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Indian Standard
MACHINE TOOLS- GLOSSARYOF TERMS
FOR.GIuIG

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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN,9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI I IOOO2

March 2000 Price Group 7

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Indian Standard
_ OF'TERMS
FORGINGMACHINE TOOLS GLOSSARY
of forging' so
2.10 B ar H ol d - The end of a bar
I scoPE reducedas to accoll'tll"lodate tongs for nrarripulation
relating
This sthndardcoversthe tenns and definitions during fbrging.
to forjing rnachinetools' - To producea
2.ll Bar : To Forge from a Bar
greaterin length
2 T E . RMIN O L OGY forging off a length of bar material
machine than is required for that forgtng'
The glossaryof terms relating to forging
- A furnace for heating
tools are as fo.llows. 2.12 Batch Type Furnace
unloading is
propertiesof a of materialsin which the loading and
2.1 Ageing - A gradualchangein
(Natural done through a single door or slot'
metalthat occur at ambient/lowtemperatures
temperatures press to which
ageing) an d mo re ra p i d l y a t h i g h e r 2.13 Bed - Stationaryplaten or a
(artificial ageing). the lower die assemblyis attaclted'
deviatiort.of - uslng
2.2 Angularity - The conformity or 2.14 B el t D rop H ammer/S tamp A harnm er
the .p".ifi"d angulardimensions in ttie cross-section a belt as a nlealrsof lifting the tup'
of a shaPeor bar. for lif t ing
2.15 B el t - The fl exi bl econnecti onused
- A heat treating operation
2.3 Annealing, Full the tuP of the hamnrer'
its
wherein metal is heated to a temperatureabove - Distortionsirnilarto
enou-uh 2.16 Bend/Twist (A Defect)
critical range, held at that temperaturelong different causes;generally
cooled warpage,but resultingfrom
to allow full recrystallization,then slowly operations' When
r e moves .uur.J in the forging or trimming
throughthe critical range' Annealing length of the part' it is
i ncreases the distortion is along the
wor k ing stra i n s , re d u c e s h a rd n e s sa n d ' bend' , w hen acrossthe w i dth' i t i s called
cal l ed
ductility. 'twist'. Low-draft and no-draft forgings are lnore
block of
2.4 Anvil - Extremely large and heavy susceptible to bending,as they must be removedfrorn
of conventional Dull
metalthat supportsthe entire structure the dies by sorneform of riiechanicalejection.
halnmers'Also' the w oul d cause
- or steamdriven forging
gravity tri nrmi ng tool s and i rnproper nesti ng
hand or (Smith) forgings b er r dor
Utoct of metal on which bendi ng i n the tri rnrni ngoperati on'W hen
are made. tw i st exceedstol erances.i t i s consi dered def eet '
a

