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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents page
Acknowledgement ........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1GENERAL OBJECTIVE....................................................................................................... 7
1.5 HYPOTHESIS........................................................................................................................ 7
Environmental .......................................................................................................................... 10
5 DISCUTION ............................................................................................................................. 16
6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 17
7 Recommendation ...................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................. 18
Acknowledgement
I would like to tank my advisor meskeremfor this tendr hearted approach.voluble ma advisor
meskeremfor this tender hearted approach. Voluble suggestion and has spent countries dedicated
hours in correcting this pap.
Forther more iwould like to tank to ale match and tsadikan for give me at technical in the
experimental pap
Abstract
the experiment was conducted with the objective of evaluating abstract.theexperiment was
conducted at hagereselam with the objective of evaluating the effect of time of nitrogen fertilizer
application on growth and yield component of teff and determining the optimum effect of time
of nitrogen fertilizer application on growth and yield component of teff. the site of the total plot
is 5.5m*4m= of 22m2and the size each plot were 1m*1m=1m2by randomized complete block
design(RCBD)of the replication and four treatments(0,40,80,120)of nitrogen level was
employed.the data on plant heigt,tillernumber,leaf number and spike length were collected from
four plant of centeral row of each plot and analysed by using analysis of variance(ANOVA) and
the result should significant at 5% and the treatment two(40) showed that good and better
performance.
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACK GROUND
Teff (Eragrostisteff) I s annual c4 cereal grass that belongs to the family poacea (kebede etl.
1989).it is an indigenous cereal crop in Ethiopia .Ethiopia is the orgion and the ferst
domesticator of this uique crop (Vavilove,1951).
In Ethiopia teff is a highly crop and it is primarily grown for it is grain that is used for preparing
engera .which is as stable and very popular food in the national diet of the most Ethiopians.it can
also be used in many other food products such as kitta (un leveled bread), double layered
engera), porridge,gruel and local alcoholic beverages such as tella and katitcala(Asrat and
frew,2001:hailu etal,2003;seyfu,1993).
Nutritionally,teff as much or even in certain cases more food value than the major
grains:Wheat,barley and maize,teff grain moutains 14%-15% protiens, 11-33mg iron,and 100-
150mg calcioum and rich potassium and phosphrus(nas,1996).furthermore,asrat and frew(2001)
reported that the carbohydrate content of teff ranges from 72.1-75.2% protien 8.1-11.1% and
ash2.5-3.2% the major content of ash being iron ,in Ethiopia teff is cultivated on an area of
about 2.73 million hectars.teff and maiz taking up on about 22.6% and 17% of the total grain
crop area ,repectively (CSA,2012). This makes teff the first among cereals in the country in an
area coverage,out of the total cereal grain produced, maize and teff acounted for 27.77% (6.07
millions)and 16%(3.497 million tons),repectively (CSA,2012). Despite the aforemontioned
important coverages of large area,it is productivity is very low .
Among the major plant nutrients ,N is the most essential and frequently deficient nutrient for
successful teff production in most agro ecological zones.N fertilizers are highly soluble and ones
appplyed the soil may be lost from the soil plant system or becoms available to the plants due to
the process of leaching,NH3fertilization,denitrifictation and immobilization. Therefore, in
shortage one of the main constraints limiting the productivity of not only teff but also of the
other major crops such as wheat and others cereals the N use efficiency of plant depends on
several factors including application time ,rate cultiver and climate condition(Okamoto and
Okanda,2004). The most Ethiopians farmers apply N fertilizer in the from of urea only at the
time of showing, and this limits potential productivity of cereal crops (Bekelle,etal,2000).
Igeneral application of full does at one time does not lead to increas the crop already very low
productivity in the country.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Appling the right time of N fertilizer has significance economic return due to the nutrient are
utilized by the plant and very little nitrate was remain the soil at harvest and minimizing risk of
less by leaching. But farmer are not familarised in these method. So the stated problem needs
more expermental investigation that helps to creat an awarnesses of farmer to use an appropriate
time of nitrogen fertilizer application through the help of improved agronomic technologies.
1.4.1GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of time of Nfertilizer application on growth and yield of
component of teff in study area.
1.5 HYPOTHESIS
Ho: time of N fertilizer application has no effect on growth and yield component of teff.
H1: Time of N fertilizer application has an effect on growth and yield component of teff.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Ecologically, teff is adapted to diverse agroecological regions of Ethiopia and grows was
under stress environmental better than other cereals known world wide(Hilu and peat,1996).
Because of this,it is side to be,low risk,crop farmers. According to seyfu(1997) the plant can
be grown from sea level up to 2500m above sea level various rain fall conditions,
temperature and soil region how ever,for better performance,it requires an alltitude of 188-
2100m above sea level,annual rain fall of 750-850m,and temperature range of 10-27c in
Ethiopia,teff has been predominantly grown as cereal crop but not as aforage crop since it is
to valuable to be grown merly as animal feed. It has remained an important crop for
Ethiopians farmers for several seasons, namely the parries for it is grain and straw are higher
thn that of the other major cereals, the crop performs better than other cereals under moisture
conditions; it is grain can be stored for along period of time without being attached by
weevils;reducton of post harvest managementcost; sustained demand from consumer, and
there is no diseas epidemic that has there attend it is performance.engera made of teef flour
is astable diet of most of Ethiopians ,while straw provides nutritionallyfeed for cattle
specially dry season.teff straw, besides being the most appreciated feed for cattle,it also used
to reinforce mud and plaster for constructing the walls of local house andlocal grain storage
facilities include gottera(IAR,1975,ABEL,2005,SEFU,1997).
