*X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

,,, &RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV GH %DODQFH \ (QHUJ¯D

/RV EDODQFHV GH PDWHULD \ HQHUJ¯D VRQ XQD FRQWDELOLGDG GH HQWUDGDV \ VDOLGDV GHO PLVPR HQ

XQ SURFHVR R GH XQD SDUWH GH HVWH 'RQGH HVWRV VH EDVDQ HQ ODV OH\HV GH OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GH
OD PDVD \ OD HQHUJ¯D  9DOLHQWH%DUGHUDV  

(O EDODQFH GH PDWHULD VH IXQGDPHQWD HQ OD OH\ GH OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GH OD PDVD HQXQFLDGD

SRU /DYRLVLHU GH OD VLJXLHQWH PDQHUD 1DGD SXHGH FUHDUVH \ HQ FDGD SURFHVR KD\ H[DFWD

PHQWH OD PLVPD FDQWLGDG GH VXVWDQFLD SUHVHQWH DQWHV \ GHVSX«V GH TXH HO SURFHVR KD\D
VXFHGLGR 6RODPHQWH KD\ XQ FDPELR R PRGLILFDFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD

(O EDODQFH GH OD HQHUJ¯D VH EDVD HQ OD OH\ GH OD FRQVHUYDFLµQ GH OD HQHUJ¯D GRQGH OD

HQHUJ¯D SDUD XQ SURFHVR TX¯PLFR QR VH FUHD QL VH GHVWUX\H VµOR VH WUDQVIRUPD

%DV£QGRVH HQ ODV OH\HV DQWHULRUHV XQ SURFHVR GH EDODQFH JHQHUDO GH PDWHULD \ HQHUJ¯D

FXDOTXLHUD VH FRQIRUPD SRU ODV VLJXLHQWHV HWDSDV

Rapidez neta de Rapidez de entrada de la Rapidez de salida de la

Acumulaciónde la masa materia y la energía del __ materia y la energía del
y de energía enel sistema
= sistema sistema

&RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

6L HO EDODQFH VH HIHFW¼D HQ DOJXQDV GH ODV VXVWDQFLDV HQ SDUWLFXODU HVWRV GDQ RULJHQ D ORV

EDODQFHV SDUFLDOHV

(Q ORV EDODQFHV SDUFLDOHV GH PDVD VH WLHQH HQ FXHQWD TXH XQD HVSHFLH TX¯PLFD SXHGH

DSDUHFHU R GHVDSDUHFHU SRU PHGLR GH XQD UHDFFLµQ TX¯PLFD (V SRU HOOR TXH VH GHEH LQFOXLU
HO W«UPLQR GH UDSLGH] GH JHQHUDFLµQ R WUDQVIRUPDFLµQ

(O EDODQFH GH PDWHULD SDUD XQD VXVWDQFLD HQ SDUWLFXODU HV

GP  GW (175$'$  6$/,'$  )250$&,•1  75$16)250$&,•1

'RQGH GPGW 5£SLGH] GH DFXPXODFLµQ GH OD PDVD

)OXMR GH HQHUJ¯D \ PDWHULD HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV

/D HQHUJ¯D HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV

'H OD PLVPD IRUPD HQ TXH OD PDWHULD VH WUDQVILHUH R IOX\H D WUDY«V GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV QLYHOHV
WUµILFRV IOX\H OD HQHUJ¯D /D GLIHUHQFLD HVHQFLDO HQWUH ORV IOXMRV GH PDWHULD \ HQHUJ¯D HV TXH
OD FLUFXODFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD HQWUH ORV RUJDQLVPRV \ HO DPELHQWH SXHGH UHDOL]DUVH LQILQLWDV

YHFHV (Q HO FDVR GH OD HQHUJ¯D «VWD IOX\H HQ XQ VROR VHQWLGR HV GHFLU HV WRPDGD SRU ORV
GLIHUHQWHV RUJDQLVPRV \ SURFHVDGD FRQ JUDQGHV S«UGLGDV GH FDORU UDGLDGR DO H[WHULRU HQ

 &RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

FDGD WUDQVIHUHQFLD  ILJXUD   /RV SURFHVRV LQYROXFUDGRV HQ OD WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH PDWHULD \

HQHUJ¯D GHQWUR GH ORV HFRVLVWHPDV QDWXUDOHV \ DTXHOORV FRQ GLYHUVRV JUDGRV GH DUWLILFLDOL]DFLµQ
VRQ ORV PLVPRV /DV GLIHUHQFLDV UDGLFDQ HQ HO WLSR GH LQWHUYHQFLRQHV HQ FDGD SURFHVR \ VX
FRQWURO SRU DFWLYLGDGHV DQWUµSLFDV

Energía
Solar

Ciclo del Ciclo del Ciclo del

Ciclo del Ciclo del
Agua Nitrógen Fosforo
Oxígeno Carbono
o

Calor en el Ambiente
ECOSFERA

Calor Calor Calor

)LJXUD  )OXMR GH OD HQHUJ¯D HQ IRUPD XQLGLUHFFLRQDO  KWWSZZZHPDSDOD]RJXHVJRYHF

SRUWDOLPDJHV$0%,(17$/FLFORDJXDMSJ 

&RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

/H\HV GH OD HQHUJ¯D HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV

(O FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH OD HQHUJ¯D HV UHJLGR SRU ODV /H\HV GH OD 7HUPRGLQ£PLFD /D SULPHUD

OH\ HVWDEOHFH TXH OD HQHUJ¯D SXHGH FDPELDU GH XQD IRUPD  FRPR OD OX] D RWUD  FRPR OD
PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD  SHUR QXQFD VH FUHD R GHVWUX\H /D VHJXQGD OH\  OODPDGD OH\ GH OD

HQWURS¯D HVWDEOHFH TXH WRGR SURFHVR TXH LPSOLTXH XQD WUDQVIRUPDFLµQ GH HQHUJ¯D VH SUR

GXFH SRU XQD GHJUDGDFLµQ GH OD PLVPD HQHUJ¯D GHVGH XQD IRUPD FRQFHQWUDGD  FRPR OD
PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD D XQD IRUPD GLVSHUVD  FRPR HO FDORU  (Q YLUWXG GH TXH SDUWH GH OD
HQHUJ¯D VLHPSUH VH GLVSHUVD HQ HQHUJ¯D FDORU¯ILFD LUUHFXSHUDEOH QLQJXQD WUDQVIRUPDFLµQ

HVSRQW£QHD SXHGH VHU  HILFLHQWH (Q FRQWUDVWH FRQ OR TXH RFXUUH FRQ OD PDWHULD OD

HQHUJ¯D QR SXHGH VHU UHXWLOL]DGD

6¯QWHVLV GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD

/D IRWRV¯QWHVLV FRQVWLWX\H HO SURFHVR E£VLFR GH OD SURGXFWLYLGDG ELROµJLFD $ WUDY«V GH HVWH

SURFHVR HO FDUERQR DWPRVI«ULFR  &2 HV DVLPLODGR \ WUDQVIRUPDGR HQ PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD

/RV RUJDQLVPRV FDSDFHV GH UHGXFLU HO FDUERQR DWPRVI«ULFR VRQ OODPDGRV DXWµWURIRV /RV
RUJDQLVPRV DXWµWURIRV VH GLYLGHQ HQ GRV FDWHJRU¯DV IRWRDXWµWURIRV \ TXLPLRDXWµWURIRV 'HQ

WUR GH ORV IRWRDXWµWURIRV ORV YHJHWDOHV VRQ ORV P£V LPSRUWDQWHV SHUR WDPEL«Q VH LQFOX\HQ HQ
HVWD FDWHJRU¯D ODV DOJDV ODV FLDQREDFWHULDV R DOJDV YHUGHD]XOHV \ ODV EDFWHULDV IRWRVLQW«WLFDV
/RV TXLPLRDXWµWURIRV VRQ EDFWHULDV TXH HPSOHDQ OD HQHUJ¯D OLEHUDGD HQ OD R[LGDFLµQ GH ORV
FRPSXHVWRV PLQHUDOHV SDUD UHGXFLU HO &2

 &RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD TX¯PLFR HO SURFHVR IRWRVLQW«WLFR SXHGH UHVXPLUVH GH OD VLJXLHQWH

PDQHUD

Q+2  Q &2  &+2 Q  Q 2  Q +2

7UDQVIHUHQFLD GH OD PDWHULD GHQWUR GHO HFRVLVWHPD

/D PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD VLQWHWL]DGD SRU ORV DXWµWURIRV HV WUDQVIHULGD D ORV RUJDQLVPRV KHWHUµWURIRV
TXH IRUPDQ SDUWH GHO HFRVLVWHPD /DV FDGHQDV WUµILFDV R GH ORV DOLPHQWRV VRQ HO UHVXOWDGR
GH ORV SURFHVRV GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD R HQHUJ¯D DOLPHQWLFLD GHVGH VX RULJHQ

HQ ORV VHUHV DXWµWURIRV R UHVWRV RUJ£QLFRV D WUDY«V GH ORV GHP£V RUJDQLVPRV GHO VLVWHPD
$OJXQRV RUJDQLVPRV FRQVXPHQ D ORV DXWµWURIRV \ VRQ D VX YH] FRQVXPLGRV SRU RWURV RUJD
QLVPRV GDQGR OXJDU D OD FDGHQD GHO SDVWR 3RU RWUD SDUWH OD FDGHQD GHO GHWULWXV VH LQLFLD FRQ

ORV UHVWRV RUJ£QLFRV  GH\HFFLRQHV KRMDV \ UDPDV PXHUWDV FDG£YHUHV HWF FRQVXPLGRV
SRU RUJDQLVPRV VDSUµIDJRV $PEDV FDGHQDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQWUHOD]DGDV /D WUDPD WUµILFD R
UHG WUµILFD HV OD FRPSOHMD LQWHUFRQH[LµQ TXH H[LVWH HQWUH ODV FDGHQDV WUµILFDV GHQWUR GH XQ

