NOVEMBER 2017 / VOL. 20 / NO.

Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTION AND TESTING PERSONNEL

▪Metallurgy for CWIs

AWS.ORG

▪ Plug and Slot Weld Symbols

▪ Safety in the Inspection Workplace
▪ Hobart Institute’s Inspection Services

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDING
AND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING

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 November 2017 / Vol. 20 / NO. 4

Inspection
Trends
THE MAGAZINE FOR MATERIALS INSPECTIONS AND TESTING PERSONNEL

Features

Applications of Plug and Slot Weld Symbols

by J. P. Christein and R. D. Campbell / Learn about basic welding
symbol requirements for plug and slot welds. On the surface, both
symbols appear very similar, but each has some individual
characteristics / 19

Beyond PPE: Safety in the Welding Inspection Environment

Cover photo: Titanium Grade 2 plate weld
contaminated with light elements during
by M. Haaksma / The importance of knowing safety regulations
welding. Stain etched, 20, bright field light. and OSHA guidelines / 24
(Photo courtesy of E Imaging Consulting,
Bend, Ore.)

INSPECTION TRENDS (ISSN 1523-7168) is

Selected Subjects of Metallurgy
published quarterly by the American Welding Society. by A. Moore / Essential concepts and expanded information about
Editorial and advertising offices are located at 8669 NW metallurgy for the welding inspector / 27
36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-
9353. Printed by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Senatobia,
Miss. Subscriptions $30.00 per year for noncertified,
nonmembers in the United States and its possessions;
$50.00 per year in foreign countries; $20.00 per year for How the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology Helps the
noncertified members and students; $10.00 single issue Inspection Industry
for nonmembers; and $7.00 single issue for members.
American Welding Society is located at 8669 NW 36 St., by K. Campbell /Explore the offerings this educational
#130, Miami, FL 33166; telephone (305) 443-9353. establishment provides to both students and businesses / 30
Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla., and additional
mailing offices.
POSTMASTER: Send address changes to
Inspection Trends c/o American Welding Society, 8669
NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166.

Readers of Inspection Trends may make copies of articles

for personal, archival, educational, or research
purposes, and which are not for sale or resale. Permis-
sion is granted to quote from articles, provided custom-
ary acknowledgment of authors and sources is made.

Departments
Starred (*) items excluded from copyright.

AWS MISSION STATEMENT

The mission of the American Welding Society is to advance
the science, technology, and application of welding and
allied joining processes worldwide, including, brazing,
soldering, and thermal spraying. Editor’s Note ................................6 Technology Notes ......................34
AWS DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION News Bulletin ...............................8 Certification Calendar ...............35
STATEMENT
AWS values diversity, advocates equitable and inclusive
practices, and engages its members and stakeholders in Print and Product ......................12 Mark Your Calendar ..................36
establishing a culture in the welding community that
welcomes, learns from, and celebrates differences among The Answer is.............................14 Classifieds ..................................40
people.
AWS recognizes that a commitment to diversity, equity,
and inclusion is essential to achieving excellence for the Just Facts ...................................16 Advertiser Index ........................40
Association, its members, and employees.

November 2017 / Inspection Trends 5

 Editor’s Note
Publisher
Mary Ruth Johnsen, mjohnsen@aws.org

Editorial
Dear Readers,
Editor
This month we bring you a wide Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
range of subjects we hope you find
interesting. Metallurgy is an im- Senior Editor
portant topic that plays a part in Cindy Weihl, cweihl@aws.org
weld examination as well as a crit- Features Editor
ical role in weld production and Kristin Campbell, kcampbell@aws.org
service. Al Moore’s feature article
on metallurgy for CWIs delivers Associate Editor
essential knowledge on the sub- Katie Pacheco, kpacheco@aws.org
ject, plus expanded information
Carlos Guzman
on how steels generally used for Assistant Editor
welded construction respond to Roline Pascal, rpascal@aws.org
heating and cooling. Knowing the
terminology and the different heat treatments can be useful to Design and Production
CWIs, as well as understanding the differences in the steels Production Editor
typically provided by suppliers. Zaida Chavez, zaida@aws.org
Safety can often be overlooked in the welding inspection Assistant Production Manager
environment, but it’s crucial that CWIs be aware of the codes Brenda Flores, bflores@aws.org
and regulations that pertain to safety in the workplace — and
to spot and report unsafe conditions. Matthew Haaksma, a Manager of International Periodicals
member of the AWS Safety and Health Committee, tells us how and Electronic Media
important it is for CWIs to be familiar with OSHA guidelines Carlos Guzman, cguzman@aws.org
and how the job is so much more than inspecting welds.
As you may be aware, we have been featuring a series of ar- Advertising
ticles about welding symbols. This month features the fourth Manager of Sales Operations
installment: plug and slot weld symbols. The plan was to pub- Lea Paneca, lea@aws.org
lish a four-part series on the subject in 2017, but the authors,
Richard Campbell and J. P. Christein, have realized the topic re- Senior Advertising Sales Executives
quires expansion. I’m pleased to announce we will continue the Sandra Jorgensen, sjorgensen@aws.org
series all through 2018 and into 2019, covering symbols such Annette Delagrange, adelagrange@aws.org
as edge, stud, backing, and surfacing, as well as many others Senior Advertising Production Manager
symbols and related topics. Frank Wilson, fwilson@aws.org
We close this issue with an insightful article by Features Subscriptions Representative
Editor Kristin Campbell about the Hobart Institute of Welding Evelyn Andino, eandino@aws.org
Technology (HIWT). The institute has been offering AWS CWI
preparation courses since the 1970s, which nowadays has de- American Welding Society
veloped into a comprehensive two-week class. A new 16,000- 8669 NW 36 St., #130
sq-ft facility houses all the school’s inspection preparation Miami, FL 33166-6672
(800/305) 443-9353
classes, where students also benefit from on-site testing.
As always, we welcome your questions and comments. Copyright
Please contact me at cguzman@aws.org.
Copyright © 2017 by American Welding Society in both
printed and electronic formats. The Society is not responsi-
ble for any statement made or opinion expressed herein.
Data and information developed by the authors of specific
articles are for informational purposes only and are not
intended for use without independent, substantiating
investigation on the part of potential users.

6 Inspection Trends / November 2017

 News Bulletins
AWS Releases New Edition of D3.6M,
Underwater Welding Code
A new edition of the AWS
D3.6M, Underwater Welding
Code, has been published and
includes numerous updates.
The internationally recog-
nized code for welding of un-
derwater structures in both
wet and dry environments
was first published in 1983
and is currently in its 6th edi-
tion.
The 2017 version in-
cludes the following changes:
• The clauses have been
shifted by two to align with
standard AWS format. For example, Qualification used to be
Clause 5, but now it’s Clause 7.
• Cleaning requirements are better defined (5.11).
• Acceptance of still-valid qualifications to previous editions
of the D3.6M is now incorporated (7.1.3).
• The use of ultrasonic stress relieving, a process in which ul-
trasonic energy is used to impart compressive residual stress
into a weld joint and base material, has been added under
Workmanship.
• The ultrasonic examination procedure in Clause 8, Inspec-
tion, has been updated to better align with the technique de-
scribed in AWS D1.1/D1.1M, Structural Welding Code — Steel.
• Some sample forms in Annex A have been updated.
• Annex E has been added to address the qualification of ma-
rine welding inspectors.
The new edition of the D3.6M Code is now available at the
AWS Bookstore (awspubs.com)Members receive a 25% dis-
count and other AWS products. See the AWS Membership
webpage (aws.org/membership) for more details.
The AWS D3B Subcommittee on Underwater Welding is al-
ready at work on the 7th edition revision. If you have any com-
ments for improvement of D3.6M, or are interested in joining
the committee, contact AWS D3B Subcommittee on Underwa-
ter Welding Secretary Darrill Gaschler at dgaschler@aws.org.
Laboratory Testing Hires Inside
Sales Manager
Laboratory Testing Inc., Hatfield, Pa., has hired John Stan-
go as its inside sales manager, a new position for the company.
He will supervise the inside sales team, which includes account
managers, customer service representatives, and a sales engi-
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8 Inspection Trends / November 2017

 neer. He will also work closely with the
company’s outside sales team of busi-
ness development managers to help
establish new customer relationships
and assist the director of the depart-
ment in executing the company’s
strategic sales plans. Stango has more
than ten years of supervisory experi-
ence with companies in the medical
John Stango
industry. Most recently, he held the
position of U.S. national sales manag-
er for Ortho Technology, where he was responsible for man-
agement of the inside sales representatives. Prior to that, he
held the position of manager/master coach for CareCentrix,
and regional team supervisor with Animas Corp.
Crown Equipment Adds Weld Inspection
System to Quality Assurance Program
Crown Equipment Corp., a Bremen, Ohio-based forklift
manufacturer, has purchased a SERVO-ROBOT WiKi-Scan weld
inspection system for its quality assurance program. The WiKi-
Scan provides information about numerous weld features, from
joint preparations and joint fitups to weld bead geometry. To
inspect a part, the inspector holds the system up to the welded
joint and presses the trigger to take measurements and deter-
mine if there are defects present. Results can automatically
compare to tolerances set and go/no-go feedback is provided.
Walter Bylsma, weld inspector and expert in metallurgy
and vision systems at Crown, is a user and advocate of the sys-
tem. With the system’s roller encoder option, Bylsma and his
team are now able to correctly “detect and record the locations
and lengths of defects…for the entire lengths of [our] welds.”
Webinar Held to Improve Austenitic
Weld Inspections
Zetec Inc. will hold a webinar on how to improve
austenitic weld inspections in upstream, midstream, down-
stream, and petrochemical sectors on December 13 and 14.
With more stringent environmental and process require-
ments in the industry, there is an increased interest in apply-
ing more efficient, productive volumetric inspection tech-
niques both for pre-service (manufacturing) or in-service mar-
kets. This need is evident across all sectors and applications of
oil and gas, from flow pipes, blow out preventers, and corro-
sion resistant alloy pipelines to heavy wall stainless steel
process pipes.
One successful option — phased array ultrasound (PAUT)
examination of austenitic welds (homogeneous stainless steel
welds, dissimilar metal welds) — has been applied to and for-
mally qualified for these types of inspections. Although most
of the elements of a “successful” inspection solution is known
to PAUT experts, the implementation is still perceived as labo-
rious, complex, and expensive, often requiring either a high-
end software package or several packages.
Thee Hobart
oba t In
nstitute
st tute o
of Weelding
d g Te
ech
ec hnology
o ogy
offers our commprehensive Welding In nspector
courses througgh the year. Upcoming sta
art dates:
$#"! # #"#""
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937-332-9500
or visit us at www.we
elding.org
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®
® © 2017 Hobart Institute o of Welding
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November 2017 / Inspection Trends 9

