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Perforating
3) Which of these following statements indicate the limitation of rate exclusion method?
a) It cannot be applied for tight formation
b) It needs good hydraulic communication
c) It is harmful to the environment
d) It neglects some potentially sand-producing factors
5) If the bottom hole temperature is 200oF, which sand control method is not viable?
a) Standalone screens
b) Resin coated gravel
c) A and B are correct
d) A and B are incorrect
6) Given the grain diameters at 10%, 40%, 90% cumulative weight are 0.0055, 0.0043,
and 0.0031 respectively. Determine the design standalone screen opening size
a) 0.0086
b) 0.0077
c) 0.0055
d) 0.0062
7) Fill in the blank: “The crucial nuisance of slotted liners method is …… ; Among the
screen types, the …… has the highest quality.”
a) Annular flow ; Expandable
b) Grain size ; Wire wrapped
c) Bend tolerance ; Wire wrapped
d) Bend tolerance ; Premium
10) Given the grain diameters at 20%, 50%, 80% cumulative weight are 121.9, 101.6, and
86.4 microns respectively. The D50 of gravel pack in inches should be
a) 0.0187
b) 0.0432
c) 0.0365
d) 0.0248
1. Which is the cause of sand production?
a. The fine grain is mobilized from around the grain to grain contacts
b. Biochemical reaction with the natural cementing materials
c. Precipitation of reaction products
d. Variations in reservoir permeability
2. How many correct statements concerning to “Sand Production May Begin Late in the
Life of a Well”
i. Increased drawdown leads to increased resisting forces
ii. Increasing mechanical stresses can be caused by cavity pressure
reduction
iii. Pulsed pressure can be caused by laminar production
iv. Water breakthough can severely reduce capillary pressure forces
a. 2
b. 1
c. 3
d. 4
3. What can we learn from the sonic log to predict sand production?
a. Short travel times, less than 50μs, indicate high density and hard rock
b. Short travel times, less than 50μs, indicate high porosity and hard rock
c. Long travel times, 95μs or greater, indicate soft-low density, high porosity
rock
d. Long travel times, 95μs or greater, indicate high density, soft-low porosity
rock
6. The table below shows some parameters of sand failure. What is the value of X and
Y?
a. X: High; Y: Rich
b. X: High; Y: Poor
c. X: Low; Y: Rich
d. X: Low; Y: Poor
7. Arrange the sand grain size in order from the finest to the coarsest:
a. Gravel > Coarse Sand > V Coarse Sand > Fine Sand > Medium Sand > Clay > Silt
b. Gravel > V Coarse Sand > Coarse Sand > Medium Sand >Fine Sand > Silt > Clay
c. Silt < Clay < Medium Sand < Fine Sand <V Coarse Sand < Coarse Sand < Gravel
d. Clay < Silt < Fine Sand < Medium Sand < Coarse Sand < V Coarse Sand <
Gravel
8. What is the smallest value of sand sample size when we do formation sand analysis?
a. 7 cm3
b. 11 cm3
c. 15 cm3
d. 19 cm3
10. Which of the following is not belonged to Gravel Pack Selection Procedure:
a. Determine required screen opening
b. Determine weight of gravel
c. Determine volume of gravel
d. Determine formation grain size and distribution
MATRIX ACIDIZING
1. What is the goal of a matrix acidizing treatment?
a. To reduce the non-mechanical skin effect to near zero
b. To create highly conductive paths some distance away from the wellbore into
the reservoir
c. To reduce the permeability in the near-wellbore region
2. Which one is not the main application for matrix acidizing?
a. High permeability formation with damage
b. Formation not suitable for fracturing
c. In naturally fractured or highly vugular carbonate reservoirs, live acid
may penetrate to a sufficient distance to yield a productivity enhancement
lower than that normally expected from a true matrix treatment
d. In highly productive wells, the productivity improvement of about 20% that is
possible with matrix stimulation of undamaged well may be economic
3. Which acid is used in sandstone matrix treatment?
a. HCl
b. HF
c. A mixture of HF and HCl
d. HCOOH
4. Sort the acids in ascending order of acidity?
a. HCl> CH3COOH >HCOOH
b. CH3COOH >HCl>HCOOH
c. HCOOH= CH3COOH <HCl
d. HCOOH< CH3COOH <HCl
5. Why hydrochloric acid or organic acid is mixed with HF?
a. To keep the pH low when it spends, thereby preventing detrimental
precipitates
b. To reduce the cost
c. To increase the acidity
d. To help the acid can move further in the wellbore region
6. Which statement is FASLE?
a. The treatment of a reservoir formation with a stimulation fluid containing a
reactive acid
b. In sandstone formations, the acid reacts with the soluble substances in the
formation matrix to enlarge the pore spaces
c. In carbonate formations, the acid dissolves the entire formation matrix
d. Matrix acidizing operations are ideally performed at low rate, but at
treatment pressures above the fracture pressure of the formation
7. In carbonate formations, which acids can use to dissolves the formation matrix?
a. HCl + HF
b. Only HCl
c. HCl, CH3COOH
d. CH3COOH, HCOOH
8. Mineral origin from invasion of drill, cementing or completion fluids, or host
materials occurring naturally in…?
a. The rock formation
b. The chemical weathering
c. The physical weathering
d. The impact of erosion
9. In reaction rate, which statement is FALSE?
a. The reaction between an acid and a mineral occurs when acid reaches the
surface of the mineral by diffusion or convection from the bulk solution
b. The reaction between an acid and a mineral occurs when acid reaches the
surface of the mineral by releasing from the bulk solution
c. The overall rate of acid consumption or mineral dissolution depends on two
distinct phenomena: the rate of transport of acid to the mineral surface by
diffusion or convection, and the actual reaction rate on the mineral surface.