2.5 Anvil Block/Anvil Cap/Bolster

- A block of C orrecti veacti on entai l s ei ther harrd strai ght enin- e'
anvil machi nestrai ghteni ng or col d restri ki rtg'
hardened,heat treatedsteel placed betweenthe
preventundue - Operationto prefo.rm
of the hammerand the forging die to 2.17 Bend (An Operation)
wear to the anvil' (benif) stock to approximate shapeof die impressron
- Additional processing io, subsequent forging; also includesfinal forrning'
2.6 Auxillary Operations
such
stepsperformedon forgingsto obtain properties' 2.18 Bender
or shapes, not obtai'ed i' the
u, ,uifu.. conditions
2.18.|Bendsstockintherequireddirectionsfor
regularProcessingoPerations
prel i mi nary forgi ng to approxi rnatethe ult im at e
- Line along which the axis
2.7 Axis of Deformation ,tlup.; tlre die pottion forming the longitudinal
resulting deformation power acts' in one or more Plarres.
- hot rolled from a billet to a device
2.8 Bar A section 2.18.2A di e i nrpressi on' tool , or nrechani cal
hexagonal, octagonal' square' confbrm to the
fonn, such as round, designedto berid forging stock to
with sharp or rounded corners or subsequently
or rectangular, gene-ral configuratiorrof die inrpressions
edges,with a cross-sectional area of less than 100
to be used.
its
cm-2.A solid section that is long in relation to
cross-sectional d i m e n s i o n s h
, a v i n g a c o m p l e t ely 2.19 Billet
whose width or greatest a nretal
symmetricalcross-section and 2.lg.l A semifinishedsectionhot rolled fi'otn
parallel faces is 0'95'cm or more' usuallyranging
distancebetween ingot,with a rectangularcross-section
- Bar end left over after fi'om 100 to 230 cni2.the width beirrglessthan twice
2.9 Bar End/End Loss
cutting bar len-gthsof stocksinto forging multiples' t|ret|rickness.Wherethecross-Section.exceeds
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' b l o o m ' i s p ro p e rl y but not
230 c r n2, t he te rm
univ er s allyu s e d . S i z e s s m a l l e r th a n 1 0 0 cm2 are
'bars', a solid sernifinishedround or
usuallytenned
squareproductwhich hasbeenhot worked by forging,
rolling, or extrusion.
2 . 1 9 . 2 A s e m i f i n i s h e d ,c o g g e d , h o t r o l l e d , o r
continuous-castmetal product of uniform section,
usuallyrectangularwith radiusedcorners.Billets are
relatively,largerthan bars.
'slug'
2.20 Blarlk - A piece of stock (also called a
or 'multiple') from which a forging is to be made.
2.21 Blast Cleaning (Sand Blasting) - A process
for cleaning or finished metal objects by use of an
air-jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive
particles (grit, sand or shot) against the surfacesof
the work piece at high velocity. 2.37 Chamfer - Break or remove sharp edges or
2.22 Blister - A raised part on the surface of the cornersof forging stock by meansof straightangle
nretal causedby expansionof gas in a sub-surface tool or gri ndi ngw heel .
zone during thennal treatment. 2.38 Check/Die Checking
2.23 Block - The forging operation in which nretal
is progressivelyformed to generaldesiredshapeand
contourby meansof an impressiondie (used when
only one block operationis scheduled).
2.24 Blocker - Gives the forging its generalshape,
but omits any details that might restrict the nretal
flow; cornersare well rounded. The primary purpose
of the blocker is to enablethe forming of shapestoo
cornplexto be finishedafter the primary operations;
it als o r educ e sd i e rv e a ri n th e fi n i s h i n gi mp ressi on.
2.25 Blow ---- The impact or force delivered by one
work strokeof the forging equipment.
2.26 Blow 'Die to Die' - Blow with upper and
lower dies making contact.
2. 27 B oar d D ro p H a mme r/S ta m p - A type of
gravity drop hammer where wood boardsattachedto
the "ram are raised vertically by action of
contrarotatingrolls, then released.Energyfor fbrging
is obtainedby the mass and velocity of the freely
falling ram and the attachedupper die.
2,28 Boss - A relatively short protrrsion or
pr ojec t ion on th e s u rfa c e o f th e fo rg i n g , often
cylirrdricalin shape.
2.29 Battom Die - That half of a die fixed to the
anvil.
f;.30 Bow - Longitudinal curvature.
2.31 Breaker - That part of the die usedto distribute
the metal in the proportionnecessaryto fill the die
im pr es s ion.
2.32 Broken Surface - Surfacefracturinggenerally
most pronouncedat sharp corners.
2.33 B urn (To B urn) - H eati ng to such a h igh
temperaturethat the propertiesof tlre rnaterialare
permanentl yi mpai redby i nci pi errtfi l si on or oxide
penetrati on.
2.34 Buster/Pre-BlockingImpression - A type of
d i e i m p r e s s i o ns o m e t i t n e s u s e d t o c o m b i n e
preliminary forging operationssuch as edging and
ful l eri n-ew i th the bl ocki ng operati on.to el i mi nat e
blows.
2.35 Carbonise- Introducingcarboninto the surface
by heatingto and holding at a suitableterrrperature
usually above the transformationrange in contact
with a suitablesourceof carbon.
2.36 Cavity/Die Cavity - The machinedrecessin a
die that gives the forging its shape.
Crack in a die
generallydue to forgirrgpressureand/or
irnpression,
excessivedie terrrperature.Die blocks too hot for the
depthof the die impressionhave a tendencyto check
or developcracks in impressioncorners.
2.39 C hi p Mi l l - A n i ntermedi atei nspecti onand
repair operationin which surfacedefectsin forgings
a r e l o c a t e da n d r e m o v e d b y m e a n s o f c h i p p i n g
hammers,rotor mi l l s, and si mi l ar tool s (not to be
c o n f u s e d w i t h f i n a l i n s p e c t i o nw h e r e s i r n i l a r
operationsare performed).
2.40 C hi ppi ng - A method fl , r.e' rl oui ngsea m s
and other surfacedefectswith a chisel or goLtgeso
thatthe defectsare not allowedin the finishedproduct.
2.41 Chisel - Forgilrg tool used to cut nretal by
notchi ng. C ol d chi sel sare usedto notcl rcol d nre t al
so that i t carr be broken by a l rarnrnerbl ow : hot
chiselsare often usedto make a cornpletecut in hot
metal .
2.42 CoatingiWear Resistance Coating
Depositinga hard layer on the die sLrrface
irr order to
improve wear resistance.
2.43 C hucki ng Lug - A l ug or bossto the forging
so that ' on-center'nrachi ni ngand forrrri ngcan be
perforrnedw i th one setti ngor chucki ng:thi s l ug is
rnachi nedor cut aw ay on the fi ni shedi tern.
2.44 Clink - A rupturecausedb)' thernralstressor
tl rermocycl i ng.
2.45 Clip (To Clip) - To renloveflaslror extraneoLrs
rnetalby a shearirr*uaction.
2.46 C l i ppi ng B ed - Tl re l ow er rnernberof th e
clipping tools used for rerrrovingthe f'laslrfionr the
forgings.
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2. 47 Clippi n g Pu n c h - T h e u p p e r o r movi ng 2.62 Contraction - The reduction in dinrensions

memberof the clipping tools used for removing the occurri ng duri ng the cool i ng of metal s and ot her
flash from drop forgings. substances.