HFRVLVWHPD

&RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

([LVWHQ GRV JUDQGHV FDWHJRU¯DV GH RUJDQLVPRV KHWHUµWURIRV

D ELµIDJRV R PDFURFRQVXPLGRUHV  KHUE¯YRURV FDUQ¯YRURV \ RPQ¯YRURV 

E VDSUµIDJRV R GHWULW¯YRURV R PLFURFRQVXPLGRUHV  KRQJRV \ EDFWHULDV GHVLJQDGRV SUR
SLDPHQWH GHVLQWHJUDGRUHV R GHVFRPSRQHGRUHV PLFUR \ PHVRIDXQD WDPEL«Q FRQRFLGRV FRPR

UHFXSHUDGRUHV 

/RV FLFORV ELRJHRTX¯PLFRV

/RV VHUHV YLYRV HVW£Q IRUPDGRV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH SRU FDUERQR KLGUµJHQR R[¯JHQR \ QLWUµ
JHQR TXH HQ FRQMXQWR VXSRQHQ P£V GHO  GH SHVR GH ORV VHUHV YLYRV (O UHVWR FRUUHV

SRQGH D IµVIRUR D]XIUH FDOFLR SRWDVLR PDJQHVLR KLHUUR \ XQD TXLQFHQD DSUR[LPDGD GH

HOHPHQWRV WUD]D  SRU HMHPSOR PDQJDQHVR FORUR ]LQF PROLEGHQR ERUR FREUH \RGR VLOL
FLR FREDOWR VRGLR SUHVHQWHV HQ FDQWLGDGHV PX\ SHTXH³DV DXQTXH WRGRV HOORV HVHQFLDOHV

SDUD HO PHWDEROLVPR JHQHUDO R GH DOJ¼Q JUXSR GH RUJDQLVPRV HQ SDUWLFXODU

/D WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TX¯PLFRV HQWUH ODV SODQWDV ORV DQLPDOHV ORV
PLFURRUJDQLVPRV \ HO PHGLR I¯VLFR FRQVWLWX\HQ XQ FLFOR D QLYHO GH OD QDWXUDOH]D D GLIHUHQFLD

GH OD HQHUJ¯D FX\R IOXMR HV XQLGLUHFFLRQDO /RV FLFORV GH ORV HOHPHQWRV PDQWLHQHQ XQD HVWUH

FKD UHODFLµQ FRQ HO IOXMR GH HQHUJ¯D HQ HO HFRVLVWHPD \D TXH OD HQHUJ¯D XWLOL]DEOH SRU ORV

RUJDQLVPRV TXLPLRWURIRV HV OD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HQODFHV TX¯PLFRV XQLHQGR ORV HOHPHQWRV

SDUD IRUPDU ODV PRO«FXODV  8QLYHUVLGDG GH 1DYDUUD  

/RV HOHPHQWRV TX¯PLFRV UHTXHULGRV SRU ORV VLVWHPDV ELROµJLFRV VRQ SUHVHUYDGRV D QLYHO GH

 &RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

OD ELRVIHUD $TXHOOR TXH YDU¯D HV VX GLVWULEXFLµQ \ ODV PRO«FXODV D ODV FXDOHV VRQ TX¯PLFD
PHQWH LQWHJUDGRV 6H GHQRPLQDQ FLFORV ELRJHRTX¯PLFRV D ODV Y¯DV TXH UHFRUUHQ HQ IRUPD

FRQWLQXD ORV HOHPHQWRV TX¯PLFRV TXH FLUFXODQ DO DPELHQWH D WUDY«V GH SURFHVRV I¯VLFRV TX¯
PLFRV \ ELROµJLFRV D ORV RUJDQLVPRV \ GH «VWRV DO DPELHQWH (VWRV FLFORV VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU

SUHVHQWDU FRPSDUWLPLHQWRV R UHVHUYRULRV GH ORV HOHPHQWRV SRU XQ WLHPSR P£V R PHQRV ODUJR

$VLPLVPR SXHGHQ RFXUULU IOXMRV R WUDQVIHUHQFLDV HQWUH GLFKRV FRPSDUWLPHQWRV \ SURFHVRV

GH UHQRYDFLµQ GHQWUR GHO PLVPR

'H DFXHUGR D VX UHVHUYRULR SULQFLSDO ORV FLFORV ELRJHRTX¯PLFRV VH FODVLILFDQ HQ

&LFORV *DVHRVRV $TXHOORV HQ ORV FXDOHV ORV QXWULHQWHV FLUFXODQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQWUH OD DW

PµVIHUD \ ORV RUJDQLVPRV YLYRV (Q HVWRV FLFORV ORV HOHPHQWRV VRQ UHFLFODGRV U£SLGDPHQWH
FRQ IUHFXHQFLD HQ KRUDV R G¯DV (O FDUERQR R[LJHQR \ QLWUµJHQR VRQ HOHPHQWRV TXH WLHQHQ

FLFORV JDVHRVRV R VHD TXH VX GHSµVLWR SULQFLSDO HV OD DWPµVIHUD

&LFORV VHGLPHQWDULRV $TXHOORV HQ ORV FXDOHV ORV QXWULHQWHV FLUFXODQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQWUH OD
FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH  VXHORV URFDV \ VHGLPHQWRV WDQWR VREUH OD WLHUUD FRPR VREUH ORV IRQGRV

PDULQRV \ ORV RUJDQLVPRV YLYRV (O WLHPSR GH UHFLFODMH HQ HVWH FDVR HV DOWR GHELGR D TXH
ORV HOHPHQWRV SXHGHQ TXHGDU UHWHQLGRV HQ ODV URFDV GXUDQWH PLOHV D PLOORQHV GH D³RV (O

IµVIRUR \ HO D]XIUH VRQ HOHPHQWRV FRQ FLFORV VHGLPHQWDULRV R VHD TXH VX UHVHUYRULR HV OD
FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH

&LFOR KLGUROµJLFR (O DJXD QR HV XQ HOHPHQWR TX¯PLFR HQ VHQWLGR HVWULFWR SHUR GDGD VX JUDQ

HVWDELOLGDG PROHFXODU VH HVWXGLD IUHFXHQWHPHQWH FRPR SDUWH GH ORV FLFORV ELRJHRTX¯PLFRV

&RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

 &RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

,9 CLFORV BLRJHRTX¯PLFRV HQ HXPHGDOHV

&,&/2 '(/ 1,75•*(12

(O QLWUµJHQR  1 HV HO HOHPHQWR TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ IRUPD OLEUH  HVWDGR JDVHRVR \

HQ PD\RU DEXQGDQFLD HQ OD DWPµVIHUD  DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HO    (O FLFOR GHO QLWUµJH
QR HV FRPSOHMR GHELGR D TXH HVWH HOHPHQWR SXHGH SUHVHQWDUVH HQ RFKR GLIHUHQWHV HVWD
GRV GH R[LGDFLµQ FRPR SXHGH YHUVH HQ HO VLJXLHQWH FXDGUR

Valencia +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -3 -3
- - +
Forma NO3 NO2 NO2 NO N2O N2 NH2OH NH4 NH3

(VWDV GLIHUHQWHV IRUPDV SXHGHQ HVWDU SUHVHQWHV HQ OD DWPµVIHUD  JDVHV  GLVXHOWDV HQ HO

DJXD  FRPSXHVWRV RUJ£QLFRV JDVHV H LRQHV  R DWUDSDGDV HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV  QLWUµJHQR

RUJ£QLFR JDVHV LRQHV GLVXHOWRV HQ HO DJXD LQWHUVWLFLDO 

/RV SURFHVRV GH WUDQVIRUPDFLµQ \ WUDQVSRUWH DV¯ FRPR HO WDPD³R GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV UHVHUYRULRV
VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV QR VROR SDUD OD SURGXFWLYLGDG DFX£WLFD VLQR SDUD OD FDOLGDG GHO PHGLR DP
ELHQWH HQ JHQHUDO \ SDUD OD VDOXG KXPDQD (O FLFOR GHO QLWUµJHQR D GLIHUHQFLD GHO IµVIRUR WLHQH
SURFHVRV GH VDOLGD \ HQWUDGD KDFLD OD DWPµVIHUD ORV FXDOHV VRQ LPSRUWDQWHV HQ HO FRQWURO GH

OD SURGXFWLYLGDG \ OD UHPLQHUDOL]DFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD (VWRV SURFHVRV LQYROXFUDQ OD

WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH QLWUµJHQR PROHFXODU GH OD DWPµVIHUD D WUDY«V GH ILMDFLµQ SRU PLFURRUJDQLVPRV

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

\ VX UHJUHVR D OD DWPµVIHUD Y¯D QLWULWR \ SRU GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ  IRUPDFLµQ GH 1 \ 12 )LJXUD

 

(O FLFOR GHO QLWUµJHQR HQ ORV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODU HVW£ ,QIOXHQFLDGR SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH SRU
OD DFWLYLGDG PLFURELDQD HQ OXJDU GH SURFHVRV TX¯PLFRV  $ORQJL HW DO   /DV JUDQGHV

WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV HQ HO FLFOR GHO QLWUµJHQR VH PXHVWUDQ HQ OD ILJXUD  /D UHODWLYD LPSRUWDQFLD

GH ODV GLYHUVDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV GHQWUR GH ORV ERVTXHV GHSHQGHQ GH ODV IRUPDV GH 1 SUH

VHQWHV HQ HO ERVTXH (O ULWPR DO TXH HVWDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV SXHGH RFXUULU WDPEL«Q VH YHU£
DIHFWDGR SRU XQD DPSOLD JDPD GH FDUDFWHU¯VWLFDV I¯VLFDV GH ORV VXHORV

 &RQFHSWRV %£VLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

)LJXUD  &LFOR ELRJHRTX¯PLFR GHO QLWUµJHQR HQ KXPHGDOHV %DFWHULDV QLWULILFDQWHV \ EDFWH

ULDV GHO D]XIUH  TXLPLRV¯QWHVLV  )XHQWH )ORUHV9HUGXJR   

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

/RV SURFHVRV GH QLWULILFDFLµQ  R[LGDFLµQ GH DPRQLR  \ GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ  UHGXFFLµQ GH

