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SPE-182408-MS

A Unique Anti-Salt Polymer for EOR

Xiaoqin Zhang, Xia Li, Songlin Guo, Gang Sun, and Wenting Guan, Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd

Copyright 2016, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Perth, Australia, 25-27 October 2016.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
of the paper have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material does not necessarily reflect
any position of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, its officers, or members. Electronic reproduction, distribution, or storage of any part of this paper without the written
consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
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Abstract
Daqing Oilfield is a heterogeneous sandstone oilfield with multiple layers. In order to protect the
environment, produced water is widely recycled to prepare polymer solution, leading to great polymer
consumption and poor economic effectiveness. For this reason, an exploratory research on anti-salt polymers
is carried out. Polymer LH2500 is screened out and applied in pilot test in No.3 Block of Xingbei
development zone, Enhanced recovery factor reached 10.3%, 45% polymer consumption was saved for
ordinary polymers.
However, as produced water is recycled to prepare polymer solution, anti-salt polymer pilot test is
urgently needed. To further enhance the recovery factor, anti-salt polymers of low concentration should
have high viscosity in the high underground salinity.

Evaluation and screening of anti-salt polymers


In consideration of the produced water quality, researchwas carried out on 5 different polymers in order to
find most suitbale polymer for pilot study. Key parameters considered were polymer physical and chemical
properties, viscosity increment and oil displacement efficiencies. One anti-salt polymer was then chosen
based on the performances and compatibility with production layers. 1.1 Low hydrolysis degrees
The physical and chemical properties of 5 functional polymers were tested. Compared with normal
polymer (P-2500), the hydrolysis degree of the 5 polymers were low and the other tested indexes were
among the normal range. Hydrolysis degree of Lh2500 is the lowest. (Tab. 1)
2 SPE-182408-MS

Table 1—physical and chemical properties of tested polymers

tested items LH2500 GL DLKP KY-PAM TS P-2500

molecular weight (M) 31.26 21.41 7.30 32.46 10.71 28.81

intrinsic viscosity (dl/g) 33.03 20.25 12.56 33.86 16.29 31.3

hydrolysis (mol%) 17.9 26.5 23.3 24.5 27.5 25.6

viscosity in simulated sewage (mPa·s) 34.5 68.3 65.6 43.5 36.3 45.1

solid content (wt%) 88.0 90.6 89.2 89.9 90.5 90.1

filter factor 1.13 1.60 1.41 1.38 1.4 1.41

water insoluble (wt%) 0.04 0.016 0.036 0.020 0.064 0.020

dissolution rate (h) <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2

Stable viscosities
Viscosity of anti-salt polymers in sewage as a function of time was tested. The initial viscosity was 50mPa*s
and temperature remained at 45°C. In the beginning 30 days, viscosity retentions remained close and all
were above 70%, in the time range 60~90 days, viscosity retentions of LH2500 and GL were 92% and 50%,
which were higher than that of P-2500. Viscosity retention of LH2500 picked up obviously after 60 days,
which the other remained stable after 90 days. (Fig. 1)

Figure 1—viscosity retention of different polymers

Recovery factorsll man-made cores were heterogeneous two-layered cores


Core size was 4.5cm* 4.5cm*30cm and gas permeability were 1200mD and 300mD. Injection rate was
0.2mL/min. When water-cut of seepage flooding remained 98% for 2h, the experiment turned into polymer
flooding with an injection of 0.5 PV, 50mPa.s polymer solution. Finally, seepage flooding was carried out
till the water-cut reached 98%.
Viscosity retention differed after 60 day (Fig. 1). Physical simulation experiments were carried out by
using the solutions after 60 days, to find out the influence of viscosity stability on recovery factors. Physical
simulation experiments were firstly carried out on natural cores. Results showed that compared with the
recovery factor of P-2500, those for LH2500 and GL were 4.5% and 3.7% higher. (Tab. 2)
SPE-182408-MS 3

Table 2—natural core flooding experiments for polymer solutions aging 60 days

viscosity mPa*S
polymer Cmg/L porosity % Kwater mD Soil % Rwater % Rpolymer % Rtotal %
initial 60D later