2.48 Clipping Tool - A tool used for removing 2.63 Copy Milling - A methodof producinga shape
flash by shearingit from the forging. on a mi l l i ng machi neby connecti ngthe cutterwit h a
copying stylus,which slides along the master.
2.49 ClosedDie Forging/Impression Die Forging -
2.64 Core - The softer interior portioll of an alloy
A forging that is formed to the required shape and
piecethat has beensurfacehardened;.or,that portion
size by machinedimpressionsin speciallyprepared
of a forgi ng removedby trepanni ngor purrchi n g.
dies thlt exert 3-dimensionalcontrol on the work
prece. r 2.65 Counter Blow Hammer - A c a t e g o r yo f
forging equipment wherein trvo opposed rams are
2.50 Close Tolerance Forging/Net or Near Net actuatedsimultaneously,striking repeatedblow on
Shape Forging - A forging held to usually close the work piece at a mid way point. Action rnay be
dimensionaltolerances.Often little or no machining verti cal , as i n the case of counter bl orv for ging
is required afte; forging. hammers,or horizontalas with an irnpacter.
2.51 Closure/Die Closure - A term frequentlyused 2.66 Counter Lock - A jog in rrratingsurfacesof
to mean variationsin thicknessof a forging. dies to preventlateraldie shift causedby side tltrust
2.52 Coil (Induction) - A coil carryinga currentof during forging of irregularlyshapedpieces.
known frequencyto producea uniform magneticfield 2.67 Crack - F i s s u r e sr e s u l t i n s f r o m s t r e s s
within itself. condi ti ons.
- A p r e s s o p e r a t i n gb y a
2.53 Coining - The processof applying necessary 2 . 6 8 C r a n k P r e s s
pressureto all or some portion of the surface of a connecting rod which is driven by a ct'artkon the
forging to obtain closure tolerancesor smoother main shaft.
surfacesor to eliminate draft. Coining can be done 2.69 Crop (To Crop) - To detach ntetal fi'otn a bar
while forgingsare hot or cold and is usuallyperformed or billet by applying a shearingforce rrortrtalto its
on surfacesparallel to the parting line of the forging. lengthwithout loss of rnaterial.
2.54 Coining Dies - Dies in which the coining or 2.70 Cross Forging - P r e l i r n i n a r yw o r k i n g o f
sizing operation is performed. forgi ngstock i n al ternatepl anes.usual l yon fl at dies.
t o d e v e l o pm e c h a n i c apl r o p e r t i e sp, a r t i c u l a r l yi n
2.55 Coin Sizing - A cold squeezingoperationfor
centerporti onsof heavy'secti ops.
refiningface distancedimensionson forgings.
2 . 7 1 C u s h i o n F a c e s- T I r e f h c e so f t h e t o p a n d
2. 56 Coin Stra i g h te n i n g- A c o m b i n a ti oncoi ni ng b o t t o r nr l i e sr i h i c h c a n r n a k ec o r l t a c ot n s t r i k i r r g .
and s t r aigh te n i n go p e ra ti o n p e rfo rm e d in speci al
2 . 7 2 C u t - O f f - A p a i r o f b l a d e sp o s i t i o n e di n d i e s
cavity dies so designedas to also impart a specific
o r e q u i p n r e n( ot r a s e c t i o no f t h ed i e r n i l l e dt o p r o d u c e
amountof working in specified areasof the forging
the same effect as insc-ftedblades)used to separate
to relievestresses developedduring heat treatment.
the forging from the bar after forging operationsare
2.57 Cold Coin Forging - A forging that has been cornpl eted. (U sed onl y w hen forgi ngsare prodLr ced
reitruck cold in order to hold closer face distance from rel ati vel yl ong barsi nsteadof i ndi vi dual precut .
tolerances,sharpencornersor outlines,reducesection m u l t i p l e so r b l a n k s . ) .
thickness,flatten some particular surface,or in non- 2.73 Cutt Cuttersare usedwith power lrarrrrner.
heat treatablealloys, increasehardness. i nsteadof chi sel s.They ofi en have l ong, stra r ght
2.58 Cold Shut - A defect characterizedby a fissur bl ades.but someti mesthe bl adesare curvedor i n t he
or lap on the surfaceof a for,eingthat has beenclosed shapeof a 90o angle; bladesare attaclredto handles
without fusion during the forging operation. of varying lengths.

2.59Cold Working- permanentplasticdeforrnation 2.74 Ctttting - Cutting stock to specifiedlengthor

of metal at a temperaturebelow its recrystallization weight on circular saws or band hacksawsor slrear
point - blow enoughto producestrain hardening. presses'
2'75 Decarburisation - Tlre loss of carbo' fi'oni
2.60 commercial rorerance Forging - A forging
the surfaceof steel by heatin-sabove lower critical
nerdto crrmensrons closerthancommercialtolerances.
temperatureor by chemicalaction. Decarburisation
'is
2. 61Cont o u ri n g- Mi l l i n g a d i e i m p re s si on i n such usual l ypresentto a sl i ght extenti n steelforg ings.
a m annert h a t th e mi l l i n g c u fte rfl o w s th e outer l i ne. E xcessi vedecarburi sati oncan resul t i n defect ive
products.
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portion of
2.76 Delormation - Permanentchangein the shape perfect aligrrmetttwith the correspollding
the other di e. Thi s resttl i
ts n mi sntatcl i
r n the forg ing,
of a materialby applicationof force.
a conditiorr t h a t m u s t b e h e l d w i t h i n s p ecified
2.77 Deformation Efficiency - Ratio of assumed'
tol erance.
frictionlessdeformationwork of actualwork.
2.93 D i e S i nki ng - Machi ni ngthe di e i rnpres sions
2.78 Deformation Force - The force necessaryfor f o r p r o d u c i n g f o r g i n g s o f r e q u i r e d s h a p e sa n d
the deforntationof the work piece. dimensions.
2.79 Deformation Ratio - Ratio of a dimension 2.94 Die Straightening - A strai-ghtening operation
after deformationto the original one. performedeither in a hammer or in a press using flat
2.80 Ddformation Work - Work necessaryfor or cavity dies to remove undesired deforrnation and
deformation. bring the forging within the straightnesstolerance.
2.81 Descaling- The processof removing oxide 2.95 D i e W ear - The l ossof di mensi onor sha pein
scalefrorh heatedstock prior to any forging operation, a di e as a resul tof movementof hot or col d m et al
us ing s uc h me a n s a s e x tra b l o w s , w i re brushes, relativeto its surface.
scrapingdevicr, or water spray. 2.96 D i sconti nui ti es- Incl udescracks.l aps' folds,
2.82 DielDie Block - Steel block into which the cold shutsand flow throttglt,as vvellas internaldefects
to the shapeof the
are cut correspollding
irrrpressions such as inclusiorr,segregation,and porosity: internal
forgingto be produced. can be detectedand eval uatedusins
di sconti nui ti es
ul trasoni ctesti ngequi P ment.
2. 83 Die Cr a n k - S te p i n th e p a rti n g l i ne of a
forging die. 2.97 Disk - Blanks for gears, rillgs, or httbs are
examplesof this type of forging; parts may or may
2.84 Die Layout - The transferof forging drawing
not have hol es.
or sketchdinrensionsto templateor die surfacesfor
us ed in s ink i n sd i e s . 2.98 D oubl e A cti ng H ammer - A hatt.tl tterin
,
which the tup is lrtovedby compressedair, streamor
2 . 8 5 D i e L i f e - T h e p r o d u c t i v el i f e o f a d i e
a l i qui d acti ngthrougha cyl i nderattd pi ston'
impression,usuallymeasuredin terms of the number
of forgingsproducedbeforethe irnpressionhasworned 2.99 D oubl e Forgi ng - A forgi ng desi gnedto be
beyondthe permittedtolerances. cut apart and usedas two separatepieces.