QLWUDWRV  VRQ UHDFFLRQHV TXH WDPEL«Q SXHGHQ OOHYDUVH D FDER VLQ PHGLDFLµQ ELROµJLFD D
YHORFLGDGHV PX\ EDMDV /DV EDFWHULDV DXPHQWDQ ODV YHORFLGDGHV GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV DO FDSWX

UDU OD HQHUJ¯D GLVSRQLEOH HQ ORV FRPSXHVWRV UHGXFLGRV D WUDY«V GH XQD VHULH GH UHDFFLRQHV
HQ]LP£WLFDV  7D\ORU   'HELGR D TXH ODV IXHQWHV GH HQHUJ¯D VRQ LQRUJ£QLFDV D HVWRV

RUJDQLVPRV VH OHV OODPD TXLPLRVLQW«WLFRV (Q OD PD\RU¯D GH ORV FXHUSRV GH DJXD OD IRUPD

P£V DEXQGDQWH GHO QLWUµJHQR HV HO 1 SHUR DQWHV GH TXH SXHGD VHU XWLOL]DGR SRU ODV SODQWDV

GHEH VHU ILMDGR \D VHD ELROµJLFDPHQWH R D WUDY«V GH ODV UHDFFLRQHV TXH VH GDU£Q HQ ODV
WRUPHQWDV HO«FWULFDV \ OR FRQYLHUWHQ D 12 \ 12 (VWD ¼OWLPD IRUPD HV OD P£V FRP¼Q \
DEXQGDQWH HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV DFX£WLFRV R[LJHQDGRV \ SXHGH DOFDQ]DU FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV

HQWUH  PLFUR0   PJ/ HQ ORV SHU¯RGRV R ]RQDV GRQGH QR VH XWLOL]D R GRQGH
QR H[LVWHQ GHVFDUJDV GH GHVHFKRV  :HOFK  

(O DPRQLDFR HV DEXQGDQWH FXDQGR HO R[LJHQR HVW£ DXVHQWH R HQ DJXDV PX\ HQULTXHFLGDV

 HXWUµILFDV  SHUR JHQHUDOPHQWH HV PHQRV DEXQGDQWH TXH HO QLWUDWR 3DUD OD V¯QWHVLV GH

DPLQR£FLGRV ODV SODQWDV XVDQ HO 1+ SRU OR TXH VL DVLPLODURQ 12 SULPHUR OR WLHQHQ TXH

UHGXFLU R VHD TXH VL WLHQHQ OD RSFLµQ ODV SODQWDV JHQHUDOPHQWH SUHILHUHQ DVLPLODU HO SULPHUR
SRU OR TXH HV XQ QXWULHQWH LPSRUWDQWH  5LOH\ \ &KHVWHU   (O DPRQ¯DFR HQWUD HQ XQ

HTXLOLEULR FRQ HO DJXD SDUD IRUPDU HO LµQ DPRQLR  1+  HO FXDO HV LQRFXR SHUR OD IRUPD

QR LRQL]DGD  1+  HV Wµ[LFD SDUD ORV SHFHV \ RWURV DQLPDOHV  6WLUOLQJ   (O QLWULWR
QR HV XVDGR \ GH KHFKR HV Wµ[LFR GHELGR D TXH HVWH LµQ VH R[LGD I£FLOPHQWH D QLWUDWR JHQH
UDOPHQWH QR VH HQFXHQWUD SUHVHQWH HQ FDQWLGDGHV DSUHFLDEOHV

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

),-$&,•1 '(/ 1,75•*(12

/D KDELOLGDG GH DOJXQRV RUJDQLVPRV SURFDULµWLFRV TXH FRQWLHQHQ OD HQ]LPD QLWURJHQDVD

SDUD WUDQVIRUPDU GLUHFWDPHQWH HO QLWUµJHQR PROHFXODU  1 SURYHQLHQWH GH OD DWPµVIHUD HQ

QLWUµJHQR RUJ£QLFR HV FRQRFLGD FRPR ILMDFLµQ GH QLWUµJHQR 3RU RWUR ODGR OD ILMDFLµQ ELROµJL
FD GHO QLWUµJHQR HV OD UHGXFFLµQ GHO QLWUµJHQR JDVHRVR D 1+ OR FXDO HV UHDOL]DGD SRU
GLYHUVDV EDFWHULDV SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D ODV IDPLOLDV HXEDFWHULDV \ ODV DUFKDHDV GHELGR D TXH

SUHVHQWDQ OD HQ]LPD PHQFLRQDGD DQWHULRUPHQWH  3RVWJDWH  &DSRQH   (VWH

SURFHVR HV FODYH HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GRQGH HO 1 HV HO TXH OLPLWD OD SURGXFWLYLGDG GHELGR D VX
SRWHQFLDO SDUD SURSRUFLRQDU 1 HQ XQD IRUPD ¼WLO SDUD ODV SODQWDV  &DSRQH 

*UDFLDV D HVWH SURFHVR VH GHVDUUROODQ FLHUWDV HVSHFLHV GH ILWRSODQFWRQ HQ UHJLRQHV GHO RF«D

QR HQ ODV TXH HO DPRQLR \ HO QLWUDWR VH HQFXHQWUDQ DEDWLGRV  5LOH\ \ &KHVWHU  

:HEE HW DO    &DSRQH   \ 1LHYHV \ &RUUHGRU   PHQFLRQDQ TXH OD
ILMDFLµQ GHO QLWUµJHQR HV XQ SURFHVR DHUµELFR TXH FRQVXPH HQHUJ¯D OR FXDO WDPEL«Q HV OOHYD

GR D FDER HQ DPELHQWHV DFX£WLFRV SRU EDFWHULDV FRPR OD $]REDFWHU \ &ORVWULGLXP \ SRU ODV
DOJDV YHUGHD]XOHV 1RVWRF $QDEDHQD $QDEDQHRSLV *OHRWULFKLD \ $SKDQL]RPHQRQ

(Q ODV ODJXQDV FRVWHUDV WURSLFDOHV  TXH JHQHUDOPHQWH VRQ ROLJRWUµILFDV  HVWH SURFHVR
FRQVWLWX\H OD PD\RU IXHQWH GH QLWUµJHQR SDUD HO HFRVLVWHPD \ HQ HOODV OD ILMDFLµQ GH QLWUµJHQR
SXHGH OOHYDUVH D FDER SRU RUJDQLVPRV SODQFWµQLFRV R SRU FLDQREDFWHULDV HQ HO VHGLPHQWR

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

 'H /D /DQ]D HW DO  +RZDUWK HW DO D  

/RV QLYHOHV DPELHQWDOHV GH ILMDFLµQ GH 1 HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV GH PDQJODU VRQ FRQVLGHUDEOH

PHQWH LQIHULRUHV D ODV FRPXQLGDGHV GH DOJDV \ PDULVPDV  9DOLHOD   /DV WDVDV YDU¯DQ
GH  D  PJ 1 P G FRQ XQD JUDQ YDULDFLµQ HVSDFLDO \ WHPSRUDO  =XEHUHU \ 6LOYHU
 3RWWV  +LFNV 6LOYHVWUH  0DQQ 6WHLQNH  

/D GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH FDUERQR RUJ£QLFR GLVXHOWR  &2' HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV WDPEL«Q SXHGH

LQIOXLU HQ ODV WDVDV GH ILMDFLµQ GH 1 HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU /DV WDVDV P£V DOWDV GH
ILMDFLµQ GH 1 VH UHJLVWUDURQ HQ VHGLPHQWRV DVRFLDGRV FRQ ODV UD¯FHV  =XEHUHU \ 6LOYHU

 \ OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD HQ GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ  +LFNV \ 6LOYHVWUH  

1,75,),&$&,•1

/D QLWULILFDFLµQ HV OD R[LGDFLµQ GHO 1+ R GHO 1+ D 12 TXH D VX YH] VH R[LGD D 12
 .DSODQ   /DV EDFWHULDV QLWULILFDQWHV VRQ 4XLPLROLWRWUµILFDV  .HOO\   (O SUR
FHVR RFXUUH VRODPHQWH HQ FRQGLFLRQHV DHUµELFDV /RV RUJDQLVPRV TXH FRP¼QPHQWH OD OOH

YDQ D FDER VRQ 1LWURVRPRQDV \ 1LWUREDFWHU &RQ GLIHUHQWHV J«QHURV GH PHGLDFLµQ GH ODV GRV
HWDSDV GHO SURFHVR GH QLWULILFDFLµQ  .DSODQ   /D PD\RU¯D GH OD DFWLYLGDG GH QLWULILFDFLµQ
HQ ORV VLVWHPDV PDULQRV VH SURGXFH HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV FRQ EDMD FRQFHQWUDFLµQ GH R[LJHQR

GLVXHOWR  .DSODQ   3RU OR WDQWR HQ ORV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODU OD QLWULILFDFLµQ RFXUUH
SULQFLSDOPHQWH FHUFD GH OD VXSHUILFLH GHO VHGLPHQWR HQ ODV PLFUR]RQDV HQ FRQGLFLRQHV
DHUµELFDV  .DSODQ   (VWDV ]RQDV VRQ FUHDGDV SRU HO ERPEHR GH R[LJHQR GHELGR D

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH ODV UD¯FHV GH PDQJOH  %RWR HW DO   7DPEL«Q HVWH SURFHVR VH
OOHYD D FDER HQ HO ODSVR FXDQGR HO QLYHO GH PDUHD HV EDMR HQ ORV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODU

$ SHVDU GH OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO QLWUDWR FRPR QXWULHQWH  %RWR HW DO   ODV WDVDV GH
QLWULILFDFLµQ HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV GH PDQJODU UDUD YH] KDQ VLGR FXDQWLILFDGRV  $ORQJL HW DO
  /D QLWULILFDFLµQ HV PX\ GLI¯FLO GH PHGLU  .DSODQ   \ HO SURGXFWR ILQDO QLWUDWR

