92 FLAPS: 4
AMER I CA N SA BOR traza las contribuciones de los A ME R I C A N SA B O R traces the musical contribu-
BERRÍOS-MIRANDA
latinos y las latinas en la música popular estadou- tions of Latinas and Latinos in American popular
nidense desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta el music between World War II and the present in
HABELL-PALL ÁN
E VOKING the pleasures of music as well as food,
E VOCANDO los sabores tanto de la música como de
AMERICAN
presente en cinco centros vibrantes de producción five vibrant centers of Latin@ musical produc-
musical: New York, Los Angeles, San Antonio, San the word sabor signifies a rich essence that la comida, la palabra sabor significa la rica esencia tion: New York, Los Angeles, San Antonio, San
Francisco y Miami. Desde los ritmos bailables de makes our mouths water and makes our bodies want que te hace la boca agua y hace que tu cuerpo quiera Francisco, and Miami. From Tito Puente’s mam-
to move. With side-by-side Spanish and English
DUDLEY
mambo de Tito Puente hasta el rap en Spanglish de moverse. Con textos en español y en inglés lado a lado, bo dance rhythms to the Spanglish rap of Mellow
Mellow Man Ace, American Sabor se enfoca en los text, American Sabor traces the musical contribu- American Sabor traza las contribuciones musicales de Man Ace, American Sabor focuses on musical
estilos musicales que se han desarrollado a lo largo tions of Latinas and Latinos in American popular styles that have developed largely in the United
los latinos y las latinas en la música popular estadouni-
SABOR
de los Estados Unidos—incluyendo el jazz, rhythm States—including jazz, rhythm and blues, rock,
music since World War II. dense a partir de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
and blues, rock, punk, hip-hop, country, tejano punk, hip-hop, country, Tejano, and salsa—but
y salsa—pero también muestra las diferentes also shows the many ways in which Latin@ musi-
formas en las cuales los músicos y estilos latinos cians and styles connect US culture to the culture
AMERICAN SABOR
conectan la cultura de Estados Unidos con la cultu- of the broader Americas.
ra más extensa de todas las Américas. Authors Marisol Berríos-Miranda, Shannon
Los autores Marisol Berríos-Miranda, Shan- Dudley, and Michelle Habell-Pallán challenge the
non Dudley y Michelle Habell-Pallán han retado “American Sabor is a delightful read that uses pop “De una manera clara y contundente, American white and black racial framework that structures
el binario racial de blanco y negro que diseña la most narratives of popular music in the United
culture as a savvy entry point into place-based Sabor nos plantea cómo la música es un vehículo
mayoría de las narrativas de la música popular States, presenting the distinctive regional histo-
community histories. Enriched by images and de integración, destacando el gran talento de
en los Estados Unidos, presentando las histo- ries of Latino communities—including Chicanos,
rias distintivas de cada región de comunidades sound, it communicates nuance with captivating nuestra gente. Este libro será un clásico.” Tejanos, and Puerto Ricans—and highlighting the
latinas, incluyendo chicanos, tejanos y puerto- simplicity.” —PABLO LUIS RIVERA, Universidad de Puerto Rico L AT I N O S A N D L AT I N A S I N shared experiences of immigration/migration,
rriqueños—resaltando las experiencias compar- —RAQUEL Z. RIVERA, author of New York Ricans from the
racial boundary crossing, contesting gender roles,
tidas de inmigración/migración, el cruce de fron- US POPUL AR MUSIC youth innovation, and articulating an American
Hip Hop Zone “American Sabor highlights the powerful presence
teras raciales, cuestionando los roles de género, experience through music. In celebrating the
innovaciones de la juventud y articulando la of Latino/as in US popular music in imaginative musical contributions of Latinos and Latinas,
experiencia americana a través de la música. “American Sabor is the story of emergence and and innovative ways and provides a model American Sabor illuminates a cultural legacy that
Celebrando las contribuciones musicales de los
L AT I N O S Y L AT I N A S EN enriches us all.
convergence. Brown with Black communities cultural studies approach to popular music,
latinos y las latinas, American Sabor ilumina un of practice facilitating power and cooperation exploring the links between cultural texts and L A MÚSICA POPUL AR
legado cultural que nos enriquece a todos.
through musical movements.” their social and historical contexts.”