2.86 Die Line - A line or scratchresultingfi'olrr 2.100 D ovetai l - A sl ot shapedl i ke the tai l of a
the use of a roughenedtool or the drag of a foreign dove for holding and/or locatinga nlale to a female
pafiicle betweentool and product. part.
- A trtetalinsertplacedbetweennrating
2 . 8 1 D i e L o c k - F o r l o c k e d d i e s , a d i r n e n s i o n 2.101 Dowel
surfaces of the di e shankand di e hol deri rr the forging
ex pr es s inge x tre n ' l ev a ri a ti o n i n p a rti n g li ne l evel
equi prrtent to ensul ' el ength-w i sedi e nratch.
measuredin a directionparallelto ram stroke.
- The atnountof taper on the si de sof
2.88 Die Lubricant - A c o n r p o u n ds p r a y e d , 2.102 D raft
the forging necessary for removal of the work piece
s wabbed,or o th e rw i s ea p p l i e d o n d i e s urfacesor
from the dies. Also the correspondingtaper on the
forgings during forging to reduce friction between
si de w al l s of the di e i mpressi on.
the forgingandthe dies.Lubricantswould easerelease
o f f o r g i n g s f r o m t h e d i e s a n d p r o v i d e t h e r m a l 2.103 D raft A ngl e - The angl eof taper.expressed
insulation. i n degrees,gi ven to the si desof the forgi ngand side
w al l s of the di e i rnpressi on.
2.89 Die Match - The conditionof dies,afterhaving
been set up in the forging equipment,where every , 2.104D raftl essForgi ng- A forgi ng' uvi tlzero r dr af t
point in one d i e h a l f i s w i th i n s p e c i fi e dal i gnrnent on vrti cal w al l s.
with every point in the mating die half. 2 . 1 0 5 D r a w i n g O u t - T o r e d t t c et h i c k n e s sa n d
2 . 9 0 D i e P r o o f ( C a s t ) - A c a s t i n go f t h e d i e increasethe length.
inrpressionmade to confirln the exactnessof tlre 2.106 D rop Forgi ng - A for-qi ngprodtrcedby
ir npr es s ion . hamnreri ngrnetal i n a drop hatntrrerbetrveendies
the
2.91 Die Set - Two (or, for a mechanicalupsetter, c o n t a i n i n gi m p r e s s i o n sd e s i g n e dt o p r o d L r c e
three or more) machineddies to be used together desi redshape.
dur ingt he pro d u c ti o no f a d i e fo rg i n g . 2.107 D rop H ammer/S tamp - d 1s1111 gener ally
rvherei rrenergy f or
2.92 Die Shift - The conditionoccurringafter the appl i ed to forgi n-qhatttrners
forging is providedby gravity. stealn. or colnpressed
dies hav e be e n s e t u p i n th e fo rg i n g u n it, and i n
which a portion of tlre inrpressiotr of one die is not in atr.
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2. 108 E dger ( E d g i n g Imp re s s i o n )/F u l l e r

- The contourdies by repeatedstrokesand rlranipulationof
portion of the die impression that distributes tnetal, the work piece.
during forging, in the areas where it is most needed
2.121 Flatter - Forgingtool usedto tnakea smooth
to facilitatefilling cavitiesof subsequent impressions
flat surface.
to be used in the forging sequence.
2 . 1 2 2 F l a t t e n i ng - The forging operation of
2.109 Edging - The forging operationof working a flattening the forging stock prior to further working'
bar bet weenc o n to u re d d i e s w h i l e tu rn i n g i t 90"
2.123 Flop Forging - A for-uingirr which the top
betweenblows to producea varying rectangularcross-
and bottom die impressionsare iderrtical.permitting
s ec t ion.
I the forgi ng to be turned upsi de dow n duri n-qthe
2.110 Ejedtor - A device for pushingthe finished forging operations.
work pieceout of the die.
2.124 Flow Lines - Patternsin a forgirrgresulting
2.lll Etch(To Etch) - Treatmentof preparedmetal from the elongatiopof non-hotlogeneous constltuents
s u r f a c e sw i t h a c i d o r o t h e r r e a g e n t sw h i c h b y and the grain structureof the rnaterial in the directiort
differentialattach-revealsthe structure. of working during f o r g i n g : u s u a l l y r e v e a l e db y

2. 112 F et t ling - R e m o v i n g s u rfa c e d e fects by macroetching.