HV U£SLGDPHQWH DEVRUELGR SRU ODV SODQWDV \ VH GHVQLWUL]D  %RWR HW DO   3RU RWUR

ODGR ODV WDVDV GH QLWULILFDFLµQ HV EDMD FXDQGR H[LVWHQ DOWDV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH WDQLQRV

SURGXFLGRV HQ ORV ERVTXHV GH 5KL]RSKRUD PDQJOH HQ FRPSDUDFLµQ FRQ ORV ERVTXHV GH

$YLFHQQLD JHUPLQDQV  /DFHUGD HW DO   \D TXH ORV WDQLQRV VRQ FRQRFLGRV SRU LQKLELU
OD DFWLYLGDG PLFURELDQD  .LPEDOO \ 7«V  

2WUR GH ORV IDFWRUHV DELµWLFRV FRPR OD WHPSHUDWXUD GHO DLUH \ GHO DJXD OD VDOLQLGDG \ ODV

DOWDV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD VH KDQ GHPRVWUDGR TXH LQIOX\HQ HQ ODV WDVDV
GH QLWULILFDFLµQ HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV PDULQRV \ PDQJODUHV  .DSODQ  

$021,),&$&,•1

/D DPRQLILFDFLµQ HV OD GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ GHO QLWUµJHQR RUJ£QLFR GDQGR FRPR SURGXFWR OD

OLEHUDFLµQ GH 1+ /D PLQHUDOL]DFLµQ GHO QLWUµJHQR RUJ£QLFR VH SURGXFH HQ HO RUJDQLVPR

GH PLFURRUJDQLVPRV GHQWUR GH ORV YHUWHEUDGRV HQ GRQGH HO 1+ HV HO SURGXFWR ILQDO GH OD

H[FUHFLµQ  $ORQJL HW DO  

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

(O FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ODV WDVDV GH DPRQLILFDFLµQ D GLIHUHQWHV SURIXQGLGDGHV HQ HO VHGLPHQWR

HVWD UHJXODGD SRU OD DFWLYLGDG GH ORV PLFURRUJDQLVPRV HQ OD SURGXFFLµQ GH 1+ HQ XQ

KXPHGDO

(O DPRQLR HV DOWDPHQWH GHSHQGLHQWH HQ OD UHODFLµQ &1 HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV \ OD GHVFRPSRVL

FLµQ GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD  6KDLIXO HW DO  $ORQJL HW DO   /D 0LQHUDOL]DFLµQ QHWD

RFXUUH FXDQGR XQ VXVWUDWR WLHQH XQD EDMD UHODFLµQ HQ &1 \ DOWDV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH 1
GLVSRQLEOH GHELGR D ODV DOWDV WDVDV GH UHSURGXFFLµQ EDFWHULDQD

/RV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU DFW¼DQ FRPR XQD IXHQWH GH GLVROXFLµQ \ GH DSRUWDFLµQ GH QLWUµ

JHQR RUJ£QLFR \ XQ VXPLGHUR GH QLWUµJHQR LQRUJ£QLFR GLVXHOWR  5LYHUD0RQUR\ HW DO  

/DV WDVDV GH IOXMR GH 1+ SXHGH YDULDU GHSHQGLHQGR GH ODV FDUDFWHU¯VWLFDV I¯VLFDV ORFDOHV
FRPR OD JHRPRUIRORJ¯D U«JLPHQ GH PDUHDV HO FOLPD \ ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV GH DJXDV VXEWHUU£
QHDV \ ORV VHGLPHQWRV DV¯ FRPR ODV FDUDFWHU¯VWLFDV ELROµJLFDV WDOHV FRPR OD DFWLYLGDG
EDFWHULDQD  7ZLOOH\  \ $ORQJL 

'(61,75,),&$&,•1

/D GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ ELROµJLFD HV OD UHGXFFLµQ GH ORV 12 µ 12 UHDOL]DGDV SRU ODV EDFWHULDV

DQDHURELDV IDFXOWDWLYDV D ORV SURGXFWRV ILQDOHV HQ IRUPD GH JDVHV GH 1 µ 12  &DSRQH

  WDPEL«Q HV FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR XQ SURFHVR LQYHUVR GH OD QLWULILFDFLµQ 3RU RWUR ODGR OD
GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ UHSUHVHQWD OD OLEHUDFLµQ GHO QLWUµJHQR HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV DFX£WLFRV KDFLD OD

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

DWPµVIHUD \ SRU OR WDQWR HV HVHQFLDO SDUD PDQWHQHU HO HTXLOLEULR \ HYLWDU OD HXWURIL]DFLµQ

 6RUHQVHQ OE .DSODQ HW DO  6HLW]LQJHU  

/D GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ RFXUUH VRODPHQWH HQ DXVHQFLD R FHUFD GH OD DXVHQFLD GH R[¯JHQR HV

GHFLU HQ OD DQR[LD \ OD KLSR[LD 8Q RUJDQLVPR GHVQLWULILFDQWH FRP¼Q HV HO 7KLREDFLOOXV
GHQLWULILFDQV RWUDV EDFWHULDV KHWHURWUµILFDV FRPR 0LFURFRFFXV 6HUUDWLD 3VHXGRPRQDV \

$FKURPREDFWHU WDPEL«Q VRQ GHVQLWULILFDGRUDV FXDQGR ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH R[¯JHQR VRQ

EDMDV (VWH WLSR GH EDFWHULDV VH HQFDUJDQ GH OD UHPLQHUDOL]DFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD OD
FXDO OLEHUD HQHUJ¯D TXH HV DSURYHFKDGD SRU HVWRV PLFURRUJDQLVPRV SHUR QHFHVLWDQ GH XQ

HOHPHQWR TXH VH UHGXFH HV GHFLU TXH DFHSWD ORV HOHFWURQHV TXH HO FDUEµQ RUJ£QLFR FHGH DO
WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ ELµ[LGR GH FDUERQR /D FDQWLGDG GH HQHUJ¯D TXH VH SXHGH DSURYHFKDU HQ
HVWD R[LGDFLµQ GHSHQGH GHO DFHSWRU GH HOHFWURQHV  %HUQHU  

7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV GH ORV PDQJODUHV SUHVHQWDQ HQ JUDQ SDUWH FRQGL
FLRQHV DQDHUµELFDV OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH 12 HV HO IDFWRU FRQWURO HQ OD WDVD GH GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ

 6HLW]LQJHU  

(Q ORV VHGLPHQWRV PDULQRV ODV WDVDV GH GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ DXPHQWDQ HQ IXQFLµQ GH OD FRQFHQ

WUDFLµQ GH 12  6HLW]LQJHU   SRU OR TXH KD\ XQ SRWHQFLDO SDUD OD HOLPLQDFLµQ GH
12 HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV HQ ERVTXHV GH PDQJODU +D\ GRV WLSRV GH GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ OD GLUHFWD

\ ORV DFRSODGRV /D GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH HVWDV GRV WLSRV GHSHQGH GH OD IXHQWH GHO 12 

/D GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ GLUHFWD HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU HVW£ LQIOXHQFLDGD SRU ORV 12 TXH

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLIXQGLGRV R DGKHULGRV HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV \ OD GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ DFRSODGD HVWD

GHWHUPLQDGD SRU ORV QLWUDWRV IRUPDGRV FRPR SURGXFWR GH OD QLWULILFDFLµQ PLFURELDQD  5LYH

UD0RQUR\ HW DO  

/DV YHORFLGDGHV GH GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ HQ ORV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODU VRQ JHQHUDOPHQWH EDMDV HQ

FRPSDUDFLµQ D ORV UHSRUWDGRV HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV HVWXDULRV (VWR GHELGR D TXH HQ ORV VHGL

PHQWRV GH PDQJODU VH SUHVHQWD XQD DOWHUQDQFLD HQ FRQGLFLRQHV DQµ[LFDV \ µ[LFDV DV¯ FRPR
QLYHOHV GH LQXQGDFLµQ LQIOXHQFLDGDV SRU ODV PDUHDV TXH DGHP£V HVW£Q UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD

PLQHUDOL]DFLµQQLWULILFDFLµQ GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ  5LYHUD0RQUR\ \ 7ZLOOH\ 

$ QLYHO H[SHULPHQWDO VH KD GHPRVWUDGR TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ HVWD OLPLWDGR SRU

HO VXPLQLVWUR GH 12 \D VHD HQ OD QLWULILFDFLµQ R HQ OD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD GLOXLGD HQ HO DJXD

/DV EDMDV WDVDV GH GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ HQ OD PD\RU¯D GH ORV SURFHVRV HVWD LQWHUUHODFLRQDGR FRQ
OD QLWULILFDFLµQGHVQLWULILFDFLµQ TXH JHQHUDOPHQWH VH IRUPDQ HQ ORV VLVWHPDV FRQWDPLQDGRV

 6HLW]LQJHU  0RUHOO \ &RUUHO   (Q HO FDVR GH XQ HFRVLVWHPD GH PDQJODU OD

YHORFLGDG HQ OD S«UGLGD GH QLWUµJHQR WUDV OD DGLFLµQ GH DJXDV UHVLGXDOHV ILOWUDGDV HV GH

DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH QXHYH YHFHV PD\RU D OD REVHUYDGD HQ ORV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODUHV TXH QR
UHFLE¯DQ DJXDV UHVLGXDOHV (VWR VXJLHUH TXH HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU QR FRQWDPLQD
GRV OD GHVQLWULILFDFLµQ HVW£ OLPLWDGD SRU ORV 12 (VWH WUDEDMR WDPEL«Q DSR\D HO XVR SRWHQFLDO