 The 1-h webinar will show how a standard, cost-effective
PAUT approach can enable more efficient austenitic weld in-
spections. A question and answer session will be conducted at
the end of the webinar. To register, visit zetec.com/webinar-im-
prove-austenitic-weld-inspections.
Atlas API Training Releases AWS CWI
Online Exam Prep Training Course
Atlas API Training has launched its online AWS CWI Exam
Prep Course. The Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) certifica-
tion is widely recognized, both nationally and internationally,
and companies across the petrochemical industry have come
to rely on this certification to ensure the highest level of quali-
ty workmanship.
“The Atlas online CWI course will prepare students for the
fundamentals, practical, and code portions of this most com-
prehensive exam. What makes our CWI course so unique is the
convenience of being able to take the course anywhere at any
time — the entire course is mobile-responsive so mobile de-
vices can be used. Also, the interactive quiz question bank
teaches the students while they are taking the quiz. This is a
60-h training program that includes more than 3000 practice
questions. Atlas guarantees that participants will be able to re-
take the entire course if they don’t pass the exam,” said Han-
non McLeod, company president.
10 Inspection Trends / November 2017
Looking for a Welding Job?
AWS has enhanced its Jobs In Welding website at
jobsinwelding.com.
The redesigned career portal includes additional capabili-
ties for companies seeking workers and individuals looking for
jobs.
Through relationships with many job boards and distrib-
utors, it offers direct access to more than 88% of the weld-
ing-related jobs posted on the Internet.
Users may search various openings for welders,
Certified Welding Inspectors, engineers, technicians, and
managers/supervisors.
In addition, the website contains the following highlights:
• The home page displays featured welding jobs along with
the companies looking to fill them and city/state
locations.
• The job seeker section connects individuals to new career
opportunities by allowing them to post an anonymous
résumé and view jobs. This area has résumé tips, certifica-
tion information, and a school
locator.
• The employer area enables association with qualified ap-
plicants. Résumés, job postings, and products/
pricing options may be viewed here.
Visit the website to create or access job seeker and em-
ployer accounts.
American Welding Society®
www
w.a
. ws.org

SPREAD
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**Note: If you have any co-authors on your submitted papeer,
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12 Inspection Trends / November 2017

 A serialized certificate of confor-
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with each individual unit. The inspec-
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The coverage area encompasses 5 in.
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November 2017 / Inspection Trends 13
 The Answer Is By A. Moore and K. Erickson

Q: I have a question about grain
refinement and grain coarsening.
Why do we see grain coarsening
in one case, but in other cases, we
see grain refinement? How can we
predict whether we will experi-
ence grain refinement or grain
coarsening?
A: (by A. Moore) When steel is cold
worked at temperatures below 550°F,
the grains are deformed, and the metal
is work (strain) hardened. Cold form-
ing operations performed below the
temperature of 550°F includes deep
drawing, spinning, and bending. Cold
forming reduces the ductility as the
material gains strength and hardness.
At some point, if cold working contin-
ues, it will cause the metal to crack or
tear, so an annealing operation is per-
formed to restore the ductility and
eliminate the strain hardening.
Annealing involves heating the
steel slightly above the A3 tempera-
ture. The steel is heated to the austeni-
tizing temperature range and held at
the high temperature to allow the car-
bon to go into solution and become
uniformly distributed. The steel is
then furnace-cooled to ensure slow
uniform cooling to restore the maxi-
mum ductility and permit further cold
working.
You are probably asking yourself,
what does annealing have to do with
the question? After all, the question
relates to welding, not cold forming
nor annealing. I understand the confu-
sion.
The thermal cycles of welding pro-
duce residual stresses. The residual
stresses are on the same order of mag-
nitude as the yield strength of the
steel. The residual stresses cause the
grains to be plastically deformed in the
same manner as cold working does.
Any of the steel adjacent to the weld
that experiences thermal gradients in
excess of about 220°F will have grains
that have experienced stresses equal to
the yield strength of the metal; thus,
the grains are plastically deformed and
permanently distorted.
If the conversation is limited to car-
bon steel, the temperature that de-
fines the outer boundary of the heat-
affected zone (HAZ) of the weld is the
A1 temperature, which is the lower
temperature of transformation. The
lowest temperature of the HAZ is
1335°F. At a small distance from the
boundary of the HAZ, the temperature
of the steel is much lower. The differ-
ence in the temperature of the HAZ
and the lower temperature of the steel
at a small distance from the HAZ is the
thermal gradient. If the thermal gradi-
ent exceeds ambient plus 220°F, a
residual stress equal to the yield
strength of the steel is developed. The
grains within that region will have
been permanently distorted by plastic
deformation. The base metal that has
exceeded the thermal gradient (ΔT) of

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14 Inspection Trends / November 2017

220°F may extend a few inches lateral-
ly from the HAZ. All the steel within
the area that has experienced temper-
atures in excess of 300°F (80°F ambi-
ent plus 220°F) has plastically de-
formed just as if it was cold worked.
The material can undergo hardening as
if it was cold worked. There is an in-
crease in energy because the strain
causes a buildup of vacancies, disloca-
tions, and stacking faults. Most of the
thermal energy is dissipated as heat as
the steel cools to ambient tempera-
ture, but about 10% of the energy re-
mains locked in the grain structure of
the steel.
Thermal dynamics explain how the
steel will try to dissipate the energy to
attain the lowest energy state possible.
At room temperature, the energy is
locked in the grains and they cannot
attain a lower energy state. During a
thermal stress relief operation, the
temperature is sufficient to allow the
annihilation and rearrangement of de-
fects, such as vacancies and disloca-
tions in the deformed grains. Stress re-
lief is carried out at temperatures suf-
ficient for recovery to take place. Dur-
ing recovery, the size of the grains is
not affected. Recovery restores the
electrical conductivity and resistivity
of the steel, and reduces the magni-
tude of the residual stress, all without
a significant reduction in strength or
hardness.
Higher temperatures are needed to
trigger recrystallization. Recrystalliza-
tion involves the nucleation and
growth of strain-free grains from the
deformed grains that resulted from
the cold work. The driving force be-
hind recrystallization is the remaining
energy that was not released during
recovery. Recrystallization is complete
when the mechanical properties are
the same as those of the base metal
before being cold worked. Key to re-
crystallization is the extent of grain
deformation due to cold work. The
greater the degree of grain deforma-
tion from cold working, the finer the
grains formed during recrystallization.
If the steel is held at temperatures
above the A3 temperature, grain
growth occurs as larger grains absorb
smaller grains. This process results in a
reduction in the total surface area of
the grain boundary when compared to
the total surface area of many small
grains. The reduction in surface area is
accompanied by a reduction in the re-
tained energy.
In welding, grain growth or coars-
ening occurs in the HAZ where the
temperatures are in the same tempera-
ture range as annealing. The difference
is the element of time. During weld-
ing, the time at which the metal is
held at a high temperature is relatively
short when compared to a full anneal-
ing operation. However, the time
spent at elevated temperature can be
extended if the interpass temperature
is not controlled. The temperatures be-
yond the HAZ are not sufficient to per-
mit recovery, recrystallization, or
grain growth.
In conclusion, the areas adjacent to
the HAZ can be heated sufficiently to
cause the grains to deform in a fashion
similar to cold working. The regions
along the boundaries of the HAZ can
experience recovery. The material
within the HAZ can experience recrys-
tallization. The metal contained within
the HAZ can experience grain refine-
ment through the process of recrystal-
lization if the interpass temperature is
limited, thus, minimizing the time
above the A3 temperature. Grain
coarsening can occur if the interpass
temperature is not limited, thus, in-
creasing the time above the A3 tem-
perature. The longer the temperature
is above A3, the wider the HAZ be-
comes and the extended time permits
grain growth to occur.
Q: We are welding stiffeners for
joining universal columns with 40-
and 50-mm plate using 34- and 44-
mm partial joint penetration (PJP)
welds. After completing 50% of the
welds in the project, my client has
objected based on the soundness
of these welds. How should I verify
the soundness of these welds? We
offered to perform a magnetic par-
ticle examination (MT) of the top
surface, as it is compliance for
these weld joints, but our proposal
was rejected. We have been told
to perform a layer MT on the
welds: first, at the weld root of PJP;
second, after a fill of up to 5- to 7-
mm throat; and third, perform an
MT of the final layer. Is this a cor-
rect way to do it or is there an al-
ternative method to assure
soundness?
A: (by K. Erickson) It sounds as if your
customer is wanting more of a volu-
metric inspection on these welds than
November 2017 / Inspection Trends 15
a final surface examination employing
MT. You can certainly perform MT af-
ter the completion of each weld pass
as you mentioned, which will provide a
greater assurance of the weld integrity.
With MT, it is imperative that each
weld layer and surrounding heat-af-
fected zone (HAZ) areas are adequate-
ly cleaned so any possible weld indica-
tions are not masked and can be de-
tected.
A possibly better option would be
to perform ultrasonic examination
(UT) on these welds upon completion.
UT would be able to examine each en-
tire weld and locate any possible dis-
continuities that would be considered
unacceptable and thus require either a
repair or reweld situation.
A third option would be to utilize
radiographic examination (RT), which
is also another form of volumetric ex-
amination that would be able to deter-
mine the integrity of each weld. With
RT comes an additional time and safe-
ty concern that is not a concern with
UT.
It would be advisable to research
the specifications of the project to as-
sure that your company is complying
with the requirement of the customer
as agreed. If the customer is asking for
additional inspection and testing be-
yond what is stated in the project
specifications, then these test requests
should be documented along with the
acceptance criteria to be utilized for
evaluation.
ALBERT J. MOORE JR. is vice president,
Marion Testing & Inspection, Canton,
Conn. He is an AWS Senior Certified
Welding Inspector and an ASNT NDT
Level III. He is also a member of the AWS
Certification Committee and the
Committee on Methods of Inspection of
Welds.
KENNETH ERICKSON is manager of
quality at National Inspection &
Consultants Inc., Ft. Myers, Fla. He is an
AWS Senior Certified Welding Inspector,
an ASNT National NDT Level III Inspector
in four methods, and provides expert
witness review and analysis for legal
considerations.
The Society is not responsible for any
statements made or opinions expressed
herein. Data and information developed by the
authors are for specific informational purposes
only and are not intended for use without
independent, substantiating investigation on
the part of potential users.
 Just the Facts
Why be Concerned with Contaminants in Materials Used
with Stainless Steels, Nickel Alloys, and Titanium Alloys?
The reasoning for restrictions on sulfur, chloride, and fluoride contents in cleaning solvents,
marking pens, penetrant testing materials, and even water for pressure testing are discussed
When welding stainless steels,
nickel alloys, and titanium alloys,
specifications and procedures often
place maximum limits on the amount
of certain chemical components such
as sulfur, chlorides, and fluorides. Ex-
amples include cleaning solvents; tem-
perature-sensitive crayons for verify-
ing preheat and interpass tempera-
tures; marking pens used to identify
welds or discontinuities; cleaners, pen-
etrants, and developers for penetrant
testing; and even water used for pres-
sure testing a pressure vessel or piping
system. However, what are some of
the reasons for these restrictions?
Weld Hot Cracking
Austenitic stainless steels and
nickel alloys (along with other alloys)
are prone to weld hot cracking (see Fig.
1), especially when the base metal or
filler metal contains elevated levels of
sulfur (or phosphorus) along with an
austenitic weld microstructure. Most
material specifications limit the maxi-
mum sulfur content, such as a maxi-
mum of 0.030 wt-% for Type 316L
stainless steel tube in ASTM A270/
A270M.
Even AWS D1.6/D1.6M:2017,
Structural Welding Code — Stainless
Steel, addresses concerns with welding
of stainless steels containing sulfur or
phosphorus because of this hot crack-
ing issue (see Section 1.4, Limitations,
paragraph 1.4.1, and Annex G2, Non-
prequalified Austenitic Stainless
Steels, for recommendations on reduc-
ing hot cracking).
These elements can also be pres-
ent on the surface of the base metal
prior to welding (or repair welding),
and could be intermixed into the weld
pool, thus producing weld hot crack-
16 Inspection Trends / November 2017
Fig. 1 — Hot cracking in 304L austenitic
stainless steel fillet welds.
ing. Anything that could be applied to
the surface of these materials during
weld preparation, between weld pass-
es, or after welding (if repairs are re-
quired) must also have low levels of
sulfur. This could include markers or
temperature-indicating crayons to
measure preheat or interpass tempera-
tures.
Stress Corrosion Cracking
Austenitic stainless steels, some
nickel alloys, and some titanium alloys
are prone to stress corrosion cracking
(SCC), especially in chloride or fluoride
environments. Stress corrosion crack-
ing occurs when the alloy is subjected
simultaneously to tensile stress and a
By Richard D. Campbell
specific corrosive medium under ap-
propriate conditions of temperature,
material composition, and microstruc-
ture. The tensile stress may be external
or residual stresses from welding. Fig-
ure 2 illustrates SCC in an austenitic
stainless steel weld and heat-affected
zone (HAZ).
There have been examples of SCC
in steam piping systems caused by
pipe insulation that contained high
levels of chlorides in combination with
the tensile stresses produced by ther-
mal cycling; pipe weld identification
made with marker pens that contained
high levels of chlorides; and leak test-
ing performed with water containing
high levels of chlorides.
Specification and Code
Limitations
Cleaning Solvents
To avoid these cracking and corro-
sion issues, cleaning of these alloys re-
quires the use of solvents with maxi-
mum limitations on these contami-
nants. Specifications for cleaning sol-
vents used in weld preparation of
stainless steels and nickel alloys for
pressure piping and pressure vessel ap-
plications often include limits on max-
imum sulfur content, such as 400
parts per million (400 ppm or 0.040
wt-%) and 200 or 250 ppm of chlo-
rides. For cleaning of titanium alloys,
the solvents are typically designated as
chlorine and chloride free.
The Commentary section of AWS
D1.6/D1.6M:2017 states that the con-
tract documents should specify special
cleaning considerations if stress corro-
sion cracking (or other forms of corro-
sion) is anticipated (Commentary C-
7.20 Weld Cleaning).