manualor pneumaticchisel or by a grinding wheel.
2.113 Fibre - A characteristicof wrought metal
including forgings indicated by a fibrous or woody
s t r uc t ur e of a p u s h e d a n d e tc h e d s e c ti o n, and
indicatingdirectionalproperties.Fibre is chiefly due
to the extension of the constituentsof the metal
synonymouswith flow lines and grain flow in the
directionof working.
2. 114 F illet - T h e c o n c a v e i n te r-s e c ti o nof tw o
s ur f ac es . I n fo rg i n g , th e re q u i re d ra d i u s at the
c onc av e int er-s e c ti o no f tw o s u rfa c e s i s usual l y
specified.
2.115 Fin - The metal in excessof that requiredto
fill the die impressionand which forms a thin plate
betweenthe die faces.
2.116 Finish Allowance - Amount of stock left on
the surfaceof the forging for machining.
2.117 Finish Ternperature - The ternperatureat
which hammeringor pressinghas been finished'
2.118 Flash - Necessarymetal in excessof that
requiredto completelyfill the finishing impression
of the dies. Flash extendsout from the body of the
forgipg as a thin plate at the line where the dies meet
and is subseqlentlyremoved by trimming..Cooling
fasterthan the body of the componentduring forging,
flashcan serveto restrictrnetalflow at the line where
d' iesm eet , t h u s e n s u ri n g c o m p l e te fi l l i n g of the
f inis hingim p re s s i o n .
2.119 Flash Land - Configurationin the finishing
.-impression of the dies designedeither to restrictor
enc our a, qeg ro w th o f fl a s h a t th e p a rti ng- l i ne;
whichevermay be requiredin the particularinstance 2.134 Former - P artof a trtasterusedi n rnachi ning
in order to insure completefilling of the finishing i mpressi ons
im pr es s ion. 2 . 1 3 5 F o r m i n g - A p r o c e s sw h e r e b y p l a n e so f
2.120 Flat Die Forging (Open Die Forging)/Smith d i f f e r e n t s h a p e a r e c h a n g e dw i t h o u t r l l a t e r i a l l y
Forging - Forging worked between flats or sirnple changi ngthe cross-secti on.
2.125 Fold - A forging defect cattsedby folding
the metat back orr its own surfaceduring its flow in
the die cavity.
2.126 Forgeabi l i ty - Term used to descri bet he
relative ability of the rnaterial to deform without
rupture. Also describesthe resistanceto flow from
deformation.
2.127 Forgi ng D i es - S teel bl ock i nto rvhi ch t he
are cut correspondi ng
i mpressi ons to the shapeof t he
forging to be produced.
2.128 Forgi ng P l ane- The pl anetl rat i ncl udesthe
to t he
pri nci pal di e face and that i s perpendi ctrl ar
direction of the raln travel. Wherr parting surfaces
are flat the forging plane coincideswith the parting
line.
2.129 Forgi ng P ress- A press,ei therhydraul i cally
or mechanicallyoperatedfor forging hot ttretals.
2.130 Forgi ng qui ti ty - fs1111descri bi ngstockof
sufficientlysuperiorquality to trrake it suitable for
commerciallysatisfactoryforgings.
2.131 Forging Roll - P o w e r - d r i v e nr o l l s w i t h
shapedcontoursand notchesfor introductionon the
work, used in free forming operations.
2.132 Forging Stock - A wroughtrod. bar or other
changein cross-sectioll
sectiortsuitablefbr subsequent
by forging.
2.133 Forgi ng S trai ns- S trai nsthat have beenset
up in the rnetal by the processof forgine. they are
u s u a l l y r e l i e v e d b y s u b s e q u e n ta n r t e a l i n go r
norrrtal i zi ng.
i n di es.
 I S 14758: 2 0 0 0
2.136 Forming Force - The force acting between
the tools which is necessaryfor the deformationof
the work Piece.
2.137 Foundation_- The lnassof structuralmaterials
on which forging equipmentis placedto supportthe
weight and to absorbresidualenergyof the forging
oper at ion .
2.138 Furnace E q u i p r r l e n tf o r h e a t i n g o f
m at er ials .
z.l3glcrt. - A portion of the die that has been
removedby machiningto permita connectionbetween
multipJeirnpressions or betweenand impressionand
the bar of stock.
2"140 Gathe4ing Stock - Any operationwhereby
the cross-section of a poftion of the forging stock is
increasedabove its original size.
2.141 Gouge - A grosstype of scratch.
2.142 Grain T h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i cc r y s t a l l i n e
structuralunit of metalsand alloys'
2. 143 G r a i n F l o w - F i b re -l i k el i n e s a p peari ngon
polished and etched sections of forgings that are
causedby orientationof the constituentsof the metal
in t he dir e c ti o n o f w o rk i n g d u ri n g fo r gi ng. Grai n
flow produced by proper die design can improve
requiredmechanicalpropertiesof forgings.
2. 144 G r a i n S e p a ra ti o n- In fo rg i n g al umi ni unt,
rapid metal flow sometimescausesa separationor
ruptureof grain. Metal flow is affectedby lubricant,
die and metal temperature,part shape, alloy and
hammeroperatortechnique;consequentlyany one or
combination of these factors can cause grain
separation.The irregularcrevicesare seldornmore
that a few thousandsof an inch deep and can be
removedby grinding or polishing.
2.145 Grain Size- The averagesize of the crystals
or grainsin a rnetalas measuredagainstan accepted 2.158 H eadi ng - fnspsssi n-q
standard.
2 . 1 4 6 G r a v i t y H a m m e r - A c l a s s o f f o r g i n g 2.159 Heat Resistance- Capableof being heated
hammer wherein energy for forging is obtainedby
the massand velocity of a freely falling ram and the rnetallurgicalproperties.
attachedupper die. Examples are board hammers
and air-lift hammers.
. 2. 147 G r ip p e r D i e s- T h e l a te ra lo r c l a mpi ngdi es alloy in the solid stateto prodtrcedesiredproperties.
' used in a mechanicalupsetter.
2.148 Guide - The partsof a drop lramtneror press pow er i s del i veredthrougha hel veor l rarrdl e;
that guide the up and dowrl motion of the ram in a
'
true vertical direction.
2.149 Gutter - A depressionaroundthe periphery
of the die impressionoutsidethe flashpan that allows
s pac e f or e x c e s s n te ta l ; s u rro u n d sth e fi ni shi ng
irlpressionand provides room for the excessInetal
usedto ensuresoundforging. A shallow inrpression
out s idet lr e p a rti rrgIi n e .
2.150 H ai rl i ne C racks - V ery fi ne crackscaused
by excessivestress.which usuallycan only be detected
by etchi ngor magneti cparti cl etesti n* g'
2.151 H ammer Forgi ng - A forgi ng that i s t nade
on the flat die on a halntner.A forged pieceproduced
in a forging halnmer,or the processof fonning such
a pi ece.
2.152 H ammer S troke - The di stancemo ved by
the weight or tup of a hamnier'
2.153 H and Forgi ng - A forgi ngtrradeby handon
a n a n v i l o r u n d e r a p o w e r h a m n r e rw i t h o u t d i e s
containingan exact finishing inrpressionof tlre part'
Such forgings approximateeach other in size and
shapebut do not have the conrnrercialexactnessof
productiondie forging. Used where the quantity of
forgings required does not warrant expenditurefor
specialdies, or rvlrerethe size or shapeof the piece
is suchas to requiremeansother than die forging. A
forging worked betweenflat or sirnplyshapeddies by
repeatedstrokesand nranipulationof the piece'
2.154 Hand Straightening - A straightening
operationperformedon a surfaceplate to bring the
forging within the straightness tolerance. Frequently.
a bottontdie frorn a set of finish dies is used instead
of surf' acepl ate. H and tool s used i ncl ude mallet s
fl edges,bl ocks.j acks and oi l gearpressesi n ad dit ion
to regul ari nspecti ontool s.
2.155 H arcl C hrome P l ati ng - D eposi ti nga har d
chrome layer in order to improve wear resistance.
2.156 Hardening - Increasin the lrardness of steel
by quenchingfrorn a temperaturewithin or abovethe
transformationrange.
2.157 Header Die - A die in the ratn of a horizontal
maclrine.
forging rrraclrine/heading
the secti onalareaof a
length 6f nraterial to form a head or boss.
without loss of irnportant Iltechanical and
2.160 H eat Treatment- A col nbi nati onof he at ing,
hol di ngand cool i rtgoperati onsappl i edto a rnet alor
2.161 H el ve H ammer - A po\.ver hartrrner i n which
u sedin
light work, tools ntaking a r r d s u p p i e r rlentary
operation.
2.162 H i gh E nergy R ate Forgi ng - The pr ocess
o f p r o d u c i l r gf o r g i n g s o r l e q u i p r n e n tc a p a b l e o f
extrenrel yl ri ,qhranl vel oci ti es resul ti n-qfi ' o nr t he
sudden releaseof a conrpressedgas agairrsta fi'ee
piston.