GH ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU FRPR VLWLRV GH WUDWDPLHQWR VHFXQGDULRV \ WHUFLDULRV GH ODV

DJXDV UHVLGXDOHV \ HIOXHQWHV HXWUµILFRV  &RUUHGRU \ 0RUHOO 

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

&,&/2 '(/ )•6)252

$ GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV FLFORV GHO QLWUµJHQR \ D]XIUH HO IµVIRUR SU£FWLFDPHQWH QR VXIUH FDPELRV
HQ VX HVWUXFWXUD TX¯PLFD HQFRQWU£QGRVH FDVL HQ VX WRWDOLGDG FRPR IRVIDWR  SUHGRPLQDQWH
PHQWH FRPR RUWRIRVIDWR  (Q SHTXH³D HVFDOD HV SRVLEOH HQFRQWUDU SURGXFWRV GH R[LGDFLµQ

\ UHGXFFLµQ PLFURELDQD FRPR IRVILQD  3+  IRVIXUR GH KLGUµJHQR  3+  IRVILWR  32


  HQWUH RWURV (O IµVIRUR RUJ£QLFR OR HQFRQWUDPRV FRPR $73 £FLGRV QXFOHLFRV \ IRVIRO¯SLGRV
$XQTXH QR VH UHTXLHUH HQ FDQWLGDGHV JUDQGHV FRPR HO QLWUµJHQR \ HO FDUERQR SXHGH VHU XQ
QXWULHQWH OLPLWDQWH (Q HO VXHOR VH OH SXHGH HQFRQWUDU SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH FRPR IRVIDWR LQRU

J£QLFR LQVROXEOH FRQ FDOFLR \ KLHUUR /DV IRUPDV LQVROXEOHV SXHGHQ VHU OLEHUDGDV FRQ OD
SURGXFFLµQ GH VXOIXUR SURGXFWR GH OD UHVSLUDFLµQ DQDHUµELFD GHO VXOIDWR (O VXOIXUR UHDFFLRQD

TX¯PLFDPHQWH FRQ HO IRVIDWR GH KLHUUR IRUPDQGR VXOIXUR IHUURVR \ OLEHUDQGR DO IRVIDWR D OD

FROXPQD GH DJXD /D DGLFLµQ GH IµVIRUR D ORV VXHORV FRQ ORV IHUWLOL]DQWHV \ GHWHUJHQWHV

 SROLIRVIDWRV  SXHGH LQFUHPHQWDU HO FUHFLPLHQWR GH DOJDV \ FDXVDU HXWURIL]DFLµQ /RV SUR

FHVRV FODYH HQ HVWH FLFOR VRQ OD GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD \ OD GLVROXFLµQ GHO
IµVIRUR LQRUJ£QLFR  )LJXUD  

/RV HVFXUULPLHQWRV FRQWLQHQWDOHV DSRUWDQ IµVIRUR HQ WUHV IRUPDV SULQFLSDOHV IµVIRUR RUJ£QL
FR GLVXHOWR PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD SDUWLFXODGD \ RUWRIRVIDWR  32 GLVXHOWRV /DV IRUPDV GL
VXHOWDV VRQ U£SLGDPHQWH DSURYHFKDGDV SRU ORV RUJDQLVPRV YHJHWDOHV SDUD OOHYDU D FDER OD
IRWRV¯QWHVLV DV¯ VRQ LQFRUSRUDGRV D OD FDGHQD WUµILFD ORV RUJDQLVPRV PXHUWRV \ VXV H[FUH

PHQWRV YDQ D GDU D ORV VHGLPHQWRV HQ GRQGH TXHGD DWUDSDGR WHPSRUDOPHQWH FRPR IµVIRUR
 0HH  )LJXUD  

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

O2 NO 3- S O 4 -2 Ca y M g
A tm ósfe r a

Te jido d e m a c r óf ita s, c é lula s D e sc om posic ión P O 4 -3 P la n c tón P r e c ipita c ión P O 4 -3

m ue r ta s de pla nc ton

Z ona a e r óbic a de l sue lo

Se dim e n ta c ión C a y M g inm ov iliza do-P

C onsum o de
Te jido de m a c r ófita s, c é lula s P por pla nta s Te jido de m a c r ófita s, c é lula s
m ue r ta s de pla nc to n
D e sc om posic ión P O 4 -3
y ba c te r ia s m ue r ta s de pla nc to n

Solubiliza c ión D e sc om po sic ión P O 4 -3

P r e c ipita c ión Sor c ión D e so r c ió n P O 4 -3

C a y M g inm oviliza do-P P -or g á nic o inm ov iliza do

Sor c ión C a y M g inm ov iliza d o-P D e so r c ió n P O 4 -3

Z ona a na e r óbic a de l sue lo

Sor c ión F e y A l inm ov iliza do- P D e so r c ió n P O 4 -3

)LJXUD  &LFOR GHO IµVIRUR HQ KXPHGDOHV QDWXUDOHV  )XHQWH :- 0LWVFK 

/DV DJXDV QHJUDV  GHVHFKRV GRP«VWLFRV H LQGXVWULDOHV  FXDQGR VRQ YHUWLGDV VLQ WUDWD

PLHQWR D ORV U¯RV \ ODJXQDV FRVWHUDV DFDUUHDQ XQD JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH IµVIRUR WDQWR HQ IRUPD
GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD VXVSHQGLGD \ GLVXHOWD FRPR HQ OD IRUPD GH IRVIDWRV  TXH HQ VX PD\R
U¯D SURYLHQHQ GH ORV GHWHUJHQWHV  HVWRV DSRUWHV SXHGHQ SURYRFDU XQ LQFUHPHQWR SHOLJURVR
HQ SURGXFFLµQ SULPDULD \D TXH HV WDQWD OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD TXH VH SURGXFH RFDVLRQDQGR XQ

DJRWDPLHQWR GHO R[LJHQR SURYRFDQGR OD PXHUWH GH PXFKRV RUJDQLVPRV  *(6$03  

/RV IRVIDWRV SURYHQLHQWHV GH OD GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD VHGLPHQWDGD YLDMDQ

D WUDY«V GHO DJXD LQWHUVWLFLDO KDFLD OD FROXPQD GH DJXD HQ GRQGH VRQ XWLOL]DGRV GH QXHYR SRU
ORV SURGXFWRUHV SULPDULRV VL DQWHV QR VH SUHFLSLWDQ FRQ ODV SDUW¯FXODV GH &D& FRQ ODV

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

FXDOHV UHDFFLRQDQ \ IRUPDQ DSDWLWD  IRVIDWR GH FDOFLR &D 32   TXH HV LQVROXEOH HQ

FRQGLFLRQHV GH S+ \ (O  SRWHQFLDO UHGR[ DOWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D VHGLPHQWRV R[LJHQD

GRV HVWD UHDFFLµQ DXQTXH HV OHQWD  PHVHV  SXHGH DSRUWDU D ORV VHGLPHQWRV HQWUH  \ 
YHFHV OD FDQWLGDG GH IµVIRUR TXH PXHYHQ ODV PDUHDV  )URHOLFK  

(VWD PLVPD DSDWLWD HV VROXEOH HQ VHGLPHQWRV DQµ[LFRV  :HOFK  $UHQDV \ 'H /D

/DQ]D   GH WDO PRGR TXH VH SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU XQ IOXMR GH IRVIDWR GHO VHGLPHQWR DO
DJXD DG\DFHQWH HQ HVWH WLSR GH VHGLPHQWR \ HO IOXMR SXHGH VHU HQ VHQWLGR LQYHUVR HQ ORV
VHGLPHQWRV R[LJHQDGRV  %HUQHU   $GHP£V GH OD SUHFLSLWDFLµQ \ GLVROXFLµQ TX¯PLFD

ORV IRVIDWRV SXHGHQ DGVRUEHUVH HQ OD VXSHUILFLH GH ODV SDUW¯FXODV LQRUJ£QLFDV VREUH WRGR VL

HVWDV ¼OWLPDV WLHQHQ µ[LGRV GH ILHUUR TXHGDQGR GH HVD PDQHUD DOPDFHQDGRV HQ ORV VHGL
PHQWRV KDVWD TXH HO JUDGLHQWH GH FRQFHQWUDFLµQ HQWUH HOORV \ HO DJXD VREUHQDGDQWH VHD OR
VXILFLHQWHPHQWH JUDQGH SDUD JHQHUDU XQ IOXMR TXH UHLQWHJUH HVWH QXWULHQWH D OD FROXPQD GH

DJXD  9DQ 5DDSKRUVW \ .ORRVWHUKXLV  

(O IµVIRUR HQ KXPHGDOHV GH PDQJODU

'LYHUVRV DXWRUHV PHQFLRQDQ TXH HO IµVIRUR  3 HV XQR GH ORV QXWULHQWHV TXH OLPLWD OD

SURGXFWLYLGDG HQ KXPHGDOHV GH PDQJODUHV  %RWR \ :HOOLQJWRQ   KD\ SRFRV GDWRV

 HVWXGLRV TXH UHSRUWDQ ODV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH 3 \ ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV HQ ORV VHGLPHQ
WRV GH ORV PDQJODUHV

/RV GDWRV GLVSRQLEOHV VXJLHUHQ TXH HQ KXPHGDOHV HO 3 SUHGRPLQD HQ IRUPD RUJ£QLFD \ HQ VX

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

PD\RU¯D VH HQFXHQWUD HQ IRUPD QR GLVSRQLEOH SDUD DEVRUFLµQ SRU SDUWH GH ODV SODQWDV  %RWR
\ :HOOLQJWRQ   (Q ORV KXPHGDOHV HO IµVIRUR WDPEL«Q VH HQFXHQWUD HQ IRUPD LQRUJ£QLFD

HQ VX PD\RU SDUWH HVW£ YLQFXODGD HQ IRUPD GH VDOHV R[LGDGRV  $ORQJL HW DO  

(O HVWDGR GHO 3 WDPEL«Q YDU¯D HQWUH ORV GLIHUHQWHV FRPSRQHQWHV HVWUXFWXUDOHV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV
FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV  &ORXJK \ $WWLZLOO  *RQJ \ 2QJ   /DV FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH 3
HQ ODV KRMDV GH PDQJOH WLHQHQ XQ LQWHUYDOR DSUR[LPDGR GH  D   /DV FRQFHQWUDFLR