E S TA D O U N I D EN S E
—QUETZAL FLORES, founder of the Grammy-award-winning —GEORGE LIPSITZ, author of Footsteps in the Dark: The Hidden The author of numerous articles on salsa and Puerto
Rican musical culture, MARISOL BERRÍOS-MIRANDA
Autora de numerosos artículos sobre la salsa y la cultura group Quetzal Histories of Popular Music
musical puertorriqueña, MARISOL BERRÍOS-MIRANDA
MARISOL BERRÍOS-MIRANDA is affiliate professor of ethnomusicology and lecturer in
the Honors Program at the University of Washington.
es profesora afiliada de etnomusicología y educadora en
el Programa de Honor de la Universidad de Washington SHANNON DUDLEY SHANNON DUDLEY is associate professor of ethno-
musicology at the University of Washington and author
en Seattle. SHANNON DUDLEY es profesor asociado de
of Carnival Music of Trinidad and Music from Behind
etnomusicología en la Universidad de Washington en M I C H E L L E H A B E L L - PA L L Á N the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad and
Seattle y autor de Carnival Music of Trinidad y Music from
Tobago. MICHELLE HABELL-PALL ÁN is associate
Behind the Bridge: Steelband Spirit and Politics in Trinidad T R A NSL AT E D BY professor in the Department of Gender, Women, and
and Tobago. MICHELLE HABELL-PALL ÁN es profesora ISBN 978-0-295-74262-5
asociada en el Departamento de Estudios sobre Género, 90000 Angie Berríos-Miranda Sexuality Studies at the University of Washington and
UNIVERSIT Y OF WASHINGTON PRESS author of Loca Motion: The Travels of Chicana and Latina
Mujeres y Sexualidad de la Universidad de Washington en
Seattle and London Cover design: Katrina Noble Popular Culture.
Seattle y autora de Loca Motion: The Travels of Chicana and 9 780295 742625
www.washington.edu/uwpress Printed in China
Latina Popular Culture.
AMERICAN SABOR
ity
of
W
as
hi
ng
to
n
Pr
es
s
L AT I N O S Y L AT I N A S EN L AT I N O S A N D L AT I N A S
W
E S TA D O U N I D EN S E
hi
ng
MARISOL BERRÍOS-MIRANDA
to
SHANNON DUDLEY
n
M I C H E L L E H A B E L L - PA L L Á N
Pr
es
TRANSLATED BY
Angie Berríos-Miranda
s
www.washington.edu/uwpress
Cover photo / foto de p ortada: Willie Torres, singer for the Joe Cuba
of
sextet, takes the floor with a Jewish dance instructor at the Pines Hotel in the Catskill
mountains in the early 1960s. / Willie Torres, cantante del sextet de Joe Cuba, toma
W
el piso con un instructor de baile judío en el Pines Hotel de las montañas Catskill
temprano en los años 1960. (Latin Jazz and Salsa Collection, Division of Rare and
as
Manuscript Collections, Cornell University Library)
hi
Library of Congress Catal oging-in-Publication Data
Names: Berríos-Miranda, Marisol. | Dudley, Shannon. |
ng
Habell-Pallán, Michelle.
Title: American sabor : Latinos and latinas in US popular music = Latinos y
to
latinas en la musica popular estadounidense / Marisol Berríos-Miranda, Shannon
Dudley, Michelle Habell-Pallán.
n
Description: Seattle : University of Washington Press, [2018] | Includes
Pr
bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2017026611 (print) | LCC N 2017027429 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780295742632 (ebook) | ISBN 9780295742618 (hardcover : alk. paper) |
es
Juan ita M . Be r r ío s
U
An n a Car ol Du dle y
ni
Eva Pall án Hab ell
ve
2
ity
Innovación y cruce de fronteras, años 1950–1960 100
2
ity
Innovation and Boundary Crossing, 1950s–1960s 101
mos eterno agradecimiento por su apoyo. Para todos los demás que
han contribuido y participado en American Sabor: ¡Gracias!
of
Professorship.