Fig. 2 — Stress corrosion cracking in a 316 austenitic stainless steel fillet weld and heat-
affected zone (from Welding Handbook, Volume 4, Materials and Applications, Part 1, Ninth
Ed, p. 313).
Water Used for Cooling of Welds
Water is sometimes used to cool
stainless steel or nickel alloy weld-
ments to control the maximum inter-
pass temperature. Depending upon
the final application, specifications
may limit the maximum chloride con-
tent in the water to 150, 200, or 250
ppm.
Marking Pens
There have been cases reported of
marker pens used on stainless steels or
nickel alloys causing hot cracking or
stress corrosion cracking. Standard
permanent marking pens may contain
higher levels of sulfur or chlorides, but
many manufacturers produce markers
with low levels of trace elements, such
as maximum limits of 200 or 250 ppm
chlorides or sulfur, often called low
chloride or chloride-free.
Penetrant Testing Solvents
Typical procedures for penetrant
testing (PT) of stainless steels, nickel
alloys, and titanium alloys include
maximum limits on sulfur, chlorine,
and fluorine. An example is PT per-
formed to the ASME Boiler and Pres-
sure Vessel Code or ASME B31 Pressure
Piping Code, where various sections re-
fer to ASME Section V, Nondestructive
Examination for PT Procedures.
The Penetrant Testing Article 6
of ASME Section V addresses these
contaminants. Paragraph T-641, Con-
trol of Contaminants, requires the
user to obtain certification of contami-
nant content for all liquid penetrant
materials used on nickel-based alloys,
austenitic or duplex stainless steels,
and titanium. Appendix II of that arti-
cle, Control of Contaminants for Liq-
uid Penetrant Examination, requires
all penetrant materials that are to be
used on nickel-based alloys are re-
quired to be analyzed for sulfur con-
tent. Additionally, for those used on
austenitic and duplex stainless steels,
as well as titanium, the penetrants
shall be analyzed for chlorine and fluo-
rine content (in accordance with
ASTM E165/E165M).
Section V, paragraph II-641, re-
quires that “the sulfur content shall
not exceed 0.1% by weight,” and para-
graph II-642 stipulates that “the total
chlorine and fluorine content shall not
exceed 0.1% by weight.” These limits
are satisfactory to avoid hot cracking,
SCC, and other issues caused by these
penetrant materials.
Hydrostatic Pressure Testing
In pressure vessels and pressure
piping systems, hydrostatic testing is
November 2017 / Inspection Trends 17
typically required subsequent to weld
inspection and prior to system
turnover. Specifications for hydrotest-
ing of austenitic stainless steel and
nickel alloy pressure vessels and piping
systems strike a balance between at
least two corrosion concerns: microbi-
ologically induced corrosion (MIC) and
SCC. Under appropriate conditions,
stagnant water can lead to MIC. To
avoid this, sodium hypochlorite is of-
ten added to the water to control the
microbes and reduce MIC. However,
there are limitations on the amount of
resulting chlorides that can be present
because the chlorides lead to SCC. The
same applies to water utilized for
cleaning or flushing.
Summary
For many operations on stainless
steels, nickel alloys, and titanium al-
loys, it is imperative to avoid contami-
nation with components like sulfur,
chlorides, and fluorides that could lead
to hot cracking, stress corrosion crack-
ing, and other issues. Cleaning sol-
vents, water, marking pens, and pene-
trant materials are some of the materi-
als that have limits to avoid or reduce
these problems. It is important to fol-
low all specification and code require-
ments to avoid these problems —
some of which might not occur until
the system is in operation.
Another note of interest is that
there is no truly chloride-free or
sulfur-free material — there are al-
ways some trace levels. This is why
maximum composition limits have
been imposed.
RICHARD D. CAMPBELL, PhD, PE
(rdcampbe@bechtel.com) is a Bechtel
Fellow and Welding Technical
Specialist with Bechtel Corp., Houston,
Tex. He is an AWS Senior Certified
Welding Inspector, a CWB Level 2
Welding Inspector, an ASNT NDT Level
III Visual Testing Inspector, a
registered professional metallurgical
engineer, member of the AWS D1
Committee on Structural Welding,
chair of the D1K Subcommittee on
Stainless Steel, member of the D1H
Subcommittee on Sheet Steel, member
of the AWS A2C Subcommittee on
Symbols, member of the ASME B31.3
Process Piping Section Committee,
chair of the ASME B31.3 Subgroup E on
Fabrication, Examination, and Testing,
member of the ASME B31 Fabrication
and Examination Committee, and
member of the ASME Board on
Conformity Assessment.
American Welding Society®
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By J. P. Christein and Richard D. Campbell Feature

Applications of Plug and Slot Weld Symbols

Two weld symbols appear very similar but have minor differences

This is the fourth in a series of arti-

cles about improving the communica-
REFERENCE LINE
tion of welding symbols. The previous
three issues of Inspection Trends have
addressed groove weld symbols; fillet
ARROW
weld symbols; and spot, seam, and
projection weld symbols.
This article will address basic weld-
Fig. 1 — Reference line and arrow.
ing symbol requirements for plug and
slot welds. On the surface, both sym-
bols appear very similar, but each has
some individual characteristics.
Welding symbols provide a system
for placing welding information on
drawings and worksite instructions for
the purpose of relaying information to
fitters, welders, fabricators, and in-
spectors. Welding symbols quickly in-
dicate the type of weld joint needed to
satisfy the requirements for the in-
Fig. 2 — Plug and slot weld symbols.
tended service conditions.
There are a number of standards
throughout the world that relate to
welding symbols; however, AWS A2.4,
Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing,
and Nondestructive Examination, is
the standard most widely used. The
information in this article is refer-
enced from AWS A2.4:2012 and AWS
A3.0M/A3.0:2010, Standard Welding
Terms and Definitions.

Fig. 3 — Fillet weld in a circular hole (not a plug weld).

Fig. 4 — Arrow-side plug welding symbol.
Welding Symbol Basics
In the AWS system, the terms weld
symbol and welding symbol have impor-
tant meanings. The weld symbol identi-
fies the specific type of weld (for exam-
ple, fillet, groove, plug, and slot). The
welding symbol is the weld symbol with
all the additional element information
(for example, size, length, and pitch)
applied to it. Even though a welding
symbol may consist of several ele-
ments, only the reference line and an
arrow are required elements — Fig. 1.
The reference line is always drawn hori-
zontally. The arrow connects the refer-
ence line to the arrow-side member of

November 2017 / Inspection Trends 19

the weld joint. The arrow may or may
not be broken to indicate the member
to receive the preparation for the weld.

The Plug Weld Symbol

On the surface, the plug and slot
weld symbols are both represented by a
rectangular weld symbol — Fig. 2. The
elements that are used in conjunction
with the plug and slot weld symbols are
where the slight differences will be seen.
The plug weld symbol is used to
point to a weld made in a circular hole
in one member of a lap joint, fusing
Fig. 5 — Other-side plug welding symbol.
that member to another member.
Note that a fillet-welded circular hole
as shown in Fig. 3 is not to be con-
fused with a plug weld.

Location of the Plug Weld

Symbol with Respect to
the Joint
Fig. 6 — Location of dimensions (U.S. Customary and International System of Units [SI],
The arrow-side member shall be respectively).
indicated by placing the plug weld
symbol below the reference line with
the arrow pointing to this member —
Fig. 4.
The other-side member shall be
indicated by placing the plug weld
symbol above the reference line with
the arrow pointing to this member —
Fig. 5.

Fig. 7 — Plug weld size.

Plug Weld Dimensions

The plug weld dimensions on the
welding symbol are to be specified on
the same side of the reference line as
the weld symbol — Fig. 6.

Plug Weld Size

The plug weld size is specified to the Fig. 8 — Angle of countersink.
left of the plug weld symbol and is
preceded by the diameter symbol Ø —
Fig. 7. The plug weld size is the
diameter of the hole at the faying
(mating) surface.

Plug Weld Angle of

Countersink
If a countersink angle is required,
the included angle is specified on the Fig. 9 — Depth of filling.