Teff has many prospects out side Ethiopia due to it is glutten freeness,tolerance biotic and
abiotic stresses,animal feed for erosion control quality. Teff is likely to remain a favorable
crop of the Ethiopian population and the crop is also gaining popularity as healthy food in
the western. Studys show that teff is agluten free crop,which makes it ,suitable forpatients
with celiac Deseas (Dekking and koning,2005).
According to cassman (1999)only about 10% of the world arable land may be classified in to
non stress category. More ever width also compete with food crops for the major available
moisture(reedeby and kidane,1991) besides, there are occasionally outbreak of pest and diseas.
Teff is harvested very close to the ground because of the high value of the straws leaving the
soil or bare fore about half a year after harvest and exposing the ground further. There fore the
loss of soil organic matter and physical erosions are major problems in some teff growing areas.
More ever the cultural broadcast showing influence the uptake and utilization of resources such
as nutrient.
Nitrogenfertilizationmanagementofferstheopportunity ofincreasinggrainproteincontent
andquality.Increased useoffertilizernitrogen(N) inagriculturalproductionhas,however
raisedconcerns,becausetheNsurplusisat risk ofleaving theplant-soilsystemandthereby causing
environmental contamination. Liberal application ofnitrogen fertilizer results in
nitrateaccumulationinground water,duetonitrateleaching(PrasadandPawer,1995).
Especiallycerealsbeingashallow-rootedcropwiththedomainroot zoneat20cmbelowthe
soilsurface, canleadtoconsiderablenitratelossby leachingunderirrigatedorhighrainfall
conditions(Renetal.,2003)andcan thusleadtohumanandenvironmentalhealthproblems.
Thisisinadditionto increasedcostsassociatedwiththemanufactureanddistributionofN fertilizer
(Alizadeh and Ghadeai, 2006).
Haftometal.(2009)reportedthatNitrogenfertilizerratecausedsignificanteffectinyield
attributes.Tefplantswithhigherplantheight(92cm)andpaniclelength(38cm)werefound
byapplyinghighamountofNfertilizer(92kgNha-1).Thisisbecause highnitrogenusually favours
vegetativegrowthoftefwhichresultsintallertefplantshavingrelativelygreater panicle length. They
also reported that the biomass and grain yields were obtained by applying 92kg Nha-
1
.Application ofnitrogen improvesvariousyieldrelated traits like 1000- grain
weight,moreproductivetillers,morenumberofspikesperunitarea, numberofgrains per spikeand
biological yield(Al-AbdulSalam, 1997;Warraichet al.,2002)thusresulting inhigher yields.
Zahranet al.(1997) also reported that plant height, flag leaf area, tillers number and dry weight
per unit area of wheat were increased with increasing N rates.
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted at wereda hagereselam kebele degeleweyane at 45km with north east
geographical altitude of 2200 mass.the area received rain full from 1500-2000km and
temperature 12-25c. the type of soil clay loam with ph 5.5-7
Treatments CODERATEOFAPPLICATNON
No application -------------------------T1--------------------------------0KG/ha N
The experimental was laid out in randomized complete block design RCBD with four treatment
and three repulication.
Aplot size of 1m2 was used and adjacent plots and blocks were spaced 0.5 c.m and 0.5 c.m
respectively. The total experimental area was 22m2 and between row was 20 c.m
3.3MATERIAL USED FOR THE EXPERMENT
o plant height
o -spik length
o Tiller number
o -number of leaf
3.6 EXPEMENTAL MATRIAL
The experiment was conducted by using;
meter
ruler
rope
Teff seed
hoe
6 CONCLUSION
In general, the experiment that I done in woredadegueatemban indicated that, nitrogen fertilizer
hada significant effect on growth and yield of Teff. The highest or the best growthwas record at
the site treatment two (40kg/ha) and less growth was shown at treatment one (0kg/ha).
7 RECOMMENDATION
As the result shown from the treatment of Teff by nitrogen fertilizer every farmer must use
40kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer for better yield and growth of Teff. But using greater than this
amount of fertilizer is leads costive and cause the over vegetative growth of plant similarly
using less than this amount give less growth and yield of teff.
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Ashraf, M.andAzam,F.1998.FateandinteractionwithsoilNoffertilizer15Nappliedtoteff at
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AsnakewWoldeab, TekalignMammo, MengeshaBekele and Tefera Ajema. 1991. Soil fertility
managementstudiesandwheatinEthiopia.pp112-144.In:HailuGebre- Mariam,
D.G.TannerandMengistuHulluka(eds.).teffResearchinEthiopia.A Historical
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AsratWondimuandFrewTekabe.2001.UtilizationoftefintheEthiopiandiet,pp.239-244.