También estamos agradecidos de las instituciones y localidades
s
10 AGRADECIMIENTOS
Acknowledgments 11
René López, Robert López, María Ángela López Vilella, Steve Loza,
Elena Martínez, Tito Matos, Mellow Man Ace, Ruben Molina, Debo-
W
12 AGRADECIMIENTOS
Acknowledgments 13
14 AGRADECIMIENTOS
Acknowledgments 15
LEYENDAS
hi
Las leyendas en español para todas las imágenes se encuentran al
ng
final del libro, página 325.
LECTURAS COMPLEMENTARIAS
to
16
CAPTIONS
hi
Spanish captions for all images can be found at the end of the book,
ng
page 325.
FURTHER READING
to
the “notes” section at the back of the book) that lists readings espe-
Pr
cially relevant to that chapter.
es
s
17
L
a palabra sabor en español evoca los encantos de la música,
rs
como los del paladar cuando comes. Significa la esencia rica
que te hace la boca agua y hace que tu cuerpo se mueva. Tam-
ity
18
T
h e word sabor in Spanish evokes the delights of music and of
rs
food. It signifies a rich essence that makes our mouths water
or makes our bodies want to move. It can also refer to specific
ity
in this broad sense, we are careful to use the term United States
rather than America to refer to the country. Because we lack a cor-
s
19
20 INTRODUCCIÓN
five cities that have been important centers of Latino musical pro-
duction: New York, Los Angeles, San Antonio, San Francisco, and
Miami. This scheme has its problems because it excludes some cit-
ies with significant Latino communities, such as Chicago. The five
Introduction 21
22 INTRODUCCIÓN
such as Los Tigres del Norte, whose style and lyrics are affected by
their American experience.
s
Finally, our community focus means that the book pays rela-
tively less attention to those Latino musicians whose careers are
not strongly associated with regional Latino communities. A few
of these, however—including Sammy Davis Jr., José Feliciano, and
Introduction 23
Dancer, singer, and actor Sammy Davis Jr. (1925–1990) was born in New York Born in 1945 in Lares, Puerto Rico,
City to a Puerto Rican mother and an African American father. In 1956 he starred José Feliciano moved to Spanish Harlem
hi
in the Broadway musical Wonderman, alongside Puerto Rican dancer Chita Rivera. in New York City at the age of five. He
ng
As a member of the “Rat Pack” with Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra (shown here) drew attention playing in Greenwich
he starred in a series of hit movies in the 1960s. (Library of Congress, Prints and Village folk clubs as a teenager and
to
Photographs Division, LC-DIG-ds-03671) signed a contract with RCA in 1963.
Blind from birth, he practiced intensely,
n
que los nutren. Por ello, American Sabor presenta el caso de que ser and he introduced the classical-style
nylon string guitar into pop music.
Pr
“americano” nos conecta, pero no nos hace iguales.
Feliciano’s many hits include “Feliz
Finalmente, nuestro enfoque en las comunidades significa que
Navidad,” his cover of the Doors’ “Light
es
el libro brinda atención relativamente menor a los músicos latinos My Fire,” and the TV theme song for
cuyas carreras no están fuertemente asociadas con las comuni- Chico and the Man. (Library of Con-
s
dades latinas regionales. Algunas de éstas, sin embargo,—inclu- gress, Prints and Photographs Division
yendo a Sammy Davis Jr., José Feliciano y Linda Ronstadt—deben LC-USZ62-117428)
24 INTRODUCCIÓN
(Dan Guerrero)
of
W
as
Linda Ronstadt—must be acknowledged here for the impact they
have had on US popular culture.
hi
The five cities that are the principal focus of this book provide
to
rich examples of regional Latino communities, but Latin@s have
contributed to American music in many other places and times
n
ish garrison in Cuba. Even after the city was sold to the United States
in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase, New Orleans maintained
many musical connections to Cuba and Mexico. The Mexican Eighth
Cavalry band performed often in New Orleans during the 1880s and
Introduction 25
Las cinco ciudades que son el foco principal de este libro proveen
hi
ricos ejemplos de comunidades latinas regionales, pero l@s latin@s
ng
han contribuido a la música americana en muchos otros lugares y
épocas también. En New Orleans, por ejemplo, las conexiones his-
to
tóricas con Cuba y México le dieron forma al jazz, una de las músicas
más americanas.
n
26 INTRODUCCIÓN
Introduction 27
de origen hispano.