QHV YDU¯DQ GH DFXHUGR FRQ ODV HVSHFLHV  6DK HW DO  &ORXJK \ $WWLZLOO  

/DV &RQFHQWUDFLRQHV GH 3 WRWDO HQ ORV VHGLPHQWRV GH ORV PDQJODUHV VRQ EDMDV RVFLOD HQWUH

 \   OR TXH UHIOHMD OD EDMD FRQGLFLµQ GH 3 DPELHQWH GH PXFKRV VXHORV GH

$XVWUDOLD  %RWR :HOOLQJWRQ  

(Q ORV VHGLPHQWRV ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV HQ OD PD\RU¯D GH 3 LPSOLFDQ SURFHVRV DELµWLFRV 

(O WLHPSR GH UHWHQFLµQ SRU ORV PLFURRUJDQLVPRV HV FRUWR HQ FRPSDUDFLµQ FRQ OD UHFXSHUD

FLµQ GH OD PRYLOLGDG GHO 3 D SDUWLU GH VDOHV GH IRVIDWR \ GH µ[LGRV \ SRU OR WDQWR HV LPSRUWDQWH

HQ HO VXPLQLVWUR GH 3 LQRUJ£QLFR SDUD OD DEVRUFLµQ GH ODV SODQWDV  $ORQJL HW DO  

/RV SURFHVRV DELµWLFRV HQ HO FLFOR GHO IµVIRUR HVW£Q GDGRV SRU ODV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV GH IRVIDWRV

LQRUJ£QLFRV GLVXHOWRV  ',3  $ORQJL HW DO   /D ,QPRYLOL]DFLµQ GHO ',3 RFXUUH GHEL

GR D OD SUHFLSLWDFLµQ SDUD IRUPDU IRVIDWRV GH &D $O \ ODV VDOHV GH )H R SRU DGVRUFLµQ D OD

IRUPD GHO $O \ •[LGRV GH )H  $ORQJL HW DO   (VWRV SURFHVRV LQIOX\HQ HQ OD GLVSRQLEL
OLGDG GHO IµVIRUR HQ ORV PDQJODUHV PHGLDQWH QXHYDV UHGXFFLRQHV HQ ORV KXPHGDOHV \D TXH
HQ SHTXH³DV FDQWLGDGHV GH 3 HV GLVSRQLEOHV  $ORQJL HW DO  

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

&,&/2 '(/ &$5%212

/RV PD\RUHV LQFUHPHQWRV GH &2 DWPRVI«ULFR KDQ RFXUULGR GHVGH  OR FXDO VH DWULEX\H
SULQFLSDOPHQWH D GRV DFWLYLGDGHV KXPDQDV FDPELRV HQ OD FREHUWXUD YHJHWDO SRU HO XVR GHO
VXHOR \ SRU HO FRQVXPR GH FRPEXVWLEOHV IµVLOHV  /DO HW DO   (O PDQHMR \ OD FRQVHUYD
FLµQ GH OD YHJHWDFLµQ IRUHVWDO \ GH KXPHGDOHV SXHGHQ UHSUHVHQWDU XQD 2SRUWXQLGDG SDUD HO

DOPDFHQDPLHQWR VLJQLILFDWLYR GHO FDUERQR  & 

/RV PDQJODUHV FRQVWLWX\HQ XQD GH ODV PHMRUHV RSFLRQHV GHQWUR GH ORV KXPHGDOHV FRVWHURV

HQ OD FDSWXUD GH FDUERQR SDUD UHGXFLU ORV HIHFWRV TXH LQGXFH OD UXSWXUD GH OD FDSD DWPRVI«
ULFD GH R]RQR \ HO HIHFWR LQYHUQDGHUR VREUH HO SODQHWD  <£³H] HW DO  

(Q HO FDVR GHO VXHOR «VWH WDPEL«Q UHSUHVHQWD XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH HQ HO FLFOR GHO FDUERQR

 & GH OD WLHUUD SRUTXH HQ «O VH HQFXHQWUD OD SULQFLSDO UHVHUYD GHO HFRVLVWHPD WHUUHVWUH 6H

KD HVWLPDGR TXH HO FDUERQR RUJ£QLFR  &2 HQ VXHORV GHO PXQGR HV GH   SLFR JUDPRV

 SJ  FHUFD GH  YHFHV P£V TXH HQ OD DWPµVIHUD \ FHUFD GH  YHFHV P£V TXH OD

UHVHUYD ELµWLFD TXH FRPSUHQGH D ODV SODQWDV GH OD WLHUUD  1HLOO HW DO   (VWR VLJQLILFD
TXH H[LVWH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH WUHV YHFHV P£V FDUERQR HQ ORV VXHORV TXH HQ OD YHJHWDFLµQ

P£V D¼Q VH KD HQFRQWUDGR TXH HO PD\RU SURPHGLR GH FDUERQR WHUUHVWUH RFXUUH HQ ORV VXHORV
RUJ£QLFRV  +LVWRVROHV  NJ P  HVWR VH GHEH D ORV YDORUHV EDMRV GH S+ HVWDGR

QXWULPHQWDO \ FRQGLFLRQHV DQDHUµELFDV TXH FRQWULEX\HQ D OD DFXPXODFLµQ GHO FDUERQR

 7DUQRFDL  

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

(Q ORV VXHORV RUJ£QLFRV GH PDQJODUHV ORV SURPHGLRV GH GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ SXHGHQ VHU P£V

EDMRV \ SRU OR WDQWR HO SRWHQFLDO GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR GH & GHO VXHOR SXHGH VHU P£V DOWR TXH
HQ VLVWHPDV GH DJXD GXOFH  ,]DXUUDOGH HW DO   /RV UHVXOWDGRV GH DOJXQRV HVWXGLRV
LQGLFDQ TXH OD FRPSRVLFLµQ GH ORV UHVLGXRV GH SODQWDV DV¯ FRPR HO LQFUHPHQWR GH OD VDOLQLGDG
DIHFWD HO IOXMR VXSHUILFLDO GHO &2 \ & RUJ£QLFR GLVXHOWR

.DUPDNDU   0HQFLRQD TXH ORV UHVLGXRV GHO PDQJOH VRQ HO SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQWH

RUJ£QLFR \ VX DFXPXODFLµQ VH DWULEX\H D OD LQWHQVD DFWLYLGDG ELROµJLFD TXH DFRPSD³D VX

GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ HQ HO SHU¯RGR HQ TXH HO VXHOR SHUPDQHFH FRQ EDMR FRQWHQLGR GH DJXD

/D DFXPXODFLµQ GH FDUERQR RUJ£QLFR HQ KXPHGDOHV HV SULPHUDPHQWH XQ UHVXOWDGR GHO ED

ODQFH GH GRV SURFHVRV ILMDFLµQ GH FDUERQR D WUDY«V GH OD IRWRV¯QWHVLV \ S«UGLGD SRU OD GHV
FRPSRVLFLµQ ORV SURPHGLRV GH IRWRV¯QWHVLV VRQ P£V DOWRV TXH HQ RWURV HFRVLVWHPDV \ HO
SURPHGLR GH GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ HV P£V OHQWR GHELGR D ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DQDHUµELFDV SRU OR TXH
OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD WLHQGH D DFXPXODUVH  5HGG\ HW DO  

/D DFXPXODFLµQ \ GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD HQ ORV PDQJODUHV LQGLFD VX GHVD

UUROOR DGHP£V HVW£ UHODFLRQDGR FRQ VX SRVLFLµQ HQ HO SDLVDMH \ FRQ HO WLSR GH YHJHWDFLµQ /D

DFXPXODFLµQ JUDGXDO GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD /XFDV    PHQFLRQD TXH OD DFXPXODFLµQ

GH XQ PHWUR GH SHDW  PDWHULDO I¯EULFR RULJLQDGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU YHJHWDFLµQ GH PXV
JR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV IU¯DV UHTXLHUH HQ SURPHGLR GH   D³RV SDUD VX IRUPDFLµQ /R TXH
SXHGH VLJQLILFDU TXH OD IRUPDFLµQ GH HVWRV VXHORV RUJ£QLFRV PHQRV ILEURVRV TXH HO SHDW

UHTXLULµ GH YDULRV PLOHV GH D³RV SDUD VX IRUPDFLµQ 3RU OR TXH ORV PDQJODUHV WLHQHQ XQ JUDQ

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

SRWHQFLDO FRPR UHVHUYD GH & \ SXHGHQ GHVHPSH³DU XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD UHJXODFLµQ GH

OD FRQFHQWUDFLµQ GH &2 DWPRVI«ULFR  =KRQJ \ 4LJXR   HQ OD )LJXUD  VH PXHVWUD HO

IOXMR GHO FDUERQR HQ ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU

)LJXUD  )OXMRV GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD \ QXWULHQWHV HQ HO HFRVLVWHPD GH PDQJODU LQFOX\HQGR LQWHUFDP

ELR FRQ HO HVWXDULR  ,1 QXWULHQWHV LQRUJ£QLFRV  7ZLOOH\ HW DO    

3RU RWUD SDUWH OD FDGHQD WUµILFD GHO GHWULWXV OD FRQVWLWX\HQ LQLFLDOPHQWH SURGXFWRUHV SULPDULRV

FRPR ORV PDQJODUHV \ SDVWRV PDULQRV DV¯ FRPR IXHQWHV DOµFWRQDV GH FDUERQR FRQVWLWXLGDV
SRU OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD DFDUUHDGD SRU ORV U¯RV R ORV HVFXUULPLHQWRV SURYHQLHQWHV GHO GHWULWXV
GH ODV PDFUµILWDV DFX£WLFDV GH SDQWDQRV GXOFHDFX¯FRODV R GH ODV KDOµILWDV WHUUHVWUHV FRPR