2. 163 Hor izo n ta l F o rg i n g Ma c h i n e - P ress i n
which the fornting movement is carried out
hor iz ont ally .A p ri o r g ri p p i n g m o v e n l e n t on the
rnaterialto be worked is carried out at right anglesto
this.
2.164 Impact Velocity - The speedof the moving
die at the motnentof irnpactwith the work piece'
2.165 Impression- A c a v i t y m a c h i n e di n t o a
forging {ie to produce a desiredconfiguration in the
work pie'ceduring forging.
2. 166 I nc lusi o n - Im p u ri ti e si n me ta l , usual l y i n
the form'of particles in mechanicaltnixture.
2.167 Induction Heating - Heating materialsby
inductingeddy"eurrentsinto them.
2.168 Insert - A piece of steel that is removable
frorn a die. The insert may be usedto fill a cavity, or
to replacea portion of the die with a grade of steel
better suited for service at that point.
2.169 Interstate of the Forging - Shape of the
forging after a preforming operation.
2. 17A I r onin g
2.170.1 A pressoperationusedto obtaina moreexact
alignmentof the various parts of the forging, or to
obtain a bettersurfacecondition.
2.170.2 An operationto increasethe length of the
t ube by r ed u c ti o n o f w a l l th i c k n e s sa n d outsi de
ciiameter.
2.185 Machi nabi l i ty - That property of a rnet al
2.171 IsothermalAnnealing - A processof heating
ferrousmaterial above its critical ternperhture, then which governs the ease
removed by chip fortttatiolt.
cooling to and holding at a fixed temperaturer"rntil
transfonnationto a desiredmicrostructure. 2.186 Machi ni ng R ati ng - A motrrttof erl ergya
2. 172 I s ot he rm a lF o rg i n g - F o rg i n ga t a constant machi necan appl y to the w ork pi ece.
temperature.
2. 173 J et La p p i n g - A m e th o do f fi n i s h ingof the
s ur f ac eof t h e d i e i mp re s s i o nb y b l a s ti n g i t w hen
in a liquid.
abm s iv epaf t i c l e ss u s p e n d e d
2.174 Key - A wedge usedto securedies into the
forging equipment.
2 . 1 7 5 K i c k C r a c k - S t e p i n a d i e o u t s i d et h e
irnpressionwlrich balancesthe forcestendin'gto strike
the dies off-set during production.
2. 1' 76Loc k O u t Ma rk - A s m a l l p ro tru si on,such
as a but t on o r ri n g o f fl a s h , re s u l ti n g f rom the
depr es s iono f a k n o c k -o u t p i n fro rn th e forgi ng
pressure, or the entranceof metal betweenthe knock-
'-
out pin and the die.
2.177 Knock-Out Pin - A power operatedplunger
ins t alledin a d i e to a i d re tn o v a l o f th e fi ni shed
forging.
2. 178 K nuc kl e J o i n t P re s s- M e c h a n i c alpressi n
which power is transmittedfrom crankshaftto ratn
bv a svstemof levers.
IS 14758:2000
2.179 Lap - A surfacedefect appearingas a seam,
causedby the folding over of ltot rnetal,fins, or sharp
cornersand by subsequent rolling or forging (but not
welding) of these into the surface.
2.180 Liners - Thin stripsof metal insertedbetween
the die and the unit into which the die is fastened'
2.181 Lock - One or lnore changesin the plane of
the ntating faces of the dies. In a cdmpound lock,
two or more changes are in the Itrating faces. A
counterlock is a lock placed in the dies to off-set a
tendencyfor die shift. Causedby a necessarysteep
l ock, a condi ti oni n w hi ch the parti ngl i ne i s no t all
i n one pl ane.
2.182 Locked Dies - Dies with rrratingfaces that
lie in more than one plane.
2.183 Logarithmic Deforrnation Ratio - The
logarithmof the ratio of a dimensionbeforeand after
deformation.
2.184 Loose Material - During forging operations,
piecesof flash often break loose, necessitating
cleaningof the dies betweenforging blows; this is
by l ubri cati ngthe di e w hi l e air
usual l yaccompl i shed
is blown on it. cleaningresultsin pieces
Insufficient
of flash becoming embedded in the surface of the
forging. Suchforgingsare often salvagedby rernoving
the loose piecesand hot preforming to fill out the
depressi ons.
with whiclt rrretalrrray be
2.187 Macro C raph - A photograpl rireproduct
c iot l
of anv ob.j that
ect has been tttagni fi not
ed more t han
l0 diarneters.
2.188 Macrostructure- The structureand i nter nal
condi ti onof rnetal sas reveal eciott a pol i shedand
etchedsanrpl e.exami nedei therby nakedeyeor un der
l ow magni fi cati on(i rp to l 0 di arneters).
2.189 Magnafl ux/Magneti cP arti cl e Testi ng - A
non-ilestructive test methodof inspectingareason or
nearthe surfaceof ferromagneticmaterials.The rnetal
i s rnagneti zed,then i ron pow der i s appl i ed. The
powder adlreresto lines of flux leakage.revealing
surfaceand near surfacedi sconti ntri ti es. Magn et ic
particle testing is used for both ra\v rrraterial
acceptancetesti ng and product i rrspecti orr. Qua lit y
i e v e l s a r e u s u a l l y a g r e e d o n i r r a d v a t l c eb y t h e
producerand the purchaser.
2 . 1 9 0 M a g n a g l o - A t y p e o f r n a g n e t i cp a r t i c l e
testingwhere the rnagnetic'powder is flourescentand
the i nspecti oni s perfbrmedunder bl ack l i ght. -
I