Además de la formación de géneros que se originaron en Estados
of
28 INTRODUCCIÓN
U
ni
dez
ve
án
rn
e
lH
os
R af a e
ch
rs
an
P
os
Tr i o L
ity
Miami
BAHAMAS
of
Havana
MEXICO PUERTO
CUBA RICO
W
HAITI DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
do
as
P ra
r
Pé
hi
ng
150 miles
to
n
part of the musical vocabulary of Spanish-speaking people all over MAP 1. A Musical Triangle
Pr
Latin America, the Caribbean, and the United States. Map 1, above, Triángulo musical
features a few of the artists whose careers exemplified this interna-
es
in Mexico City in the 1930s. Trio Los Panchos, which included both
Mexican and Puerto Rican musicians, first met and recorded in New
York City in 1944. Cuban bandleader Pérez Prado, who popularized
the mambo in the 1950s, lived in Mexico City for most of his career.
Introduction 29
30 INTRODUCCIÓN
cal forces. Some historical events, such as World War II or the civil
rights movements of the 1960s, had similar impacts on Latin@s all
of
over the United States. Other historical events have had more local-
ized impact. Patterns of immigration in particular differ greatly by
W
at all; they simply stayed where they were as their land was trans-
Pr
ferred from Mexico to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo in 1848. It is within the context of these diverse and overlap-
es
Introduction 31
32 INTRODUCCIÓN
T. Jefferson Park
U
ni
BRONX
ve
Spanish
Harlem
rs
N A
AT T
ity
NH
MA
QUEENS
of
W
BAHAMAS
BROOKLYN
as
Havana
CUBA PUERTO
RICO
DOMINICAN
hi
HAITI REPUBLIC
ng
JAMAICA
120 miles
to
n
understanding of “Latin music” for many Americans. Cuban MAP 2. New York
Pr
musicians made an early impact with the rumba, mambo, and cha-
cha-chá. Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917 and came to
es
Introduction 33
nd
a
e
rs
Houston
SAN ANTONIO
ity
Corpus
Christi
Alice
of
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo
Rio Grande
Valley
W
McAllen
Brownsville
as
hi
Texas 1845
ng
Territory ceded by Mexico to
the United States in 1848
Territorio concedido por
Mexico a los Estados Unidos
to
Mexico 1848
Current border
Frontera actual
n
Pr
120 miles
es
Nevada, Utah y partes de Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas y Oklahoma MAP 3. San Antonio
(vea el mapa 3, arriba). Los mexicanos que vivían en estos territo-
s
34 INTRODUCCIÓN
spread this music along the routes they traveled to harvest grapes
in California, pears in Washington, or beets in Michigan. In cit-
of
Introduction 35
36 INTRODUCCIÓN
Ho
lly w
d El Monte
oo
Fr
ay Legion Stadium
ee
ew
Fre
way
a
en
Sunset ad
Pas
ul
Hollywood
Bo
ev
ar
El Monte
d
San Bernardino Freeway
Troy Café Chinatown
Club Vex
U
Little Tokyo Ces
Pomona
Los Angeles a r Chavez Ave.
ni
East Los Angeles Po
mo
na F
ve
re e w ay
E. Vernon Ave.
S. Central Ave.
gB
Marina
rs
Del Rey
Dolphin’s of
ity
Hollywood
Chino Hills
State Park
of
W
as
Long Beach
ng
Los Angeles
Santa Ana
to
Tijuana
n
MEXICO
Pr
es
5 miles
s
record store, where DJ Huggy Boy caused traffic jams with his MAP 4. Los Angeles
store-window broadcasts in the 1960s; Whittier Boulevard in East
LA, popular for cruising on weekends; Club Vex, which drew punk
bands and fans from all over Southern California in the 1980s; and
Introduction 37
FISHERMAN’S TREASURE
WHARF ISLAND
AQUATIC PARK
Van Ness
Geary
CIVIC
CENTER
GOLDEN
GATE et
PARK tre
tS
SUNSET BLVD.