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

6DOLFRUQLD VSS \ %DWLV PDULWLPD GH ODV OODQXUDV GH LQXQGDFLµQ  PDULVPDV  (VWD FDGHQD

GHO GHWULWXV VH FDUDFWHUL]D SRU SUHVHQWDU XQ FRPSRQHQWH LQWHUPHGLR FRQVWLWXLGR SRU %DFWH
ULDV DVRFLDGDV DO GHWULWXV /DV EDFWHULDV SXHGHQ GHJUDGDU OD FRPSOHMD HVWUXFWXUD TX¯PLFD GHO
SURSLR GHWULWXV YHJHWDO  SROLVDF£ULGRV FRPSOHMRV SLUUµOLFRV VXVWDQFLDV K¼PLFDV HQWUH RWURV

TXH UHVXOWDQ LQGLJHULEOHV SDUD HO VLJXLHQWH QLYHO WUµILFR &RQVHFXHQWHPHQWH HVRV SURFHVRV
UHTXLHUHQ GH XQD GHJUDGDFLµQ PLFURELDQD SUHYLD TXH GHVGREOH HVWRV FRPSOHMRV \ DXQDGR D
HOOR TXH VH SUHVHQWH XQ LQFUHPHQWR HQ HO QLWUµJHQR SURWHLFR SRU OD LQFRUSRUDFLµQ GH QLWUµJH

QR LQRUJ£QLFR \ RUJ£QLFR VROXEOHV FRPR ELRPDVD EDFWHULDQD 8QD YH] HIHFWXDGR FLHUWR JUDGR

GH GHJUDGDFLµQ ORV FRPSXHVWRV UHVXOWDQWHV VRQ FRQVXPLGRV SRU GHWULW¯YRURV FRPR SHFHV \
FUXVW£FHRV (Q SDUWLFXODU HVWRV ¼OWLPRV IDYRUHFHQ OD GHJUDGDFLµQ DO DXPHQWDU OD VXSHUILFLH

HVSHF¯ILFD GHO GHWULWXV FRQ VX DFFLµQ GH WULWXUDFLµQ \ GH OLPSLH]D GH OD FDSD EDFWHULDQD DO

SDVDU SRU VX WUDFWR GLJHVWLYR (O GHWULW¯YRUR VH LQFRUSRUD DO UHVWR GH OD FDGHQD DOLPHQWLFLD D

WUDY«V GH ORV FRQVXPLGRUHV TXH HQ JHQHUDO VRQ SRFR HVSHF¯ILFRV UHVSHFWR D FRQVXPLU KHU

E¯YRURV R GHWULW¯YRURV (Q ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH PDQJODU SUHGRPLQD OD FDGHQD GHO GHWULWXV FRQ

QLYHOHV GH GHJUDGDFLµQ HOHYDGRV SRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV µ[LGRUHGXFWRUDV GHO VHGLPHQWR 0X
FKRV RUJDQLVPRV FRPR ORV FDQJUHMRV GHVHPSH³DQ XQ SDSHO LPSRUWDQWH HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD \

IOXMR GH HQHUJ¯D GH HVWRV ERVTXHV D WUDY«V GH OD GLQ£PLFD GHO GHWULWXV GH RULJHQ IROLDU 6LQ

HPEDUJR H[LVWH XQD DFXPXODFLµQ GH GHWULWXV UHIUDFWDULR D OD GHJUDGDFLµQ TXH YLHQH D FRQV
WLWXLU OD WXUED FRPSRQHQWH FDUDFWHU¯VWLFR GH ORV VXHORV SDQWDQRVRV GH PDQJODU (VWD WXUED
SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH LQFOXVR HQ DPELHQWHV DFWXDOPHQWH WHUUHVWUHV GH OD SODQLFLH FRVWHUD OR

TXH GHPXHVWUD TXH HQ WLHPSRV 3DVDGRV H[LVWLµ PDQJODU HQ HVDV ]RQDV

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

0$7(5,$ 25*ƒ1,&$ < (8752),=$&,•1

/RV FRPSOHMRV ODJXQDUHVHVWXDULQRV PDQJODUHV \ SDQWDQRV GXOFHDFX¯FRODV SRU VX HOHYDGD

SURGXFWLYLGDG JHQHUDQ FDQWLGDGHV FRQVLGHUDEOHV GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD SDUWH GH OD FXDO HV

LQFRUSRUDGD D OD FDGHQD DOLPHQWLFLD VLQ HPEDUJR WDPEL«Q VRQ ORV FXHUSRV UHFHSWRUHV GH ODV
GHVFDUJDV DJU¯FRODV XUEDQDV \ P£V UHFLHQWHPHQWH GH ORV HIOXHQWHV GH HVWDQTXHV DFX¯FRODV

ULFRV HQ QLWUµJHQR \ IµVIRUR HQ IRUPD GH IHUWLOL]DQWHV R PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD

/RV QXWULHQWHV HVWLPXODQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR ILWRSODQFWµQLFR TXH OOHJD D UHEDVDU OD WDVD GH FRQVX

PR SRU ORV KHUE¯YRURV \ PXHUH HQ JUDQGHV FDQWLGDGHV TXHGDQGR FRPR ILWRGHWULWXV /D

PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD TXH OOHJD D ODV ODJXQDV FRVWHUDV R HO ILWRGHWULWXV R HQ RFDVLRQHV GHWULWXV GH

PDFURDOJDV HQWUD HQ SURFHVR GH GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ PLFURELDQD GH WLSR DHUµELFR \ SRVWHULRU

PHQWH XQD YH] FRQVXPLGR SRU UHVSLUDFLµQ EDFWHULDQD HO R[¯JHQR VH LQLFLDQ ORV SURFHVRV GH
GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ DQDHUµELFD SULPHUR VH UHGXFHQ ORV QLWUDWRV D DPRQLR H LQFOXVR D QLWUµJHQR

JDVHRVR \ XQD YH] DJRWDGRV HVWRV VH FRQWLQ¼D FRQ OD UHVSLUDFLµQ DQDHUµELFD GHO VXOIDWR HO

FXDO VH WUDQVIRUPD D VXOIXUR \ VH GHSRVLWD HQ HO IRQGR HQ XQ SURFHVR GHQRPLQDGR SLULWL]DFLµQ

(O SURFHVR GH UHGXFFLµQ GHO VXOIDWR HQ ]RQDV FRVWHUDV HV SU£FWLFDPHQWH LQDJRWDEOH SRU VHU
«VWH XQ LµQ PX\ DEXQGDQWH HQ HO DPELHQWH PDULQR HQ FDPELR HQ DPELHQWHV GXOFHDFX¯FRODV

XQD YH] DJRWDGR HVWH LµQ R HQ VX DXVHQFLD VH LQLFLD OD PHWDQRJ«QHVLV HV GHFLU OD UHGXFFLµQ

GHO &2 D PHWDQR  )LJXUD  

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

)LJXUD  &LFOR GH OD PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD \ OD HXWURIL]DFLµQ FRQ EDVH D OD GHVFULSFLµQ GH )ORUHV

9HUGXJR  

&,&/2 '(/ $=8)5(

(O D]XIUH KD VLGR XQR GH ORV HOHPHQWRV HQ JUDQ PHGLGD HPLWLGRV SRU HO KRPEUH SULQFLSDO

PHQWH SRU OD FRPEXVWLµQ GH KLGURFDUEXURV \ VXV GHULYDGRV  JDVROLQD  TXH VH WUDQVIRUPD

URQ HQ FRPSXHVWRV FRPR ORV µ[LGRV GH D]XIUH

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

(Q OD DWPµVIHUD HO GLµ[LGR GH D]XIUH LQWHUDFW¼D FRQ HO R[¯JHQR SDUD SURGXFLU WULµ[LGR GH

D]XIUH  62  HO FXDO UHDFFLRQD FRQ YDSRU GH DJXD SDUD SURGXFLU PLQ¼VFXODV JRWDV GH
£FLGR VXOI¼ULFR  +62  7DPEL«Q UHDFFLRQD FRQ RWUDV VXVWDQFLDV TX¯PLFDV GH OD DWPµVIH

UD SDUD RULJLQDU SDUW¯FXODV SHTXH³DV GH VXOIDWRV HVWDV JRWDV GH £FLGR VXOI¼ULFR \ SDUW¯FXODV

GH VXOIDWR FDHQ D OD WLHUUD FRPR FRPSRQHQWHV GH OOXYLD £FLGD TXH GD³D ORV £UEROHV \ OD YLGD
HQ JHQHUDO

/DV IRUPDV PLQHUDOHV SUHGRPLQDQWHV GHO D]XIUH HQ ORV VXHORV VRQ ORV VXOIDWRV ORV FXDOHV

SXHGHQ VHU I£FLOPHQWH OL[LYLDGRV D PHQRV TXH VHDQ DGVRUELGRV HQ ORV FRORLGHV GHO VXHOR

6LQ HPEDUJR HV D¼Q PD\RU OD FDQWLGDG GH D]XIUH   TXH HVW£ HQ IRUPD GH PDWHULD

RUJ£QLFD (Q VXHORV DQDHUµELFRV HO D]XIUH SUHGRPLQD HQ IRUPD GH VXOIXURV \ SROLVXOIXURV

FRPR RFXUUH HQ ODJXQDV FRVWHUDV \ PDQJODUHV $ VX YH] HO PDU HV HO SULQFLSDO GHSµVLWR GH

VXOIDWR VROXEOH 3RU RWUR ODGR /D SUHFLSLWDFLµQ PLQHUDO WLHQH OXJDU FRPR OD IRUPDFLµQ GHO \HVR

 &D62 R FRPR VXOIXUR GH DOJ¼Q PHWDO FRPR OD SLULWD  )H6 

(O D]XIUH RUJ£QLFR SURYHQLHQWH GHO GHWULWXV YHJHWDO HV GHVFRPSXHVWR SRU EDFWHULDV HQ VXOIDWRV

R VXOIXURV GHSHQGLHQGR GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH DHUHDFLµQ ([LVWH WDPEL«Q OLEHUDFLµQ GH

D]XIUH HQ FRPSXHVWRV RUJ£QLFRV YRO£WLOHV FRPR HO VXOIXUR GH GLPHWLOR (O £FLGR VXOIK¯GULFR

SURGXFLGR SRU GHVFRPSRVLFLµQ GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD \ SRU UHVSLUDFLµQ DQDHUµELFD GHO VXOIDWR
SXHGH SUHFLSLWDU FRPR VXOIXURV PHW£OLFRV ORV FXDOHV OH GDQ OD FRORUDFLµQ QHJUD FDUDFWHU¯VWLFD
D ORV ORGRV DQDHUµELFRV  SLULWL]DFLµQ  /RV VXOIXURV  D]XIUH HOHPHQWDO WLRVXOIDWRV SXH
GHQ VHU R[LGDGRV SRU EDFWHULDV TXLPLRVLQW«WLFDV  7KLREDFLOOXV VSS R SRU EDFWHULDV