20 Inspection Trends / November 2017


Fig. 10 — Pitch and number of plug welds.
Fig. 11 — Partially filled plug weld example.
Fig. 12 — Contour symbol and finishing designator.
Fig. 13 — Arrow-side slot welding symbol.
Fig. 14 — Other-side slot welding symbol.
November 2017 / Inspection Trends
same side of the weld line and above
(not shown) or below the plug weld
symbol — Fig. 8.
Plug Weld Depth of Filling
The depth of filling dimension is
used when the plug weld does not need
to completely fill the weld joint. This di-
mension is placed within the plug weld
symbol — Fig. 9. However, omitting
this dimension will require the plug
weld to be completely filled. Some weld-
ing codes specify depth of filling, such
as AWS D1.1:2015, Structural Welding
Code — Steel, which includes require-
ments for minimum depth of filling of
plug (and slot) welds in paragraph
2.4.5.4. When the base metal in which
the hole is located has a thickness of 58⁄
in. (16 mm) or thinner, the plug shall
be completely filled, while thicker base
metals require the plug to be filled to
one half the thickness or 58⁄ in. (16 mm),
whichever is less.
Spacing and Number of Plug
Welds
The pitch (center-to-center distance)
in a straight line is specified to the right
of the plug weld symbol. The number of
plug welds is located on the same side of
the reference line as the weld symbol.
This number is specified by parentheses
placed above (not shown) or below the
weld symbol — Fig. 10. When the weld-
ing symbol also includes the angle of
countersink, the number of plug welds
shall be placed either above or below the
angle of countersink, as appropriate —
Fig. 11.
Plug Weld Contours
If a flush, flat, or convex contour is
required, the contour symbol is placed
above or below the weld symbol. If
postweld finishing is required, the fin-
ishing designator is placed above or
below the contour symbol — Fig. 12.
The Slot Weld Symbol
As stated, the slot and plug welding
symbols appear to be the same, but
care is needed because some of the ele-
21
ments of the slot and plug welding
symbols have different meanings.

Location of the Slot Weld

Symbol with Respect to
the Joint
The arrow-side member shall be in-
dicated by placing the slot weld symbol Fig. 15 — Location of dimensions.
below the reference line with the arrow
pointing to this member — Fig. 13.
The other-side member shall be in-
dicated by placing the slot weld symbol
above the reference line with the arrow
pointing to this member — Fig. 14.

Slot Weld Dimensions

The location of the slot weld
dimensions on the welding symbol are
Fig. 16 — Placement of the width of slot dimension.
to be specified on the same side of the
reference line as the weld symbol —
Fig. 15.

Width of the Slot Weld

The slot width is placed to the left
of the weld symbol — Fig. 16. This
differs from the plug weld, which
requires a diameter symbol Ø to the
left of the size dimension to designate
a circular weld; since the slot has a Fig. 17 — Placement of the length of slot dimension.
width and length, the diameter symbol
is not appropriate.

Length of the Slot Weld

Since the slot weld is an elongated
weld, there needs to be dimension of
length. The length of the slot weld is
placed to the right of the weld symbol
— Fig. 17. This is measured in the
direction of the major axis at the
faying surface. This differs from the Fig. 18 — Designating angle of countersink for a slot weld.
plug weld, where the dimension to the
right of the symbol would be spacing.

Slot Weld Angle of Counter-

sink and Depth of Filling
Designation of the angle of
countersink or depth of filling, or both,
on the welding symbol is the same as for
the plug weld — Figs. 18 and 19.
Fig. 19 — Designating the depth of filling for a slot weld.

22 Inspection Trends / November 2017


Fig. 20 — Spacing of slot welds.
Fig. 21 — Number of slot welds.
Fig. 22 — Contour symbol and finishing designator.
Fig. 23 — Completely filled slot weld example.
November 2017 / Inspection Trends
Spacing of Slot Welds
The pitch (center-to-center
distance) of slot welds is specified to
the right of the length dimension
following a hyphen — Fig. 20. This
differs from the plug weld where only
the pitch is needed.
Number of Slots, Contours,
and Postweld Finishing
The placement of the number of
slots (Fig. 21) as well as contours and
postweld finishing (Fig. 22) on the slot
welding symbol is the same as for the
plug welding symbol.
Slot Welding Symbol
Application
Figure 23 demonstrates the slot
welding symbol in a typical example.
Notice that the orientation of the slot
welds must be specified on the
drawing.
Summary
This article provided a comparison
of plug and slot welding symbol
requirements. This is part of a series of
articles to provide a foundation of
basic welding symbol requirements per
AWS A2.4:2012. Future articles will
provide information on other weld
symbols, such as edge welds, as well as
nondestructive examination symbols.
J. P. CHRISTEIN (jpc00@verizon.net) is
chair of the AWS A2 Committee on
Definitions and Symbols as well as chair
of the A2C Subcommittee on Symbols. He
is also a member of the AWS Technical
Activities Committee.
RICHARD D. CAMPBELL
(rdcampbe@bechtel.com) is with Bechtel
Corp. and has taught AWS CWI
seminars for more than 21 years. He also
developed a seminar on welding symbols
that he teaches for AWS at FABTECH
shows and in-house seminars. He is also
a member of the AWS D1 Structural
Welding Committee.
23
 Feature
Beyond PPE:
Safety in the Welding Inspection Environment
The importance of knowing workplace safety regulations beyond
corporate safety policies
I have been in construction all of my
adult life, and the acronym PPE is one I
have heard or used more times than I
can count. “Where is your PPE?” “Don’t
forget your PPE!” “Is that the correct
PPE for the task you are doing?”
My problem with PPE is its mean-
ing: personal protective equipment.
PPE is based upon known and antici-
pated site hazards and how they will
directly affect my health and safety. It
is my protection, not your protection.
You have your PPE; I have my PPE.
PPE doesn’t seem like a team event.
Fig. 1 — A common repair of welding
cable found on most construction sites
that shows the improper use of electrical
tape as opposed to rubber and friction
tape (1926.351[b][4]).
24 Inspection Trends / November 2017
Maybe there should be a different
type of PPE that is based upon antici-
pated site hazards and how they will
directly affect everyone’s health and
safety. After all, I am as likely to be
harmed by something you do as I am
to be harmed by something I do. Now
we are talking about a change in cul-
ture.
The very first sentence in the Code
of Ethics, Rules of Conduct, and Prac-
tice section of AWS QC1:2007, Stan-
dard for AWS Certification of Welding In-
spectors, is, “In order to safeguard the
Fig. 2 — An unattended electrode holder with an electrode still in place (1926.351[d][1] or
1910.252[b][4][v]).
By Matthew Haaksma
health and wellbeing of the public…”
And the very first sentence under the
Responsibility to the Public section of
AWS QC1:2007 is, “The SCWI, CWI,
and CAWI shall act to preserve the
health and wellbeing of the public by
performing duties required of welding
inspection...”
Elsewhere in AWS QC1:2007, we
find that for safety and health require-
ments, we should look to ANSI Z49.1,
Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied
Processes. The very first sentence of Part
1 is, “This standard is for the protection
 True or False — Do you know which ones are OSHA violations?
Here are some examples of situations a welding in-
spector may encounter on a typical working day:
Q: Using electrical tape is acceptable to repair
welding cable — Fig. 1.
A: In a fabrication shop: False. 1910.254(d)(9)(iii) says
that cables with damaged insulation or exposed bare
conductors shall be replaced. It does not allow for re-
pair.
On a construction site: True, so long as the repair is
not within 10 ft of the electrode holder.
1926.351(b)(2) states only cable free from repair or
splices for a minimum distance of 10 ft from the cable
end to which the electrode holder is connected shall be
used. 1926.351.(b)(4) says cables in need of repair shall
not be used. When a cable (other than the cable lead
referred to in paragraph [b][2] of this section) becomes
worn to the extent of exposing bare conductors, the por-
tion thus exposed shall be protected using rubber and
friction tape or other equivalent insulation. Note that it
does not say rubber or friction tape, but rubber and
friction tape.
Q: As long as the welding machine is turned off,
the electrode may remain in the stinger — Fig. 2.
A: In a fabrication shop: False. 1910.252(b)(4)(v) states
when arc welding is to be suspended for any substantial
period, such as during lunch or overnight, all electrodes
shall be removed from the holders.
On a construction site: False. 1926.351(d)(1) says
when electrode holders are to be left unattended, the
electrodes shall be removed. OSHA issued a standard in-
of persons from injury and illness… from welding, cutting, and
allied processes.” That phrase in the 2012 version appears near-
ly unaltered since it has appeared as the opening sentence in
every version of Z49.1 dating back to 1967.
Our job is so much more than inspecting welds. If our en-
tire industry as inspectors is to, through quality assurance,
preserve and safeguard the health and wellbeing of the pub-
lic, why is it that so few of us are familiar with the safety reg-
ulations of our workplace beyond the corporate safety policy?
OHSA Matters
If you have been in construction for any length of time,
you are familiar with the Occupational Safety and Health Ad-
ministration (OSHA). OSHA is part of the U.S. Department
of Labor and establishes the guidelines for occupational safe-
ty and health. On any given day, you most likely find yourself
on a construction site or a fabricator’s shop. Depending on
terpretation on this to clarify that it considers unattend-
ed to be out of the welder’s immediate control.
Q: The welding machine must be turned off when
the welder leaves the work area.
A: In a fabrication shop: True. 1910.252(b)(4)(v) says
the welding machine must be turned off when arc weld-
ing is to be suspended for any substantial period, such
as during lunch or overnight, and the machine discon-
nected from the power source. 1910.254(c)(3)(1) refers
to the disconnecting switch requirements.
On a construction site: True. 1926.351(d)(3) states
when the arc welder or cutter has occasion to leave his
work or to stop work for any appreciable length of time,
or when the arc welding or cutting machine is to be
moved, the power supply switch to the equipment shall
be in the off position.
Q: The heat from welded parts is sufficient to let
someone know it’s hot — Fig. 3.
A: In a fabrication shop: False. 1910.252(b)(4)(vii) says
after welding operations are completed, the welder
shall mark the hot metal or provide some other means
of warning other workers.
On a construction site: No standard reference.
Q: While albeit unsafe, striking an arc to light a
torch is not a violation.
A: In a fabrication shop: No standard reference.
On a construction site: False. 1926.350(g)(3) states
torches shall be lighted by friction lighters or other ap-
proved devices, and not by matches or from hot work.
which one means you fall under the regulation 29 CFR 1926,
Construction Industry Regulations (from now on 1926), or 29
CFR 1910, General Industry Regulations (from now on 1910).
What makes those regulations noteworthy to you? Reference
to OSHA appears 22 times within the 58 pages of context
that make up Z49.1:2012.
The definition of safety is, “freedom from danger,” and the
definition of danger is, “exposure or liability to injury; harm.”
When you walk into work, the odds are fairly high that the
place you are entering is someone else’s facility or job site.
What better reason do you need to be able to spot unsafe
conditions that could potentially bring you harm?
Rightfully, you should expect that the workplace is safe and
all necessary engineering controls are in place to ensure your
safety. You are entitled to that provision according to
1910.9(a) and 1926.20(f)(1). Just keep in mind that our scope
of work is from tip to tail of the welding, cutting, and allied
processes, not simply from arc to arc. From the safe setup of
November 2017 / Inspection Trends 25
 Fig. 4 — A tattered welding curtain with large gaps no longer
Fig. 3 — A hot metal warning sign properly provided by the welder provides adequate shielding or protection from arc welding rays
after welding operations are completed (1910.252[b][4][vii]). (1926.351[e] or 1910.252[b][2][iii]).

the welding machine, to ensuring the proper shade number

for the process is used, it is all in our scope of inspection.
From the second you observe an unsafe condition, your re-
sponse becomes intentional — Fig. 4. At that point, you
should report it and be assistive. Remember: You have to be
safety conscious if you want to be safety conscientious.
MATTHEW HAAKSMA (matthewh@ocillc.com) is a member of
the AWS Safety and Health Committee as well as a project
manager and Certified Welding Inspector for Orange County
Ironworks LLC, Montgomery, N.Y.