1 27.74 316 62.4 41.3 9.2 50.5


P-2500 1300 53.7 33
2 27.88 333 62.8 41.5 8.9 50.4

3 28.76 344 63.3 40 13.3 53.3


LH 1200 52.9 42.6
4 27.63 325 62.7 41.3 13.8 55.1

5 29.06 338 62.5 40.2 12.6 52.8


GL 1100 53.5 35
6 28.31 307 63.9 41.7 13.1 54.8

Further flooding experiments were carried out on man-made two-layered cores. Results showed that
compared with the recovery factor of P-2500, those for Lh2500 and GL were 3.6% and 0.6% higher. (Tab. 3)

Table 3—two-layered core flooding experiments for polymer solutions aging 60 days

viscosity mPa*S
polymer Cmg/L porosity % Kwater mD Soil % Rwater % Rpolymer % Rtotal %
initial 60D later

1 LH 1200 52.9 41.9 24.32 452 71.3 39.8 22.2 62.0

2 GL 1100 53.5 35.7 23.46 414 72.5 39.5 19.2 58.7

3 P-2500 1300 53.7 33.3 23.28 444 72.6 39.3 18.6 57.9

4 KYPAM 1100 52.4 15.6 24.33 422 73.0 39.7 10.1 49.8

Pilot test
General properties of the pilot test area
The chosen pilot area was No. 3 Block in Xingbei development zone. Oil bearing area was 1.5 km2, porous
volume was 3.145 million cubic meter, and geological reserve was 1.477 million tons. A five-spot well
pattern with well spacing 141m was applied. There were 33 injectors and 37 producers. (Tab. 4) Sedimentary
type was high curvature fluvial distributary channel sands and 4 sedimentary units developed vertically.
Polymer flooding began in Jan. 2014.

Table 4—general properties of the pilot area

oil porous geological Avg. thickness (m) Average


bearingarea volume reserve permeability injectors producers central producers
(km2) (106m3) (106t) sandstone effective (μm2)

1.5 3.145 1.577 9.2 7.4 0.454 33 37 12

Perforation of production layers in tested area


Perforated thickness and effective thickness for single well were 9.2m and 7.4m. Average effective
permeability was 454*10-3μm2. (Tab. 5)
4 SPE-182408-MS

Table 5—development and perforation for each sedimentary unit in the block

single well development single well perforation


sedimentary effective effective
unit sandstone effective sandstone effective
permeability permeability
thickness (m) thickness (m) thickness (m) thickness (m)
(10-3μm2) (10-3μm2)

PI22 1.6 1.2 400 1.4 1.1 404

PI32 4.1 3.2 459 4 3.2 460

PI331 0.2 0.1 328 0.1 0.1 328

PI332 3.7 3.0 473 3.6 3.0 472

Total 9.6 7.5 453 9.2 7.4 454

Analysis of watered-out area in the pilot area


Based on the interpretation data of watered-out layers in the block, the pilot area was severely watered-
out. The ratio of highly watered thickness reached 47.3%, while low or no watered-out thickness was only
10%. (Tab. 6)

Table 6—statistics of watered-out thickness for PI22 ~PI332 in the tested area

single well development


effective thickness (%)
sedimentary unit thickness (m)

sandstone effective high watered middle watered low watered no watered

PI22 1.6 1.2 27.2 58.3 11.8 2.8

PI32 4.1 3.2 49.6 42.0 7.5 0.9

PI331 0.2 0.1 49.4 43.0 3.8 3.8

PI322 3.7 3.0 52.8 37.1 9.8 0.3

Total 9.6 7.5 47.3 42.6 9.0 1.0

Connection and controlling degree of the tested area


Generally, connection ratio of perforated layers for the new drilled 70 polymer injectors reached 77.8%
and connection ration of effective thickens reached 80.3%. Connection ratio of effective thickness for
sedimentary unit PI32 and PI322 reached 85.3% and 82.1%. (Tab. 7)

Table 7—connection of perforated layers and

concoctions of well groups sand body location of the injector

Four Three Two sing channel sand non channel sand Pinched out
sedimentary unit perforated total
way way way way ratio ratio ratio
wells (%) wells wells wells
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

