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¦ Genevieve Lloyd
LONDON AND NEW YORK
-iii-First published 1996 by Routledge11 New Fetter LaneLondon EC4P
4EESimultaneously published in theUSA and Canada by Routledge29 West 35th
Street, New York, NY 10001© 1996 Genevieve LloydText design:
Barker/HilsdonTypeset in Times and Frutiger byFlorencetype Ltd, Stoodleigh,
DevonPrinted and bound in Great Britain byClays Ltd, St. Ives PLCAll rights
reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproducedor utilized in any
form or by anyelectronic, mechanical, or other means,now known or hereafter
invented,including photocopying and recording,or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book isavailable from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Lloyd, Genevieve
Acknowledgments
This book was completed with the assistance of an Australian Research Council
Small Grant.I am grateful also to Sandra Lynch for research assistance; to Moira
Gatens and AmélieOksenberg Rorty for helpful discussion of points of
interpretation; to Susan James andThomas Cook for constructive critical comments
on the manuscript; to the School of Philosophy and the Faculty of Arts and
Social Sciences at the University of New South Walesfor practical assistance; to
the Department of General Philosophy at the University of Sydneyfor a visiting
Página 6
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professorship during the first semester of 1994; and to students of the
Universityof New South Wales and the University of Sydney for their lively
engagement with Spinoza’s
Ethics,
and their intelligent critical response to sections of this book which I tried
out in their courses.-ix-
Abbreviations
Abbreviated references to the
Ethics
follow the conventions introduced by Curley in theintroduction to
A Spinoza Reader
(Curley 1994: xxxv). Thus:E=
Ethics
A= AxiomP= PropositionD (following a Roman numeral)= DefinitionD (following
P+an arabic numeral)= the Demonstration of the propositionC= CorollaryS=
ScholiumExp= ExplanationL= LemmaPost= PostulatePref= PrefaceApp= AppendixDefAff=
the definition of the affects at the end of Part IIIRoman numerals before these
abbreviations refer to parts of the
Ethics.
-x-
Chapter 1Spinoza in his time and ours
The outsider
Cursed be he by day and cursed be he by night; cursed be he when he lies down,
and cursed be he when he rises up; cursed be he when he goes out, and cursed be
he when he comes in.The Lord will not pardon him; the anger and wrath of the
Lord will rage against this man, and bring upon him all the curses which are
written in the Book of the Law, and the Lord willdestroy his name from under the
Heavens…(Wolf 1927:146)Thus did the wardens of the Amsterdam synagogue
excommunicate the 24-year-old BaruchSpinoza, on 27 July 1656. The record of
excommunication mentions ‘horrible heresies whichhe practised and taught’ and
‘monstrous actions which he performed’. The content of the‘heresies’ can be
reconstructed from contemporary-1-reports of his beliefs and from his writings.
Spinoza held unorthodox views on the nature of God and of the human soul, on
immortality and on the status of prophecy. Spinoza’s early biographers make it
clear that his views were widely despised. The nature of the ‘monstrousdeeds’
mentioned in the record of excommunication is more difficult to determine.There
are two old biographies of Spinoza. One was written by a Lutheran clergyman,
JohanCohler—Latinized as ‘Colerus’—and first published in 1705. The other, by
Jean MaximilianLucas—a freethinking French refugee living in Holland—is thought
to have been writtensoon after Spinoza’s death in 1677, though not published
until 1719.
1
Colerus describesSpinoza’s physical appearance: ‘He was of a middle size, he
had good features in his Face,the Skin somewhat black, black curl’d Hair, long
Eye-brows, and of the same Colour, so thatone might easily know by his Looks
that he was descended from Portuguese Jews’ (Pollock 1899:394). Spinoza’s
doctrines are presented by Colerus as ‘impious’, ‘absurd’ and‘pernicious’; but
he grudgingly acknowledges the integrity and amiability of the character from
which they issued.The older biography makes the allegation of ‘monstrous
actions’ even less plausible. Lucas,who knew Spinoza personally, presents him as
Página 7
texto1.txt
a lover of solitude, enjoying nonetheless thecompany of the ‘real men of
learning’ who sought him out in The Hague, where he eventuallysettled. Lucas
offers a picture of a man given over to a passionate love of learning,
butdelighting too in the joys of sociability—a lover of company who was not
dependent on theadmiration of others. His Spinoza is a man with a ‘well-
seasoned’ wit, whose misfortuneresulted not from monstrous deeds but from his
being ‘too good and too enlightened’. Lucasstresses Spinoza’s freedom from
concern with fame or appearances. When he was dyingSpinoza requested that his
name should not be put on the
Ethics,
saying that such affectationswere unworthy of a philosopher. Lucas reports, too,
that Spinoza consciously avoided the
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