Looking for a Welding Job?

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looking for jobs.
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Visit the website to create or access job seeker and employer accounts.

26 Inspection Trends / November 2017

By Albert J. Moore Jr.
Selected Subjects of Metallurgy
Essential concepts and expanded information about metallurgy
for the welding inspector
The Certified Welding Inspector
(CWI) examination includes questions
on the subject of basic ferrous metallur-
gy — a mastery of the subject is not re-
quired to pass the examination. Yet, the
subject plays an important role in the
success or failure of welds during pro-
duction, as well as once the weldment is
placed into service. It is worthwhile to
review some of the basic concepts, and
perhaps, expand upon the information
provided by the CWI study material on
the subject of metallurgy.
This article will address how car-
bon and low alloy steels typically en-
countered in structural steel framing,
and the manufacturer of machinery,
respond to heating and cooling. Figure
1 depicts a modified iron-iron carbide
equilibrium diagram. Some of the de-
tails have been omitted for the pur-
pose of simplification.
Because we are limiting the discus-
sion to steels typically used for welded
construction, much of Fig. 1 simply
does not apply. The carbon content of
plain carbon steels used for structural
steel and machinery is typically limited
to 0.3% or less. That percentage is often
called “3 points of carbon” by the iron
industry. There are cases when the car-
bon content is increased, but the de-
signer must consider how the increased
carbon content complicates welding and
decide whether the decrease in weldabil-
ity is worth the increase in strength and
loss of ductility associated with higher
carbon content.
Heat Treatments
I have identified four different
heat treatments in Fig. 1 that can be
used with steels. They include temper-
ing, stress relief, annealing, and nor-
malizing. We’ll begin with the heat
treatment that involves the lowest
temperature range: tempering.
Tempering
Tempering is heat treatment car-
ried out after the steel has been heat-
ed, austenitized, and quenched to
harden it. The quenching operation
can utilize different quenchants. Brine
— composed of water, ice, and salt —
cools the steel very quickly and maxi-
mizes the volume of martensite pro-
duced. The carbon content strongly in-
fluences the amount of martensite
that forms by the diffusionless decom-
position of austenite. The ferrite,
which can only absorb 0.005% carbon
at room temperature, must distort to
accommodate the excess carbon (in ex-
cess of 0.005%) that was trapped in
the lattice when the steel was
quenched.
The crystalline body centered
structure is elongated to form a body-
centered tetragonal crystalline shape.
The body-centered crystalline struc-
ture is highly deformed, thus it is very
hard, very strong, and has little ductil-
ity. The new crystalline structure is
given the name martensite, which is
Inspection Trends / November 2017
Feature
essentially ferrite that is supersaturat-
ed with carbon. The higher the carbon
content, the more martensite will be
formed when quenched from the
austenitizing temperature. The hard-
ness and strength of the steel is de-
pendent on the amount of carbon in
the steel and the quench rate em-
ployed by the heat treatment. To im-
prove toughness, the steel can be tem-
pered. The steel is reheated to a low
temperature to allow some of the ex-
cess carbon to come out of solution
and form small carbides. This reduces
the hardness and the strength, but in-
creases the toughness and ductility.
The optimum properties of the
steel are produced once the quenched
steel is tempered. In other words, the
optimum balance between hardness,
strength, ductility, and toughness is
obtained by tempering. For a plain car-
bon steel, tempering is usually per-
formed between the temperatures of
400° and 800°F. As a point of interest,
low alloy quenched and tempered
steels are tempered at much higher
temperatures than a plain carbon
steel. Steels with low carbon content
rarely need to be tempered because
they do not contain sufficient carbon
to be hardened by quenching.
Stress Relieving
Stress relieving is performed at a
higher temperature than tempering.
While tempering removes some of the
27
hardness, stress relieving reduces the
hardness even more. When compared
to tempering, stress relieving allows
more carbon to come out of solution.
Stress relief is usually performed after
cold forming (for example, bending or
rolling) or after a thermal operation
such as thermal cutting or welding. In
each case, after cold working or a ther-
mal cycle, the residual stresses are on
the same order of magnitude as the
yield strength of the base metal. Resid-
ual stresses are usually much higher
than the allowable unit stress permit-
ted by a design standard. Residual
stress can be analyzed as vectors. Thus,
if there are intersecting stress fields
(from the residual stresses), imagine
two intersecting welds as depicted in
Fig. 2, the resultant can exceed the ten-
sile strength of the base metal.
Intersecting welds (and the result-
ing residual stresses) produce an in-
creased potential for cracking. As the
examples in Fig. 2 indicate, the result-
ant residual stress may be less than
the tensile strength of the base metal
or it may exceed. As indicated by the
examples in Fig. 2, as the yield
strength of the steel increases, the re-
sulting residual stress quickly ap-
proaches or exceeds the tensile
strength of the base metal. If the re-
sultant (stress) exceeds the tensile
strength of the base metal, the poten-
tial for developing a crack increases.
The orientation of the crack will be
perpendicular to the resultant.
A basic understanding of the terminology and the
different heat treatments can be useful to the CWI. It is
essential for the CWI to recognize the differences in the
steels provided by vendors.
Thermal stress relief does not elimi-
nate residual stress, it simply reduces
it to something that can be tolerated.
Stress relief is also a benefit when
the component has to be machined to
a tight tolerance. When the part has
not been stress relieved after welding,
the machining operation removes met-
al from the exposed surfaces and alters
the stress field. As the stress field
changes, the workpiece moves and it is
very difficult to hold the required
tolerances.
28 Inspection Trends / November 2017
Fig. 1 — Modified iron–iron carbide diagram.
Both tempering and thermal stress
relief are considered to be subcritical
heat treatments because the operations
are performed at temperatures below
1335°F, the lower temperature of trans-
formation (A1). Thus, there is no danger
of the base metal becoming harder re-
gardless of the cooling rate. Indeed, if
the steel is heated to a temperature be-
low the A1, cooling it with cold air or
cold water will not make the steel
harder. Heating the steel to tempera-
tures above the A3 temperatures can in-
crease hardness and strength of the
steel if it is cooled quickly (quenched).
Cooling rates, regardless of the thermal
heat treatment, must be controlled to
mitigate the possibility of thermal gra-
dients between thin and thick parts of
the component. Thermal gradients ( T)
as low as 220°F can produce residual
stresses on the same order of magni-
tude as the yield strength of the base
metal, which can distort the part. Uni-
form cooling is critical to a successful
heat treatment.
An increase in temperature slight-
ly above the A3 line will allow the car-
bon to dissolve into the face centered
cubic iron. If the temperature is per-
mitted to exceed the A3 temperature,
the steel is austenitized. All the carbon
goes into solution, with the iron pro-
ducing a microstructure that is face-
centered cubic, soft, and ductile. The
strength is minimal and the material is
easily worked. The residual stress is
nonexistent because the strength of
the steel is extremely low.
Notice in Fig. 1 that the line
slightly below the temperature ranges
identified for annealing and normaliz-
ing is sloped downward toward the
right. As the carbon content of the
steel increases, the temperature of
austenitization decreases to 1335°F
when the carbon content is exactly
0.76%. If the steel is heated and al-
lowed to “soak” above the minimum
austenitizing temperature, all the car-
bides are dissolved and (the carbon)
goes into solution in the face-centered
cubic iron. If the steel containing ex-
actly 0.76% carbon is allowed to cool
very slowly, the austenite decomposes
and the carbon comes out of solution
and forms pearlite, a composite con-
sisting of a ferrite matrix and laths of
cementite (Fe3C). If the austenitized
steel is quenched and no time is al-
lowed for the carbon to diffuse, the
austenite decomposes into martensite