PI22 17 11.8 11.8 41.2 29.4 94.1 13 39.4 4 12.1 16 48.5

PI32 32 34.4 31.3 25.0 9.4 100 29 87.9 3 9.1 1 3.0

PI331 5 0 0 0 20.0 20.0 2 6.1 3 9.1 28 84.8

PI332 29 31.0 27.6 17.2 20.7 96.6 24 72.7 5 15.2 4 12.1

average / 26.5 24.1 24.1 18.1 92.8 68 51.5 15 11.4 49 37.1


SPE-182408-MS 5

For oil layers of effective permeability above 150md, polymer flooding controlling degrees of these
layers reached 68.2%. (Tab. 8)

Table 8—controlling degree of polymer flooding in the pilot test area

Sedimentary unit PI 22 PI 32 PI 331 PI332 average

Controlling degree (%) 46.4 75.7 1.7 69.7 68.2

Performance of the pilot test


Polymer flooding began in the pilot area in Jan. 2014. So far, injection pressure has increased from 5.4MPa
to 10.7MPa. Accumulated polymer injection has reached819mg/L*PV, highest decrement in water-cut is
15.6% and current general water-cut is 84.5%.

Layer swept ratio of the pilot area


Swept thickness in the pilot area reached 83.0%, which was 29.4% and 17.1% more than those of water
flooding and normal polymer flooding. The layers were obviously swept.

Table 9—swept thickness for normal and anti-salt polymer flooding in tested area

swept thickness (m) ratio of swept thickness (%)


Sedimentary Effective effective early middle early middle difference
unit thickness (m) K (mD) Water Water (%)
Polymer Polymer Polymer Polymer
flooding flooding
flooding flooding flooding flooding

PI22 80.9 522 47.2 48.6 53.7 58.3 60.1 66.4 +8.0

PI32 88.8 499 59.6 75 71.6 67.1 84.5 80.6 +13.5


normal polymer
flooding PI3 3
1
64.3 466 41.2 45.3 56.0 64.1 70.5 87.1 +23.0
(30wells)
PI332 68.7 493 26.3 29.2 30.2 38.3 42.5 44.0 +5.7

total 302.7 495 174.3 198.1 211.5 57.6 65.4 69.9 +12.3

PI22 8.5 498 4.6 6.2 5.7 54.1 72.9 67.1 +12.9

anti-salt PI32 36 519 18.9 25.3 29.8 52.5 70.3 82.8 +30.3
polymer
PI331 6.5 462 3.6 4.3 6.2 55.4 66.2 95.4 +40.0
flooding
(10wells) PI332 21.9 437 12 14.7 18.8 54.8 67.1 85.8 +31.1

total 72.9 479 39.1 50.5 60.5 53.6 69.3 83.0 +29.4

Performances of the pilot test


Presently, the pilot test area has been in the stage of low water-cut for 16 moths. Water-cut decreases by
11.4%. Liquid production remains stable and oil production increases. Daily oil production increases by 219
tons and present recovery factor is 10.3%. Compared with the parallel block, recovery factor is enhanced
by 6.4. In other words, 45% polymer consumption is saved for ordinary polymers. Results from numerical
simulation indicate that final recovery factor is above 17%.
6 SPE-182408-MS

Figure 2—recovery factor for anti-salt polymer and normal polymer

Figure 3—the actual and the simulated numerical water-cut for the pilot test area

Conclusions
1. An anti-salt polymer was screened out. It was of low hydrolysis, stable viscosity and high oil
displacing efficiency.
2. Anti-salt polymer could obviously sweep the oil layers. Compared with that of normal polymer, the
swept thickness of anti-salt polymer was enhanced by 17.1%.
3. The maximum water-cut decrement for anti-salt polymer flooding was 15.6%. Enhanced recovery
factor was 6.4% higher than that of normal polymer flooding at the same polymer consumption. In
other words, when oil production was the same, anti-salt polymer flooding could save 45% polymer
consumption, equal to 19.47 million RMB.

References
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Flooding in Daqing Oilfield[C]//Society of Petroleum Engineers.
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SPE-182408-MS 7

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high temperature anti-salt polymer fluid loss reducer[J]. Zhongguo Shiyou Daxue Xuebao
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