Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Thin-Walled Cylinders
Subjected to External Pressure
Daniel Vasilikis Motivated by practical engineering applications, the present paper examines the mechanical
e-mail: davasili@uth.gr response of thin-walled cylinders surrounded by a rigid or deformable medium, subjected
to uniform external pressure. Emphasis is given to structural stability in terms of buck-
Spyros A. Karamanos1 ling, postbuckling, and imperfection sensitivity. The present investigation is computa-
e-mail: skara@mie.uth.gr tional and employs a two-dimensional model, where the cylinder and the surrounding
medium are simulated with nonlinear finite elements. The behavior of cylinders made of
Department of Mechanical Engineering, elastic material is examined first, and a successful comparison of the numerical results is
University of Thessaly, conducted with available closed-form analytical solutions for rigidly confined cylinders.
Volos 38334, Greece Subsequently, the response of confined thin-walled steel cylinders is examined. The nu-
merical results show an unstable postbuckling response beyond the point of maximum
pressure and indicate severe imperfection sensitivity on the value of the maximum pres-
sure. A good comparison with limited available test data is also shown. Furthermore, the
effects of the deformability of the surrounding medium are examined. In particular, soil
embedment conditions are examined, with direct reference to the case of buried thin-
walled steel pipelines. Finally, based on the numerical results, a comparison is attempted
between the present buckling problem and the problem of “shrink buckling.” The differ-
ences between those two problems of confined cylinder buckling are pinpointed, empha-
sizing the issue of imperfection sensitivity. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024165]
14:1ry
pM ¼ (5)
ðD=tÞ1:5 ½1 þ 1:2ðd0 þ 2gÞ=t
The above Eq. (5) has been proposed for a range of parameters,
namely 60 D=t 340, 250 MPa ry 500 MPa, 0:1 d0
=t 0:5, and g=t 0:25. Clearly, the ultimate pressure pM of
Eq. (5) is a decreasing function of both imperfection types d0 and
g, as well as a decreasing function of the diameter-to-thickness ra-
tio D=t. Furthermore, it can be readily shown that for D=t between
100 and 300, the value of pM is well below the yield or plastic
pressure py of the cylinder, i.e., the nominal pressure that causes
full plastification of the cylinder wall. From thin-walled vessel
Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the buckling problem of an theory, and considering a von Mises yield criterion under plane
externally pressurized cylinder confined by the surrounding strain conditions for the deforming cylinder cross section, the
medium plastic pressure py is readily calculated equal to
ry t
py ¼ 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (6)
1þ D 2
Fig. 3 Schematic representation of a confined ring with (a) gap-type initial imper-
fection and (b) out-of-roundness initial imperfection
Fig. 4 Comparison between numerical results and analytical Fig. 5 Structural response of rigidly confined elastic cylinders
predictions from Glock’s Eq. (1) and El-Sawy and Moore Eq. (4) in the presence of small gaps; (a) general response and (b) ini-
for the buckling pressure of rigidly confined cylinders tial response for very low-pressure values
Consecutive deformation configurations of an imperfection-free zero, i.e., the cylinder becomes locally flat and shows a very good
elastic cylinder with D=t equal to 200 under external pressure are correlation with the numerical results.
shown in Fig. 6(a), and the corresponding points on the pressure– Table 1 depicts the values of maximum pressure, as well as
deflection path are depicted in Fig. 6(b). The numerical results hoop stress, inward radial displacement at the critical location,
indicate that the maximum pressure pmax is equal to 1.95 MPa and and the size of the detachment zone at buckling stage, obtained by
occurs at the stage where the local curvature at h ¼ 0 becomes both numerical analysis and Glock’s analytical solution. The
zero (i.e., when “inversion” of the cylinder wall occurs). From Eq. value of the nominal hoop stress rnom , corresponding to the fol-
(1), Glock’s prediction is equal to 1.99 MPa, very close to the nu- lowing formula:
merical value. Using Eqs. (A3) and (A4) of the Appendix from
the analytical solution of Glock [9] and conducting the appropri- pD
rnom ¼ (10)
ate differentiation of the radial displacement function wðhÞ, the 2t
local change of hoop curvature k0 at the buckle location h ¼ 0 is
calculated as follows: from elementary mechanics of materials, is of particular interest.
Furthermore, stresses, ra and rb refer to the membrane and bend-
w00 ð0Þ d p 2 ing stress, respectively, and in Table 1 they are both normalized
k0 ¼ ¼ (8) by the value of rnom at buckling, i.e., considering p ¼ pmax in Eq.
R2 2R2 /
(10). In general, a fairly good comparison has been obtained
between the numerical results and the analytical solution for elas-
Therefore, at the stage of maximum (critical) pressure, the change
tic cylinders provided in Ref. [9].
of hoop curvature k0;cr can be calculated analytically substituting
An important observation refers to the magnitude of the hoop
Eqs. (A9) and (A10) into Eq. (8) to obtain:
stresses. The above results demonstrate that Eq. (10) may not be a
reliable formula for computing the hoop stress on the pressurized
1 1 cylinder at the prebuckling stage. In addition, although the value
k0;cr ¼ 1:033 ’ (9)
R R of membrane stress ra is comparable with the value of rnom , the
value of rb is significantly higher, implying a substantial bending
Adding the value of Eq. (9) to the initial hoop curvature (equal to deformation before buckling. It is also noted that the above results
1=R), the curvature of the deformed configuration at the stage of assume elastic behavior of the cylinder material. Therefore, it is
buckling is readily computed equal to zero. This result from expected that steel cylinders will have a reduced strength due to
Glock’s solution implies that the maximum pressure occurs at the early yielding caused by the development of significant bending
stage where the local curvature at the h ¼ 0 location becomes stress rb .