ke
ar
M
MISSION
MISSION DOLORES
PARK
U
ni
ve
Berkeley
rs
Oakland
San Francisco
ity
San Francisco
Bay
of
Pacific
Ocean San José
W
BAY AREA
as
1 mile
Outdoor Drumming
Sessions
hi
Rumbones al aire libre SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO
ng
migrantes de Texas que vinieron al Valle Central de California. Una MAP 5. San Francisco
to
comunidad puertorriqueña que data de los años 1900, cuando los
obreros reclutados para trabajar en Hawaii se alojaron en San Fran-
n
38 INTRODUCCIÓN
can and Caribbean styles. Congas and timbales helped define the
as
sound of Bay Area Latin rock.
hi
Miami: A New Capital for the Latin Music Industry (Map 6)
ng
In the 1940s, Miami was a stop for touring bands like Machito and
His Afro-Cubans, but the city’s live music scene developed slowly.
to
Unlike the pattern of economic immigration seen in other cities,
Miami was strongly shaped by the political exodus from Cuba fol-
n
America.
Cuban American and other Latino youth listened to US radio
s
and combined rock, pop, and funk with Caribbean rhythms. In the
mid-1980s, the “Miami sound” became popular throughout the
world, and around the same time the major record labels began
moving their Latin division headquarters to Miami.
Introduction 39
Inmigración y migración
es
40 INTRODUCCIÓN
Miami
Shores
Fort Lauderdale
Naples
HIALEAH Little North Bay
Miami Haiti Village
Springs
Liberty City
Virginia
Gardens Miami
Miami
International Miami
Airport Beach
Everglades
South National Park
LITTLE Beach
SW 8th St. (Calle Ocho) HAVANA
Port of Miami
U
West Miami
Downtown Fisher
Miami Beach
Coral Virginia Key
Gables
ni
South FLORIDA KEYS
Miami
ve
Coconut
Grove
rs
ity
Florida
1933 Batista Revolution
La Revolución de Batista
of
Bahamas
1959 Cuban Revolution
Cuba Puerto
La Revolución Cubana
Rico
W
Haiti Dominican
Republic 1980 Mariel Boatlift
Jamaica
Los Marielitos
as
Havana
hi
ng
to
150 miles
n
Pr
es
CONNECTING THEMES MAP 6. Miami
While Latin@s in the United States have diverse histories, they are
s
Introduction 41
42 INTRODUCCIÓN
Whether the border crossed them or they crossed the border, many
Latin@s share the experience of belonging in more than one place.
Mexican Americans whose families have been in Los Angeles since
before 1848, when California was still part of Mexico, live with
neighbors who crossed the new border more recently. As US cit-
U
izens who can travel freely between the island and the mainland,
ni
Puerto Ricans commonly have family both on the island and in
ve
New York. Cubans in Miami still remember the homes they left,
from which they have been separated by a political divide that is
rs
much greater than the hundred miles of water between Cuba and
Florida. Farm workers from South Texas spend six months of the
ity
year following agricultural harvests all over the West and Midwest,
returning to their Texas homes in the winter. Music and dance
of
travel all these routes along with people, forging bonds of style and
sentiment that transcend national and regional boundaries.
W
Disrupting Gender
es
Lyrics, sound, and images of music often mirror the larger soci-
ety’s ideas about masculinity and femininity, but music also chal-
s
Introduction 43
“mujeres con actitud” (women with attitude) que han retado tanto
as
al racismo como a los estereotipos de género, haciendo que sus
voces sean escuchadas.
hi
44 INTRODUCCIÓN
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
ng
and radio in the Southwest and West gave voice to regional Latino
styles such as orquesta tejana and pachuco. Chapter 2 deals with
s
Latino innovations in rock and R&B during the 1960s, against the
backdrop of the civil rights movement and the counterculture.
Chapter 3 looks at how the US-based scenes of salsa and Tejano
represented a new concern for heritage among US Latin@s and
Introduction 45
46 INTRODUCCIÓN
for you to develop your own relationship with these songs through
listening. We hope that you will learn about some new artists, find
of
Introduction 47