IS 14758 : 2000

2.191 Mandrel Forging/Saddling - The process 2.204 Natural Draft - Taper on the sides of the
of rolling and forging a hollow blank over a mandrel forging due to its shapeor position in the die, that
in order to producea weldless,seamlessring or tube. make added draft unnecessary.

2.192 Master - Wood, metal,or plasticreproduction 2.205 Necking - Forming a groove in the bar to
of one sideof a proposedforgedshape,usedto control set off the amountof materialrequiredto make one
cutterson tracer controlleddie sinking equipment. forging.
2.193 Master Block - A forgingdie block primarily 2.206 No Draft Forging - A forging with extremely
usedto hold insert dies. close tolerancesand little or no draft, requiring a
mi ni murn of machi ni ngto produce the fi nal p ar t .
2.194 w{atctr - A condition in which a point on
Mechanical properties can be enhancedby closer
one die half is alignedproperlywith the conesponding
control of grain flow and retentionof surfacernaterial
point in the oppositedie half within specified
in the final component.
tolerancer
2.207 Non-fill - Occurswhen the die impressionis
2.195 Matched Draft - Increaseddraft used on
not completelyfilled with the metal. Sonre causes
the shallow sidbof a forging to match its surface at
are: improper'distributionof metals in prefonning
the parting line with a similar surfaceof lessdraft on
operationssuch as fullering, edging and blocking;
the deeperside.
excessiveremoval of material by chipping defects
2.196 Matched Edges - Two edgesof the die face prior to finish forging; irnproper lubrication of die
that are machinedexactly at 90" to each other, and impressionlow forging pressure;rough or uneven
from which all dimensionsare taken in laying out die finish; inadequatehammer or press capacity.
the die impressionand aligning the dies in the forging
2.208 N ormal i ze - A heat treatment i n w h ich
equipment.
ferrousalloysare heatedto temperaturesslightly above
2.197 Mechanical Press- A forging presswith an the cri ti cal range dependi ngon the cornposit ion,
inertia flywheel and with a crank or clutch or other hol di ng at that temperaturefor the requi red tim e
mechanicaldevice to operatethe ram. dependin_q on the processin_9. and cooling to room
2.198 Mechanical Properties - Those properties temperature In arr.
of the rhaterialthat reveal the elastic and inelastic 2.209 N otch S ensi ti vi ty - The reducti on i n t he
reactionwhen force is applied. The propertiesthat impact, enduranceor static strength of the metal,
involve the relationshipbetween stressand strain; causedby stressconcentrationas a result of scratches
for example,the rnodulusof elasticity,tensilestrengtlr, or other stressraiserson the su;face.
and fatiguelimit. Mechanicalpropertiesare dependerrt
- A fault causedby the nrisalignrnent
on chemicalcomposition,forging techniqueand heat 2.210 Off-Set
of the impressiorrs irr top and bottoln dies.
treatment.
2. 199 M ec h a n i c a l U p s e tte r - A th re e el ement 2 . 2 1 1 O i l S t a i n A stiin producedby the
forging press with two gripper dies and a forrning incomplete burning of the lubricanton the surfaceof
a product.
" tool, for flanging or forming relatively deep recesses.
- A optical viewing
2.2P0 Metal Flow - Movementof the metal during 2 . 2 1 2 O p t i c a l P y r o m e t e r
deformation. device used to measure elevated tentperature.