Fig. 2 — Vector analysis of longitudinal residual stresses in intersecting welds.
(it said to be a diffusionless decompo-
sition of austenite). At lower carbon
content, the temperature required for
the carbon to go into solution is high-
er. With no carbon, ferrite (body-
centered cubic iron) does not trans-
form into face-centered cubic austen-
ite until the temperature exceeds
1673°F. As mentioned, the line defin-
ing A3 slopes downward from the left
vertical axis at 1673° to 1335°F where
the carbon content is exactly 0.76%.
The line drawn vertically up from the
horizontal axis where the carbon is
equal to 0.76% is called the eutectoid.
The eutectoid is the lowest tem-
perature at which the steel will trans-
form into austenite. If cooled slowly,
all the austenite containing exactly
0.76% carbon will decompose into
pearlite. As the carbon content de-
creases, less pearlite is formed and
more ferrite is formed. As the carbon
is reduced (moving toward the left
axis) until there is no carbon available
to go into solution, ferrite is the only
microstructure formed (okay, that is a
little white lie; ferrite at room temper-
ature will tolerate as much as 0.005%
carbon. Austenite at 1335°F will toler-
ate as much as 2.41% carbon. 0.005%
carbon is the same as no carbon in my
world).
Annealing
Annealing involves heating the
steel above the A3 temperature, hold-
ing at that temperature for several
hours to allow all the carbides (Fe3C)
to decompose and allowing the carbon
to go into solution with the iron. The
austenitized steel is furnace-cooled
very slowly to ensure the carbon is
permitted sufficient time to diffuse
through the lattice to form a composi-
tion of coarse ferrite and pearlite. To
reiterate, the amount of pearlite
formed is a function of how much car-
bon was in the steel to begin with. This
eliminates residual stress, provides
steel with the maximum ductility, low-
est hardness, and lowest strength. An-
nealing is typically performed prior to
deep drawing operations, cold rolling,
and machining where it is desirable to
start with a material that is very soft
and ductile.
Normalizing
Normalizing is performed at a
temperature slightly higher than the
annealing temperature. As indicated by
Fig. 1, the steel is austenitized and all
the carbides dissolved, allowing the
carbon to go into solution with the
face-centered iron. The temperature is
maintained long enough to ensure the
carbon is fully dispersed and in solu-
tion with the face-centered iron. The
cooling rate is faster than that of an-
nealing. Normalizing typically employs
cooling in still air after being held at
the austenitizing temperature. The
grain structure is somewhat refined in
comparison to the coarse grain associ-
ated with a full annealing operation.
November 2017 / Inspection Trends
The strength is slightly higher than an-
nealed steel, the hardness is slightly
higher, and the ferrite and pearlite is
uniformly distributed. Faster cooling
typically results in fine pearlite, which
is harder and stronger than the coarse-
grained pearlite obtained by annealing.
A basic understanding of the ter-
minology and the different heat treat-
ments can be useful to the CWI. It is
essential for the CWI to recognize the
differences in the steels provided by
vendors. A steel produced to an ASTM
specification is typically hot rolled and
air cooled (for example, normalized).
However, there are cases where the
higher strength steels are quenched
and tempered to produce improved
strength, but with the accompanying
high hardness and lower ductility.
Steel ordered to an AISI specification
can be provided in the hot or cold
rolled, forged, normalized, or annealed
condition. The specific heat treatment
is not controlled by the material speci-
fication. Where the final heat treat-
ment of the steel is not specified, the
mechanical properties of AISI steels
cannot be assured. For that reason,
most fabrication standards will not al-
low the use of AISI steels for primary
load carrying members unless the
manufacturer performs additional op-
erations that may include subsequent
heat treatment that will control the
mechanical properties.
The CWI must recognize that dif-
ferent metals respond to heat treat-
ments differently. The heat treatment
used to harden steel will soften (an-
neal) copper. Don’t assume that the
metal you are working with will re-
spond to heat treatment the same way
steel does. We preheat carbon steel to
reduce the potential for cracking. One
should not preheat certain aluminum
alloys to the same high temperature
one would use with steel of the same
thickness, but those are subjects for
future articles.
ALBERT J. MOORE JR.
amoore999@comcast.net is vice
president, Marion Testing & Inspection,
Canton, Conn. He is an AWS Senior
Certified Welding Inspector and an ASNT
NDT Level III. He is also a member of the
AWS Certification Committee and the
Committee on Methods of Inspection of
Welds.
29
 Feature
How the Hobart Institute of Welding
Technology Helps the Inspection Industry
Explore the offerings this educational establishment provides to
both students and businesses
There are several reasons why more than 100,000 stu-
dents from across the globe have studied at the Hobart In-
stitute of Welding Technology (HIWT) (welding.org) in Troy,
Ohio. From students eager to become proficient welders and
learn about inspection techniques, to professionals seeking
better career opportunities, they’re committed to improving
their craft.
The school’s capabilities have expanded since starting in
1930 as a department of the Hobart Brothers Co., yet its
dedication to training has never wavered. Today, in addition
to AWS Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) preparation,
many types of inspection courses and company testing serv-
ices are offered. These services are now housed under one
roof.
Discover more about the way HIWT impacts the inspec-
tion field.
New Facility = More Testing Space
Last October, HIWT’s Next Generation Welder Learning
Facility started hosting classes — Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 — The Next Generation Welder Learning Facility features an
open floor plan, a variety of inspection labs, and classrooms.
30 Inspection Trends / November 2017
By Kristin Campbell
This one-story building covers 16,000 sq ft and has tall
ceilings. All the school’s inspection and AWS CWI prepara-
tion classes are held here. The large space contains laborato-
ries for nondestructive/destructive testing and certification,
up-to-date equipment, and classrooms that have high-tech
audio-visual training aids.
Director of Corporate Services Chip Prinz noted this
new environment, with everything inspection related in one
area, makes the school unique. The classes taught also serve
a particular purpose: “They are what the industry needs,”
Prinz emphasized.
The Importance of CWI Preparation
At HIWT, the Preparation for AWS – CWI Examination
class started in the late 1970s. Presently, it’s a two-week-
long endeavor, spanning 80 h.
Students study the duties of a welding inspector, math,
codes (AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code — Steel, or API
1104, Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities), various
processes, and more. Homework is distributed as well. Daily
quizzes assess what’s learned and help students overcome
their nerves for when the official CWI exam is taken.
Keeping up with changes also comes with the territory.
More recently, this occurred when the CWI Part B Book of
Specifications was added, and when new codes get pub-
lished, training tests need to be updated.
Educators Enjoy Seeing Their Students
Succeed
Senior Tech Instructor Elmer Swank Jr. and Technical
Training Instructor Russ Shurtz teach together, making a
dynamic duo who are both CWIs, Certified Welding Educa-
tors (CWEs), and Certified Welding Supervisors, providing
one-on-one interaction with their students — Fig. 2.
Swank began his journey at Hobart Brothers in 1969
and has taught the CWI course since 1989.
“When I first started, people were in the final ten years
of their careers,” Swank said, regarding the prep class. “To-
day, many students are pretty young, and a lot after five
years are ready to go [try to earn the CWI status], so it’s en-
couraging to see that.”
On average, there are 30 students in every prep course.
About 20% hail from Ohio, while the rest come from around
the United States. Most are sent by their employers because
a CWI is needed to make sure welds adhere to a specific
code, but some spend their own money in hopes of obtain-
ing a new job. Brothers have taken a class together; so have
husband/wife, father/son, and mother/son teams.
“The interest in it has grown, which is great for the in-
dustry as it becomes regarded as the credential for inspec-
tors to have,” Swank said.
Shurtz has worked at the school for ten years and
taught this class for seven years.
“Our responsibility is helping people pass the test,”
Shurtz said. “They need to know a lot of technical informa-
tion.” He feels fortunate in this role by knowing the materi-
al, being comfortable talking about it, and conveying details
in an understandable way.
What drives the teachers is seeing their students suc-
ceed. They not only extend their expertise but also their
time, even staying after hours and educating in the hallways
when needed, to help a topic be processed. After taking the
CWI test, many make contact to share their results. “It’s
gratifying to hear, ‘I couldn’t pass without you,’” Swank said.
Additional AWS Offerings
These courses are also available: Preparation for AWS
Certified Welding Supervisor Examination, Certified Weld-
ing Educator Examination, Recertification of CWI, and CWI
Code Endorsement.
Fig. 2 — Combined, HIWT Instructors Russ Shurtz (left) and Elmer
Swank Jr. have 35 years of experience teaching the Preparation
for AWS – CWI Examination class.
What’s the Value in Earning an
AWS CWI Status?
HIWT Senior Tech Instructor Elmer
Swank Jr. sees great value in achieving
the CWI status. If an individual who likes
welding and inspection wants to chal-
lenge him or herself, or gets injured and
can’t crawl, for example, trying to
achieve this distinction is another em-
ployment path.
“As a CWI, they can use their knowl-
edge and experience in a different
way,” Swank said. “It’s not as physically
demanding, and they can stay in the
industry.”
In addition, Technical Training In-
structor Russ Shurtz said, “Any place in
the industry with a code-type welding,
someone needs to do visual inspection.
It’s a valuable credential. You can move
up in careers, maybe if you don’t want
to be under the hood. It does open up
more responsibilities.”
Nondestructive Details
At HIWT’s new facility, the nondestructive testing lab
and classroom is set up for 12 students to learn hands-on
liquid penetrant and magnetic particle inspection. These are
taught over a one-week, 40-h class, where 212⁄ days are spent
on each topic. The class ends with a written exam.
Content consists of interpretation and evaluation of in-
dications; test procedures and standards; effects of disconti-
nuities on materials; magnetization/demagnetization; and
evaluation techniques and quality control.
Equipment includes fluorescent liquid penetrant sprays,
involving cleaners, penetrants, and developers, that get ap-
plied to welded specimens to reveal transverse cracks, as
well as wet fluorescent magnetic particle inspection ma-
chines that create magnetic fields so particles find voids and
flaws show under black lights — Figs. 3, 4.
Testing Specialist and Welding Inspector Luke Bailey,
who’s also a CWI and CWE, noted students taking this
course range from beginners to experienced bridge and air-
plane workers. “There’s a lot to learn, and some are more fa-
miliar with one process vs. another,” he said, of what’s chal-
lenging.
“All our students do an AWS-QC7 National Welder Cer-
tification test [which is part of their tuition],” Bailey added.
Passing gives them a step up, because it proves to employers
they can complete this type of test.
Continuing education classes include fundamentals of
visual inspection and arc welding inspection.
November 2017 / Inspection Trends 31
 A

B
Fig. 3 — Applying cleaner, penetrant, and developer sprays on a
welded specimen as part of liquid penetrant inspection reveals
transverse cracks (as seen here in red).

Fig. 5 — A — Set to undergo a guided bend test, this welded piece

of A36 steel is shown in its original, horizontal form (see the
middle of the photo); B — after the guided bend test, this piece is
now in a U shape, which helps indicate surface discontinuities.

Fig. 4 — Wet fluorescent magnetic particle inspection takes place

in the nondestructive testing lab at HIWT’s facility.

Destructive Highlights
The welder performance qualification lab is for destruc-
tive testing and serves as a process lab.
Students learn that a procedure is the instruction to make
a weld, while a qualification is the ability to produce a sound
weld to a procedure. Testing is also code dependent, so based
on the application, adhering to what’s specified in a particular
code takes place.
“It’s stating this welder can pass this procedure to make
sound welds,” explained Testing Specialist and Welding In-
structor David Chambers Sr. He’s also a CWI and CWE.
The equipment includes band saws, grinders, bending ma-
chines where welded specimens are turned into U shapes to
find surface discontinuities, tensile machines to test the yield
strengths of metals by applying force, heat-treating capabilities
for annealing welded specimens, polishing devices, micro-
scopes, and a Charpy V-notch tool — Figs. 5A, B and 6.
“If a setup is wrong, you can injure yourself,” Chambers
warned, so safety is stressed.
Additionally, 24 welding booths are located in an adjoin-
ing lab if an employer wants to qualify employees, which can Fig. 6 — A band saw blade (front, right) cuts a block of metal so its
inside contents can be seen and further tested.
be custom tailored.

32 Inspection Trends / November 2017

 Fig. 8 — This x-ray of a gas tungsten arc welded titanium piece,
located between the second set of numbers to the left and 25, is
ready to be evaluated to an AWS Code.

Fig. 7 — Inside the x-ray machine, two 1-in. blocks on an imaging

plate wait to get examined.
Corporate Services with Fast Processing
If a business wants to know how a new welder is per-
forming, or to see how viable welded parts are according to
an AWS, API, ASME, or Military Specifications Code, the
school can tell them. By shipping welded specimens, staff
members can test their qualities through a variety of proce-
dures. Same day turnaround can even be arranged.
Taking x-rays is one way to determine acceptability —
Figs. 7, 8. This takes place in the facility’s x-ray lab with com-
puted radiography abilities. Welded samples are set on imag-
ing plates in the middle of the x-ray machine, which is lined
with lead so no radiation will escape. Images are taken and
reviewed on a high-resolution monitor. Part numbers are
recorded as well.
Testing Specialist Mark Hasting pointed out it’s essen-
tial to see the thickness of the base metal and get an in-fo-
cus shot, so inspectors can zoom in and view the weld to
look for inclusions and other factors. Completing paperwork
with the interpretation to a code takes place, too.
He has performed up to 100 inspections a day using dif-
ferent methods. “We can send pictures so companies will
know what’s good and bad based on porosity,” Hasting said.
Students also benefit from on-site testing. They can get
their welds evaluated, then go back in the shop and have
quick answers to their questions.
KRISTIN CAMPBELL (kcampbell@aws.org) is features editor of
Inspection Trends. Photographs taken by the author with
permission of the Hobart Institute of Welding Technology.

AWS, Weld-Ed Web Site Promotes Welding Careers

The American Welding Society (AWS) and National Center for Welding Education & Training (Weld-Ed) website at
CareersInWelding.com offers the following details: people and companies in the welding industry; fun facts; salary information; industry
news; videos; articles; and upcoming training opportunities, seminars, and events.
Additionally, the site features pages geared directly for students with scholarship information and a welding school locator; for welding
professionals to build a résumé, find welding-related jobs, and learn about AWS certifications; and for educators to discover tips for teach-
ers and guidance counselors, information about curricula, professional development, and other resources.
This website serves as a valuable tool for students, parents, educators, counselors, and welding professionals.