IRWRVLQW«WLFDV 7KLREDFLOOLXV GHQLWULILFDQV (VWD ¼OWLPD HVSHFLH GH EDFWHULD WLHQH OD FDSDFLGDG

GH XWLOL]DU DO QLWUDWR FRPR DFHSWRU GH HOHFWURQHV SDUD VX UHVSLUDFLµQ DQDHUµELFD OLEHUDQGR

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

QLWUµJHQR JDVHRVR \ &2 (VWH SURFHVR HV HO HTXLYDOHQWH HQ OD UHVSLUDFLµQ DHUµELFD DO XVR

GHO R[¯JHQR FRPR DFHSWRU GH HOHFWURQHV \ OLEHUD YDSRU GH DJXD \ &2 (VWD HVSHFLH GH

EDFWHULD HV HO HQODFH HQWUH HO FLFOR GHO D]XIUH FRQ HO FLFOR GHO QLWUµJHQR

/DV EDFWHULDV IRWRVLQW«WLFDV YHUGHV  &KORURELXP VSS R SXUS¼UHDV  &KURPDWLXP VSS

VRQ DEXQGDQWHV HQ ORV VXHORV GH PDQJODU SXHV DOO¯ VH UH¼QHQ FRQGLFLRQHV GH HOHYDGD FRQ

FHQWUDFLµQ GH PDWHULD RUJ£QLFD \ SRFD SURIXQGLGDG (VWDV EDFWHULDV SXHGHQ R[LGDU HO D]XIUH

UHGXFLGR HQ FRQGLFLRQHV DQDHUµELFDV &XDQGR H[LVWH H[FHVR GH VXOIXURV \ DGHFXDGD LOXPL

QDFLµQ HV SRVLEOH TXH ODV EDFWHULDV IRWRVLQW«WLFDV GHSRVLWHQ JUDQGHV FDQWLGDGHV GH D]XIUH

HOHPHQWDO (VWH SXHGH VHU HO RULJHQ GH DOJXQRV GHSµVLWRV GH D]XIUH TXH VH H[SORWDQ FRPHU

FLDOPHQWH  )LJXUD  

/D UHGXFFLµQ DVLPLODWRULD GHO VXOIDWR OD UHDOL]DQ WRGDV ODV SODQWDV \ PLFURRUJDQLVPRV UHGX
FLHQGR DO VXOIDWR H LQFRUSRU£QGROR FRPR DPLQR£FLGRV WDOHV FRPR OD FLVWH¯QD FLVWLQD \ PHWLRQLQD
/D UHGXFFLµQ GHVDVLPLODWRULD GHO VXOIDWR YLHQH D VHU OD UHVSLUDFLµQ DQDHUµELFD GRQGH HO DFHSWRU

GH HOHFWURQHV HV HO VXOIDWR SURFHVR TXH OOHYDQ D FDER EDFWHULDV FRPR 'HVXOIRYLEULR

GHVXOIXULFDQV &ORVWULGLXP VSS \ 'HVXOIRWRPDFXOXP QLJULILFDQV ODV FXDOHV VRQ HQ JHQHUDO

KHWHUµWURIDV \ OLEHUDQ VXOIXUR (O VXOIXUR SURGXFLGR SRU OD UHGXFFLµQ GH VXOIDWR \ SRU OD GHV

FRPSRVLFLµQ DQDHUµELFD GH SURWH¯QDV HV Wµ[LFR SDUD OD PD\RU¯D GH ORV RUJDQLVPRV DHUµELFRV

LQFOX\HQGR OD YHJHWDFLµQ (O VXOIXUR SURGXFLGR SRU 'HVXOIRYLEULR VSS 5HDFFLRQD FRQ HO KLHUUR
TXH VH HQFXHQWUD FRPR IRVIDWR GH KLHUUR OR SUHFLSLWD FRPR VXOIXUR GH KLHUUR \ OLEHUD HO IRVIDWR
DO DJXD FRPR IRVIDWR LµQLFR LQWHUDFWXDQGR GH HVWD PDQHUD FRQ RWURV FLFORV ELRJHRTX¯PLFRV
/RV RUJDQLVPRV UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ HO D]XIUH VRQ FRQWURODGRV SULQFLSDOPHQWH SRU OD DHUHDFLµQ

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

\ SRU HO S+ /RV 7KLREDFLOOXV VSS 5HTXLHUHQ SRWHQFLDOHV UHGR[ DOWRV SHUR UHVLVWHQ S+ £FL
GRV /DV EDFWHULDV SXUS¼UHDV WLHQHQ XQ LQWHUYDOR PX\ DPSOLR GH WROHUDQFLD GH S+  

  (Q ORGRV GH VLVWHPDV HVWXDULQRV VH SXHGHQ GHVDUUROODU FRPSOHMDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH

KHWHUµWURIRV IRWµWURIRV \ TXLPLµWURIRV /DV ]RQDV GH PDQJODUHV QRUPDOPHQWH ULFDV HQ PDWH
ULD RUJ£QLFD \ HQ ODV FXDOHV H[LVWH H[SRVLFLµQ DO DLUH GXUDQWH OD PDUHD EDMD WLHQHQ FRORQLDV GH
DOJDV  HM 1DYLFXOD VSS \ FLDQREDFWHULDV HQ OD VXSHUILFLH \ GHEDMR GH «VWDV HVW£Q ODV
EDFWHULDV SXUS¼UHDV \ YHUGHV VXOIXURVDV ODV FXDOHV R[LGDQ HO VXOIXUR X RWUDV IRUPDV UHGXFL
GDV GH D]XIUH SURGXFLGRV SRU 'HVXOIRYLEULR VSS  )LJXUD   (Q ODV SDUWHV DQD«URELFDV P£V

SURIXQGDV GHO ORGR /DV DOJDV ODV FLDQREDFWHULDV \ ODV EDFWHULDV IRWRVLQW«WLFDV UHTXLHUHQ GH
OX] SHUR VXV HVSHFWURV GH DEVRUFLµQ VRQ GLIHUHQWHV /DV FLDQREDFWHULDV VH GHVSOD]DQ KDFLD

DUULED \ DEDMR D WUDY«V GH ODV FDSDV GH ORGR GH OD ]RQD GH PDUHDV

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

S
Orgánico
Detritus

Asimilación
Sedimentació
n
S org. Descomp.
animal anaerob.

Descomp. S org. microb. Sulf. metálicos

aerob.
S org. vegetal
Asimilación
Asimilación S -2
Reducción
asimilatoria
Desulfovibrio
SO 4 -2
Thiobacillus Thiobacillus
S°
Vulcanismo
Thiobacillus Bact. Elemental
fotosintéticas
Desulfovibrio
S 2 O 3 -2
Thiobacillus

Océano abierto

)LJXUD  &LFOR ELRJHRTX¯PLFR GHO D]XIUH HQ VLVWHPDV 0DULQRVHVWXDULQRV  /DJXQDV FRVWHUDV

\ 0DQJODUHV )XHQWH PRGLILFDGR GH )ORUHV9HUGXJR   

(MHPSOR GH IOXMR GH PDWHULD \ HQHUJ¯D HQ XQ VLVWHPD QDWXUDO \ XQ VLVWHPD DUWLILFLDO (O IOXMR GH

 &LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.
 *X¯D $SOLFDFLµQ GH SO£QWXODV GH PDQJOH )RUHVWDFLµQ \ )LWRUUHPHGLDFLµQ

PDWHULD \ HQHUJ¯D GH XQ VLVWHPD QDWXUDO FRPSDUDGR FRQ HO IOXMR HQ XQ VLVWHPD DUWLILFLDO HV

PXFKR P£V FRPSOHMR GHELGR D TXH HQ HO SULPHUR VH GHVDUUROODQ FRPSOHMDV LQWHUDFFLRQHV GH

YDULDV Y¯DV HQVDPEODGDV /RV VLVWHPDV GH KXPHGDOHV DUWLILFLDOHV LQWHQWDQ UHSURGXFLU ORV
SURFHVRV GH OD QDWXUDOH]D WDOHV FRPR VX FDSDFLGDG GH DXWRSXULILFDFLµQ VXV FRQGLFLRQHV
FOLP£WLFDV \ DXWRPDQWHQLPLHQWR HQWUH RWUDV (Q DOJXQRV FDVRV DPERV VLVWHPDV FRPSDUWHQ

ORV PLVPRV SURFHVRV HVHQFLDOHV SHUR D GLIHUHQWHV HVFDODV SRU OR TXH GHEH WHQHU XQ FXLGDGR

HVSHFLDO HQ HO PDQHMR H[SHULPHQWDO GH KXPHGDOHV FRQVWUXLGRV DO PRPHQWR GH OD WRPD GH

GHFLVLRQHV HQ VLPXODU ORV KXPHGDOHV QDWXUDOHV D JUDQ HVFDOD

&LFORV %LRJHRTX¯PLFRV 

AcroPDF - A Quality PDF Writer and PDF Converter to create PDF files. To remove the line, buy a license.