0.10
n-C4 0.05
i-C5 0.03
n-C5 0.01
n-C6 0.005
n-C7 0.005
Shortcut Distillation
Shortcut Distillation

 50 MMscfd of gas with below composition (mole%) at 30 degC and 62 bar.


Water content will be lowered by contacting the gas with TEG in an
absorber
 TEG concentration is 99.04 wt% and water 0.96 wt% at 30 degC and 62
bar
 Absorber with 14 stages and Peng Robinson used as fluid package
 Find water content in the gas outlet absorber in lb/MMscf
 Initial TEG flowrate 1 tonne/hr
 Assumption : isothermal absorption & no pressure drop across the column
Absorber
Distillation Column

 4558 lb/hr of feed with below composition at 194.1 degF and 5.304 psig
will enter the distillation column at stage no. 5.
 Distillation column has 10 stages and total condenser with reflux ratio of 5
 Condenser and reboiler pressure are 12 psia and 20 psia respectively,
with pressure drop 3 psi and 0 psi
 Bottom product is desired to have 0.995 of phenol mole fraction.

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