November 2017 / Inspection Trends 33

 Technology Notes
Interpretations D1.1
Subject: Testing for welding procedure
and welder performance qualification
Code Edition: AWS D3.6M:2010
Code Provision: Clauses 5.4 and 5.15
AWS Log: D3.6-I1
Inquiry: Per D3.6M:2010 and
D3.6M:2017, can a party other than
the contractor conduct the required
testing for welding procedure and
welder performance qualification?
Response: No.
Subject: Testing for welding procedure
and welder performance qualification
Code Edition: AWS D3.6M:2017
Code Provision: Clauses 7.3 and 7.14
AWS Log: D3.6-I1
Inquiry: Per D3.6M:2010 and
D3.6M:2017, can a party other than
the contractor conduct the required
testing for welding procedure and
welder performance qualification?
Response: No.
Errata D14.1
The following errata have been
identified and will be incorporated
into the next reprinting of D14.1,
D14.1/D14.1M:2005, Specification for
Welding of Industrial and Mill Cranes
and Other Material Handling Equip-
ment, and D14.1/D14.1M:2005-
AMD1, Specification for Welding of In-
dustrial and Mill Cranes and Other Ma-
terial Handling Equipment.
Page 49, Figure 14D: Text within
Figure that states “When impact tests
are required, the specimens shall be re-
moved from their locations, as shown
in Figure 17C” replaced with “When
impact tests are required, the speci-
men shall be removed from their loca-
tions, as shown in Figure 14C.”

BRING BRAND AWARENESS

American Welding Society® TO YOUR COMPANY
www.aws.org
By placing your product video on the AWS website.

Contact AWS for more information at 800-443-9353

Sandra Jorgensen at Ext. 254, email: sjorgensen@aws.org / Annette Delagrange at Ext. 332, email: adelagrange@aws.org

34 Inspection Trends / November 2017

 Note: The 2017 schedule for all certifications is posted online at
aws.org/w/a/registrations/prices_schedules.html.
Certification Schedule
Certified Welding Inspector (CWI) Miami, FL Dec. 3–8
Houston, TX Dec. 3–8
Location Seminar Dates Exam Date
Chicago, IL Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Certified Welding Educator (CWE)
Sacramento, CA Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Seminar and exam are given at all sites listed under Certified
Dallas, TX Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Welding Inspector. Seminar attendees will not attend the Code
Charlotte, NC Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11 Clinic portion of the seminar (usually the first two days).
Spokane, WA Nov. 5–10 Nov. 11
Miami, FL Nov. 26–Dec. 1 Dec. 2 Certified Welding Sales Representative (CWSR)
Reno, NV Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 CWSR exams are given at Prometric testing centers. More
Houston, TX Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 information at aws.org/certification/detail/certified-welding-
Los Angeles, CA Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9 sales-representative.
Orlando, FL Dec. 3–8 Dec. 9
Certified Welding Supervisor (CWS)
9-Year Recertification Seminar for CWI/SCWI CWS exams are given at Prometric testing centers. More in-
For current CWIs and SCWIs needing to meet education re- formation at aws.org/certification/detail/certified-welding-
quirements without taking the exam. The exam can be taken supervisor.
at any site listed under Certified Welding Inspector.
Certified Radiographic Interpreter (CRI)
Location Seminar Dates The CRI certification can be a stand-alone credential or can
Seattle, WA Nov. 5–10 exempt you from your next 9-Year Recertification.

IMPORTANT: This schedule is subject to change without notice. Please verify your event dates with the Certification Dept. to confirm your course status before
making travel plans. Applications are to be received at least six weeks prior to the seminar/exam or exam. Applications received after that time will be assessed a
$250 Fast Track fee. Please verify application deadline dates by visiting our website aws.org/certification/docs/schedules.html. For information on AWS seminars
and certification programs, or to register online, visit aws.org/certification or call (800/305) 443-9353, ext. 273, for Certification; or ext. 455 for Seminars.

Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation for U.S. Postal Service (Required by U.S.C. 3685)

1. TITLE OF PUBLICATION: Inspection Trends 2. PUBLICATION NO.: ISSN 1523-7168

3. DATE OF FILING: 9/29/17 4. FREQUENCY OF ISSUE: Quarterly
5. NO. OF ISSUES PUBLISHED ANNUALLY: 4 6. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION: $30.00
7. MAILING ADDRESS OF KNOWN OFFICE OF PUBLICATION: 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, Miami-Dade County, Florida 33166
8. MAILING ADDRESS OF THE HEADQUARTERS OR GENERAL BUSINESS OFFICES OF THE PUBLISHERS:
8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166
9. NAMES AND COMPLETE ADDRESS OF PUBLISHER, EDITOR, AND MANAGING EDITOR:
PUBLISHER: Mary Ruth Johnsen, AWS, 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166
EDITOR: Carlos Guzman, AWS, 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, Fl33166
10. OWNER: NAME: American Welding Society Inc. ADDRESS: 8669 NW 36 St., #130, Miami, FL 33166
11. KNOWN BONDHOLDERS, MORTGAGEES, AND OTHER SECURITY HOLDERS OWNING OR HOLDING 1 PERCENT OR MORE
OF TOTAL AMOUNT OF BONDS, MORTGAGES, OR OTHER SECURITIES: None
12. The purpose, function, and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes:
Has not changed during preceding 12 months
13. Publication Title: Inspection Trends 14. Issue Date for Circulation Data Below: November 2017
15. EXTENT AND NATURE OF CIRCULATION:
Average No. Copies Each Actual No. Copies of
Issue during Preceding Single Issue Published
12 Months Nearest to Filing Date

A. Total No. Copies Printed (Net Press Run) 30,458 30,690

B. Paid and/or Requested Circulation
1. Paid/Requested Outside-County Mail Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541 29,723 29,756
2. Paid In-County Subscriptions Stated on Form 3541 None None
3. Sales through Dealers and Carriers, None None
Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and Other Non-USPS Paid Distribution
4. Other Classes Mailed through the USPS None None
C. Total Paid/Requested Circulation 29,723 29,756
D. Free Distribution by Mail (Samples, Complimentary and Other Free)
1. Outside-County as Stated on Form 3541 70 66
2. In-County as Stated on Form 3541 None None
3. Other Classes Mailed through the USPS None None
4 Free Distribution Outside the Mail (Carriers or Other Means) None None
E. Total Free Distribution 70 66
F. Total Distribution 29,793 29,822
G. Copies Not Distributed 653 852
H. Total 30,306 30,674
I. Percent Paid and/ or Requested Circulation 99.9% 99.8%
16. Statement of Ownership will be printed in the November 2017 issue of this publication.
I certify that the statements made by above are correct and complete. Mary Ruth Johnsen, Publisher

November 2017 / Inspection Trends 35

 Mark Your Calendar
Zinc and Zinc Alloys: Global Harmonization and New
Alloys
Nov. 13. Atlanta, Ga. ASTM International’s committee on
nonferrous metals will host this free workshop in conjunc-
tion with committee meetings. The workshop will review
changes that were made to ASTM International’s zinc and
zinc die casting alloy standards. Anyone unable to attend in
person can virtually participate by emailing Leah Kelly at
lkelly@astm.org.
Collaborative Robots & Advanced Vision Conference
Nov. 15, 16. San Jose, Calif. Includes two in-depth innova-
tive tracks highlighting the latest robotic and vision trends.
Visit robotics.org.
ShipTech 2018 Transitioning Advanced Manufactur-
ing Technology for an Affordable Fleet
March 27, 28, 2018. Charleston Marriott, Charleston, S.C.
The two-day event targets the domestic shipbuilding indus-
try, its supplier base, U.S. Navy Program Offices, and Navy-
sponsored shipbuilding research programs. Visit
nmc.ctc.com.
Additive Manufacturing with Powder Metallurgy
June 17–20, 2018. Grand Hyatt San Antonio, San Antonio,
American Welding Society®
CERTIFICAATTION
aws.org
IT’S
IT S TIME YOUR
O WORK
WAS RECO OGNIZED.
No mattter where you are on your careeer patth, recognition for
excellence in a skilled trade sets you apart.
Earning an AWS Certified Radiographhic Interpreter (CRI) credential
distinguishes you as a leader in the nondestructive weld-testing arena
by certifying your expertise in radiogrraphic scan interpretattion.
It is a tangible representattion of proficciency in a relevant, relattable
and transferable industry skill. It is exxcellence recognized.
Learn more about the AW
WS CRI progrram att go.aws.orgg/BecomeACRI
Current AWS
W CWI’s:
Did you know that AWWS CRI certification could be used as an
endorsement to your CWI credential? Often times the work you are
required to do as a Welding Inspectorr could call on skills that overlap
with what is needed to qualify as a raadiographic interpreter. Why not
use your experience to increase your skill set and help further your
career.
Find out more at go.aw
ws.orgg/BecomeACRI
36 Inspection Trends / November 2017
Tex. Focusing on metal additive manufacturing, the event
will feature worldwide industry experts presenting the latest
technology developments in this fast-growing field. Visit
ampm2018.org.
Educational Opportunities
Brazing Training Seminars
Three-day intensive training programs in all aspects of braz-
ing from fundamentals to advanced concepts. Covers fur-
nace, torch, induction, and dip brazing of aluminum, titani-
um, superalloys, and ceramics. Classes held Nov. 14–16,
Simsbury, Conn. Contact Kay & Associates at dan.kay@
kaybrazing.com or call (860) 651-5595.
Certified Welding Inspector/Educator Prep Courses
and Endorsement Seminars
Allentown, Pa. Six-day prep course begins Nov. 13. Single-
day D1.1/D1.5/API endorsements begin Nov. 16. CWI/CWE
and endorsement exams given Nov. 19. Contact Welder
Training and Testing Institute, Tracy Wiswesser, (610) 820-
9551, ext. 204; wtti.com.
Certified Welding Inspector Preparation Course
Germany. Nov. 27–Dec. 7. The exam will be given right after
Guidelines for Submitting an Inspection
Trends Feature Article
Have you ever thought about writing a feature arti-
cle for consideration in Inspection Trends? If so, our
staff stays on the lookout for original, noncommercial,
practical, and hands-on stories. Take a look at our edi-
torial calendar — available as part of the American
Welding Society’s Media Kit at aws.org/wj — to see
what topics will be highlighted in future issues as well
as the editorial deadlines. Potential ideas to focus on
could include a case study, recent company project, tips
for handling a particular inspection-related activity,
and so on.
Here’s an easy breakdown of our guidelines:
• The text of the article should be about 1500 to
2000 words and provided in a Word document.
• Line drawings, graphs, and photos should be sent
as high-resolution jpg or tiff files with a resolution of
300 or more dots per inch.
• Plan on about one figure for every 500 words, and
provide captions for every image. Also, if a nice lead
photo is available, please include it for review.
• The authors’ names, along with the companies
they work for and their positions, should be listed.
If you’d like to discuss a particular idea or e-mail a
submission for evaluation, please contact Editor Carlos
Guzman at cguzman@aws.org.
the completion of the course on Dec. 8. Contact Georg
Wackerbauer at wackerbauer@slv-muenchen.de or Uwe As-
chemeier at uwe@sgsdiving.com.
The Atlas of Welding Procedure Specifications
The Connecticut AWS Section is hosting a three-day semi-
nar/workshop on developing welding procedure specifica-
tions. This workshop, scheduled for March 2018, will pro-
vide instruction and the rational for developing qualified
and prequalified welding procedures that meet AWS and
ASME standards. Contact Albert Moore, workshop leader,
for more information at amoore999@comcast.net.
CWI/CWE Course and Exam
A ten-day program presented in Troy, Ohio. Contact Hobart
Institute of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448;
hiwt@welding.org; welding.org.
E-Courses in Destructive and Nondestructive Testing
of Welds and Other Welding-Related Topics
Online video courses taken at one’s own pace offer certifi-
cates of completion and continuing education units. Hobart
Institute of Welding Technology, (800) 332-9448;
welding.org/product-category/online-courses/.
NDE Classes
Moraine Valley Community College, Palos Hills, Ill., offers
NDE classes in PT, MT, UT, RT, radiation safety, and eddy
current, as well as API 510 exam prep and weld inspection.
Contact (708) 974-5735; wdcs@morainevalley.edu;
morainevalley.edu/NDE.
NDE Training
NDE training at the company’s St. Louis-area facility or on-
site. Level III services available. For a schedule of upcoming
courses, contact Quality Testing Services Inc., (888) 770-
0103; training@qualitytesting.net; qualitytesting.net.
Nondestructive Examination Courses
A course schedule is available from Hellier, 277 W. Main St.,
Ste. 2, Niantic, CT 06357; (860) 739-8950; fax (860) 739-
6732.
Preparatory and Visual Weld Inspection Courses
One- and two-week courses presented in Pascagoula, Miss.,
Houston, Tex., and Houma and Sulphur, La. Contact Real
Educational Services Inc., (800) 489-2890;
info@realeducational.com.