Table 1 Comparison between analytical results [9] and numerical results for rigidly confined elastic cylinders
Cylinder Analytical [9] FEM (present) Analytical [9] FEM (present) Analytical [9] FEM (present)
0:15 0:15
a¼ ¼" (14)
D 0:7 sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi#0:7
d0 þ 3g D
R t
Fig. 11 Postbuckling shapes of initially “perfect” steel cylinders with elastic-plastic material; configuration (2) corresponds to
the ultimate pressure stage
p t 4
¼ 2 (16)
py D d d
6
R R
Maximum pressure
Fig. 16 Variation of maximum pressure pmax steel cylinders Experimental 6.1 MPa 6.7 MPa 2.9 MPa 2.6 MPa
embedded in a rigid confinement medium with respect to the Numerical (FEM) 6.14 MPa 6.14 MPa 2.84 MPa 2.88 MPa
slenderness parameter k defined in Eq. (18); finite element Design methodology 5.47 MPa 5.47 MPa 2.70 MPa 2.57 MPa
results and predictions of Eqs. (20), (21), and (22) Montel Eq. (5) 5.74 MPa 5.74 MPa 2.75 MPa 2.42 MPa
Numerical results in Ref. [31] have shown that this factor is inde-
pendent on the value of the D=t ratio. Based on the numerical
results, the following function is defined:
0:05x2 þ 0:1x þ 0:95 if 1 x 5
f ðxÞ ¼ (26)
1 if x 1
ð ¼ 0:49Þ. In the case of a high value of E0 , detachment occurs at type of loading is external pressure on the cylinder outer surface,
relatively low pressure levels and the behavior has similarities sometimes referred to as “hydrostatic pressure” problem. Alterna-
with the one described in Sec. 3 for rigid boundary. tively, this buckling mode may be obtained under thermal loading,
Finally, the behavior of a steel cylinder with D=t ¼ 200, em- where the cavity prevents the extension of the encased cylinder.
bedded in a deformable elastic-plastic medium is examined. The Similar to thermal loading, shrink buckling may also occur when
medium is considered a soft-to-firm clay, which is modeled the outer cavity contracts (shrinks), moving inwards and applying
through a Mohr–Coulomb inelastic material model, with cohesion external pressure to the encased cylinder, forcing it to buckle. In
c ¼ 50 kPa, friction angle u ¼ 0 deg, Young’s modulus several practical applications, sleeving the inside of cylinders can
E0 ¼ 25 MPa, and Poisson’s ratio ¼ 0.49. The effects of gravity lead to shrink buckling as well. In all those cases, the resultant
have been taken into account, as an initial loading step. Figure buckling is often referred to as shrink buckling, as opposed to
23(a) shows the structural response of the steel cylinder in terms “hydrostatic buckling” presented in Secs. 3 and 4.
of the pressure-displacement curve for the elastic-plastic medium, Early works on this subject have been conducted by Refs. [5],
compared with the corresponding curve assuming elastic medium. [6], and [7], pinpointing the importance of initial imperfections on
The two curves practically coincide. They slightly deviate only af- the maximum compression. Notable analytical contributions on
ter significant deformation, well into the postbuckling range. The the problem of shrink buckling have been reported in Refs.
coincidence of the two curves is more pronounced when stiffer [38–41], whereas Sun et al. [42] presented a thorough experimen-
soil properties are employed. Figure 23(b) shows the distribution tal investigation of the problem, using a simple setup of com-
of plastic deformation in the deformable medium at a displace- pressed hemicircular very thin-walled rings (D=t 400) within a
ment value of 30 mm ðd=R ¼ 0:04Þ, well beyond the buckling rigid cavity, focusing on the effects of initial imperfections.
stage. Plastic deformation occurs at the touchdown points B and The shrink buckling problem has several similarities but it is
B0 (see Fig. 1), where the pressurized cylindrical arch is sup- not the same as the hydrostatic buckling problem. The main dif-
ported. It is interesting to note that at the stage where buckling ference is that in shrink buckling under thermal loading or sleev-
occurs, no plastic deformation is detected within the medium. ing, the buckled part of the cylinder is laterally free, whereas in
hydrostatic buckling, pressure load is always present, applied on
the buckled portion of the cylinder in the postbuckling stage. To
5 A Note on Shrink Buckling of Cylinders understand the consequences of this difference on the mechanical
The single-lobe buckling mode of a thin-walled cylinder or ring behavior and strength of the loaded cylinder, a series of numerical
in a cavity can be obtained with two types of loading. The first simulations are conducted in the course of the present study,
All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.