d. Usually, one of these processes is much slower than the other
10. Which is not the most common damaging precipitates that may occur in sandstone
acidizing?
a. Copper(II) oxide (CuO)
b. Calcium fluoride (CaF2)
c. Colloidal silica (Si(OH)4)
d. Ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)3)
11. Fill in the blank of the following statement:
Candidate Selection (Recognition) is the process of … for
treatment which have the capacity for higher production and better… return
“Good Wells Make the Best Candidates for …
a. Identifying and selecting wells, Well Stimulation, Economic
b. Economic, Identifying and selecting wells, Well Stimulation
c. Economic, Well Stimulation, Identifying and selecting wells
d. Well Stimulation, Identifying and selecting wells, Economic
12. The formation damage/impairment may be related to:
a. drilling, completion or workover operations
b. produced or (continually) injected fluids
c. injected fluids during specific well operations e.g. well killing
d. All of them
13. Which is the correct order of a typical treatment stages?
a. Preflush, Overflush, Main treating fuild, Displacement
b. Preflush, Man treating fluid, Overflush, Displacement
c. Displacement, Preflush, Main treating fuild, Overfulsh
d. Main treating fluid, Preflush, Overflush, Displacement
14. Given these statements about stimulation of carbonate formation:
- Carbonates are normally found as massive deposits of chalk, limestone or
dolomite
- Carbonates consist of very fine grains exhibiting a vugular or fracture porosity
rather than the intergranular porosity shown by sandstones
- The many possible diagenetic processes can lead to formations with similar
chemical compositions having a strength
that varies from very strong to behaving similar to toothpaste
- Carbonates react slower with hydrochloric acid than sandstones, for the same
formation temperature
How many correct statements?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
15. The structure of wormhole patterns will depend on many factors, including
a. Flow geometry,
b. Injection rate
c. Reaction kinetics and mass transfer rate
d. All of them
e. None of them
16. Given these statements about Wormholes:
1. “Wormholes”,created by dissolution of the rock uniformly (Hoefner and
Fogler, 1988.), consist of a main channel from
which many highly branched structures are formed
2. Since wormholes are much smaller than the pores in nonvugular carbonates,
the pressure drop through the region penetrated by wormholes will be
insignificant
3. in matrix acidizing, knowledge of the depth of penetration of wormholes does
not allow a prediction of the effect of acidizing on the skin effect
4. Wormholing is also very significant in acid fracturing, as it will increase
fluid loss rates, limiting the penetration of acid down the fracture
The correct statements are
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
c. 1, 4
d. 3, 4
17. Fill in the blank in the given picture
A C
E
Ans: A: Casing
B: Cement
C: Carbonate Formation
D: Borehole Wall
E: Pre-Perforated Liner
18. The number and extent of the wormholes depend on:
a. the carbonate formation’s reactivity
b. the acid leak-off rate into the matrix
c. The presence of higher permeability streaks, fractures, vugs etc will determine
the preferred direction of wormhole
growth
d. All of them
a. √2 xf =hf
1
b. xf = hf
√2
c. 2xf = hf
1
d. 2xf = hf
Answer: c
7. What is the main factor that control fluid leakoff?
a. fracture face
b. Mud cake
c. Filter cake
d. a,b and c are correct.
Answer: c
8. Choose the correct statement about Tensile Strength:
a. The maximum stress that a material can tolerate without rupture in a uniaxial tensile
experiment is the tensile stress.
b. The minimum stress that a material can tolerate without rupture in a uniaxial tensile
experiment is the tensile stress.
c. The maximum stress that a material can tolerate without rupture in an axial tensile
experiment is the tensile stress.
d. a, b and c are not correct
Answer: a
9. What is the optimum CfD constant for any reservoir and any fixed amount of
proppant?
a. CfD = 1.5
b. CfD = 1.6
c. CfD = 1.7
d. CfD = 1.8
Answer: b
10. What is not the parameter for minimum hydraulic fracturing candidate well
selection screening criteria?
a. Water Cut
b. Reservoir Temperature
c. Permeability
d. Reservoir Pressure
Answer: b
1. What are the ideas behind Carter's leakoff coefficient?
if a filter-cake wall is building up, it will allow less fluid to pass through a unit area in
unit time;
the reservoir itself can take less and less fluid if it has been exposed to inflow.
Oil-Base Fluids
Lease oil and gelled oils.
Acid-Base Fluids
Used in limestones or dolomitic formations.
Emulsions
Mixtures of oil and an aqueous material (either water or acid).
Gas/Foam Fluids
Specialized emulsions using nitrogen or carbon dioxide gas as the inner phase of an
aqueous mixture.
Manufactured proppants
Sintered Bauxite
Intermediate Strength Proppants
Resin Coated Proppants
4. A gas reservoir has a permeability of 1 mD. A vertical well of 0.328ft radius draws the
reservoir from the center of an area of 160 acres. If the well is hydraulically fractured to
create a 2,000-ft long, 0.12-inch wide fracture of 200,000 mD permeability around the
center of the drainage area, what would be the fold of increase in well productivity?
5. What is the procedure of Hydraulic Fracturing Design?
Select a fracturing fluid
Select a proppant
Determine the maximum allowable treatment pressure
Select a fracture propagation model
Select treatment size (fracture length and proppant concentration)
Perform production forecast analyses
Perform NPV analysis
6. Predict the maximum expected surface injection pressure using the following
additional data:
Specific gravity of fracturing fluid: 1.2
Viscosity of fracturing fluid: 20 cp
Tubing inner diameter: 3.0 in.
Fluid injection rate: 10bpm