EPRI NDE Training Seminars T.E.S.T. NDT Courses

EPRI offers NDE technical skills training in visual examina- CWI preparation and NDE courses, including ultrasonic
tion, ultrasonic examination, ASME Section XI, and UT op- thickness testing and advanced phased array. T.E.S.T., (714)
erator training. Contact Sherryl Stogner, (704) 547-6174; 255-1500; ndtguru@aol.com; testndt.com
sstogner@epri.com.

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November 2017 / Inspection Trends 37

 ®

aws.org

READY
READY FO
OR YOUR CAR
AREER TO TA
TTAKE
AKE OFF?
The AWS D17.1 Code Clinic
C is your ticket to navvigatinng the
requirements for weldinng aircraft and space harddware
d e.
This 4-hour, online couurse employs straightforwarda laanguage,
audio narration, and guuided questions to help yoouu quiickly locate
important clauses, charts, and tables in time sennsitive
n e testing or
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The AWS D17.1 Code Clinic
C is perfect for weldinng proofessionals in
the aerospace industry, CWI candidates testing to D17.1, and
active CWIs seeking 9-year recertification.

To learn moree, visit: go.aws.org/theeawsd17

CAN WE TALK?
The Inspection Trends staff encourages an exchange of ideas with you, our readers. If you’d like to ask a question,
share an idea, or voice an opinion, you can call, write, e-mail, or fax. Staff e-mail addresses are listed below, along with
a guide to help you interact with the right person.

Publisher
Annette Delagrange
Mary Ruth Johnsen
adelagrange@aws.org, Ext. 332
mjohnsen@aws.org, Ext. 238
Advertising Sales
General Management, Reprint Permission, Copyright Issues

Editor of Inspection Trends Sr. Advertising Production Manager

Carlos Guzman Frank Wilson
cguzman@aws.org, Ext. 348 fwilson@aws.org, Ext. 465
Feature Submissions Advertising Production
Editorial Content
Manager of Sales Operations
Production Manager Lea Owen
Zaida Chavez lea@aws.org, Ext. 220
zaida@aws.org, Ext. 265 Production and Promotion
Design and Production
Subscriptions
Assistant Production Manager Sonia Aleman
Brenda Flores saleman@aws.org, Ext. 329
bflores@aws.org, Ext. 330 Subscriptions Representative
Design and Production

Sr. Advertising Sales Executives Welding Journal Dept.

Sandra Jorgensen 8669 NW 36 St., #130
sjorgensen@aws.org, Ext. 254 Miami, FL 33166
(800) 443-9353;
FAX (305) 443-7404

38 Inspection Trends / November 2017

 Advertiser Index
Atlas Evaluation & Inspection Services (AEIS) . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Met-L-Chek Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
indt.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(732) 388-7711 met-l-chek.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(310) 450-1111

B&B Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 NDT Seals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9

bbpipetools.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(713) 747-8502 ndtseals.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 261-6261

Fischer Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Olympus NDT, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Inside Front Cover

fischer-technology.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(860) 683-0781 olympus-ims.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 419-3900

FlawTech, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Sturbridge Metallurgical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

flawtech.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(704) 795-4401 smslabs.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(866) 340-5288

G.A.L. Gage Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Triangle Engineering, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

galgage.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(269) 465-5750 trieng.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(781) 878-1500

Hobart Institute of Welding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 USA Borescopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

welding.org . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(800) 332-9448 usaborescopes.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(931) 362-3304

Classified Ads
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43 2 1 0 /. - , /. + 5 *)+ *1 )1
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CALL OR EMAIL
1- 228-762- 2890
info@realeducational.com
FOR SALE
15' 55)(5&
5-    55 Mechanical Testing Laborattory
. 5*5& 
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40 Inspection Trends / November 2017


Join or Renew:
CONTACT INFORMATION
q New Member q Renewal
AWS MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Mail: Form with your payment, to AWS Call: Membership Department at (800) 443-9353, ext. 480
Fax: Completed form to (305) 443-5647 Online: www.aws.org/membership 8669 NW 36 St, # 130
Miami, FL 33166-6672
Telephone (800) 443-9353
FAX (305) 443-5647
Visit our website: www.aws.org

q Mr. q Ms. q Mrs. q Dr. Please print • Duplicate this page as needed Type of Business (Check ONE only)
A q Contract construction
Last Name:_______________________________________________________________________________
B q Chemicals & allied products
C q Petroleum & coal industries
First Name:___________________________________________________________________ M.I:_______
D q Primary metal industries
E q Fabricated metal products
Birthdate: _____________________________ E-Mail:____________________________________________
F q Machinery except elect. (incl. gas welding)
G q Electrical equip., supplies, electrodes
Cell Phone ( )__________________________ Secondary Phone ( )______________________
H q Transportation equip. — air, aerospace
Were you ever an AWS Member? q YES q NO If “YES,” give year________ and Member #:____________________ I q Transportation equip. — automotive
J q Transportation equip. — boats, ships
Company (if applicable):___________________________________________________________________ K q Transportation equip. — railroad
L q Utilities
Address:________________________________________________________________________________ M q Welding distributors & retail trade
N q Misc. repair services (incl. welding shops)
_______________________________________________________________________________________ O q Educational Services (univ., libraries, schools)
P q Engineering & architectural services (incl. assns.)
City:_____________________________________State/Province:__________________________________ Q q Misc. business services (incl. commercial labs)
R q Government (federal, state, local)
Zip/PostalCode:_____________________Country:______________________________________________ S q Other

Œ Who pays your dues?: q Company q Self-paid  Sex: q Male q Female Job Classification (Check ONE only)
01 q President, owner, partner, officer
Ž Education level: q High school diploma q Associate’s q Bachelor’s q Master’s q Doctoral
02 q Manager, director, superintendent (or assistant)
q Check here if you learned of the Society through an AWS Member? Member’s name:_______________________Member’s # (if known):________ 03 q Sales
04 q Purchasing
q Check here if you would prefer not to receive email updates on AWS programs, new Member benefits, savings opportunities and events.
05 q Engineer — welding
20 q Engineer — design
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP 21 q Engineer — manufacturing
06 q Engineer — other
è Please check each box that applies to the Membership or service you’d like, and then add the cost together to get your Total Payment. 10 q Architect designer
q AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (One Year)......................................................................................................$87 12 q Metallurgist
13 q Research & development
AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP (Two Years) SAVE $25 New Members Only....................................$149 22 q Quality control
07 q Inspector, tester
q New Member Initiation Fee ...........................................................................................................................................$12
08 q Supervisor, foreman
OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO AWS INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS ONLY: 14 q Technician
09 q Welder, welding or cutting operator
A.) OPTIONAL Book Selection (Choose from 25 titles; up to a $192 value; includes shipping & handling) 11 q Consultant
q Individual Members in the U.S..................................................................................................................................$35 15 q Educator
17 q Librarian
q Individual Members outside the U.S (includes International shipping)...........................................................................$85 16 q Student
ONLY ONE SELECTION PLEASE. For more book choices visit https://app.aws.org/membership/books 18 q Customer Service
q Jefferson’s Welding Encyc.(CD-ROM only) q Design & Planning Manual for Cost-Effective Welding q Welding Metallurgy q Welding Inspection Handbook 19 q Other

Welding Handbook Selections: q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 5) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 4) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 3) q WHB (9th Ed., Vol. 2) q WH (9th Ed., Vol. 1) Technical Interests (Check all that apply)
Pocket Handbook Selections: q PHB-1 (Arc Welding Steel) q PHB-2 (Visual Inspection) q PHB-4 (GMAW / FCAW) A q Ferrous metals
B q Aluminum
B.) OPTIONAL Welding Journal Hard Copy (for Members outside North America) C q Nonferrous metals except aluminum
q Individual Members outside North America (note: digital delivery of WJ is standard)..............................................$50 D q Advanced materials/Intermetallics
E q Ceramics
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERSHIP TOTAL PAYMENT..................................................................................$_____________ F q High energy beam processes
NOTE: Dues include $17.30 for Welding Journal subscription and $4.00 for the AWS Foundation. G q Arc welding
H q Brazing and soldering
I q Resistance welding
STUDENT MEMBERSHIP J q Thermal spray
K q Cutting
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with digital Welding Journal magazine)................................................$15 L q NDT
M q Safety and health
q AWS STUDENT MEMBERSHIP (with hard copy Welding Journal magazine)..............................................$35
N q Bending and shearing
Option available only to students in U.S., Canada & Mexico.
O q Roll forming
P q Stamping and punching
PAYMENT INFORMATION Q q Aerospace
R q Automotive
Payment can be made (in U.S. dollars) by check or money order (international or foreign), payable to the American Welding Society, or by charge card. S q Machinery
q Check q Money Order q AMEX q Diners Club q MasterCard q Visa q Discover q Other T q Marine
U q Piping and tubing
CC#:____________ / ____________ / ____________ / ____________ Expiration Date (mm/yy) ________ / ________ V q Pressure vessels and tanks
W q Sheet metal
X q Structures
Signature of Applicant:_________________________________________ Application Date:_______________________
Y q Other
Z q Automation
OFFICE USE ONLY Check #:_______________________________ Account #____________________________________ 1 q Robotics
Source Code: IT Date:_________________________________ Amount:_____________________________________ 2 q Computerization of Welding
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