2.201 Microstructure - The structureand internal 2.213 Orange Peel A surface roughening
condition of .metals as revealed on a ground and encounteredin fonning products fronr nraterial that
polis hed ( an d s o me ti m e s e tc h e d ) s u rfa ce w hen has a coarsegrain size.
observedat high magnifications(over l0 diameters). 2.214 Over Etch - In the nonnal processingof
2.2fi2 Mismatch - The rnisalignmentor error in aluminium forging a causticetch operationis
' register
of a pair of forging dies; also appliedto the ernployedfor the dual purposeof cleaningparts and
condition of the resulting forging. The acceptable emphasizingdefects to facilitate visual inspection.
amountof this displacement is governedby blue print lmmersion of parts for too long or use of a
- o r s p e c i f i c a t i o nt o l e r a n c e s .W i t h i n t o l e r a n c e s , concentratedsolution to produce a rorrgh, slightly
mismatchis a condition;in excessof tolerance', it is pitted surface.
a seriousdefect. Defectiveforgingsmay be salvaged 2.215 Over Heating - Can occur in prelreatfurnace
by hot reforging operations. prior to forging or in the heat treating operation.
2.203 Modulus of Elasticity - The ratio, within The conditionresultswhen metaltenrperature exceeds
the limits of elasticity,of the stress to the the critical ternperature
of the alloy involved and a
correspondingstrain. change i n phaseoccLrrs;thi s i s al so know n as t he
 lS 14758:2000
- Hantntei whose top
transformationtemperature.Externally, over heated 2.2g1 Pneumatic Hammer
material would often form blisters or a web of fine is driven by compressedair usually generatedin the
cracks; internally, over heating causes precipitation machfne itself.
of melted constituentsaround grain boundariesand 2.232 Poisson's Ratio - The ratio of lateral unit
the forrnationof roundedpools of melted constituents deformationto longitudinalunit deformatiorrwithin
of t en c alled' R o s e tte s ' . the elastic limit during a uniaxial tensionor
the factor of lateral
2.216 Parting - The line around the peripheryof a . compressiontest. Also called
contracti on;a body that i s stretched l ength-wise
forging at which the flash has been forced out of the
becomesthinner cross-wise.Poisson established by
impressi n.
,.+ experimentthat, within the elastic lirnit, the ratio of
2.217 P rting Line - The dividing plane between length of stretchor squeezeto the length by which a
the two dies used in the forging metal. The line along body of given material is decreasedor increasedin
I the edge pf a forging where the dies meet, or the line cross-wisethicknessis a constant;for Aluminium'
,i along the correspondingedge of the die impression. Poisson'sRatio is an averageof approxirnately0.33.
2.218 Peg - A male extensionof the tub or anvil 2.233 Poppet'Pin - Screw for adjustingand setting
fitted into a correspondinghole in the die block for bottom die on an anvil.
accuratelocation in longitudinal direction.
2.234 P re-Formi ng - The forgi ng operati o n in
2.219 Pickling - The processof removing oxide which stock is preformedor shapedto a predetermined
scalefrom forgings by treating in a heatedacid bath. si ze and contour pri or to subsequentdi e forg ing
2.220 Pick Up - Small particles of oxidized metal o p e r a t i o n ; t h e o p e r a t i o n m a y i n v o l v e d r a w i n g '
adherigg to the surface of a product. bendi ng, fl atteni ng, edgi ng, ful l eri ng, rol l i ng, or
upsetting.The preform operation is not consideredto
2.221 Pierce - To remove a core or slug of metal
be a scheduledoperation unless a separateheat is
from a work piece.
requi red; usual l y, w hen a preform operati on is
2.222 Piercing - To produce a hole through the requiredto precedea forging operationand would be
forging by punching out a thin web of metal. performed in conjunction with the forging operation
and in the same heat.
2.223 Pipe - A cavity formed in metal (especially
ingot s ) dur in g th e s o l i d i fi c a ti o n p ro c e ss by the 2.235 Proof - Any reproductionof a die impression
contractionof that part of the liquid metal which is in any material, frequently a lead or plaster cast.
last to solidiff. 2.236 ProtectiveAtmosphere; A mixtttreof gases
2.224 Pit - A sharpdepressionor hole in the surface controlledin their compositionto preventscalingor
of rnetal. oxidationof metals.

2.225 Planishing- A finishingoperationto remove 2.237 Punch Out - A p[ercedhole in a forging.

the trim line of a forging or to obtain closertolerances. 2.238 Punch Out Rigging - The parts requiredto
Usually done by hot or cold rolling, pressing or fastenthe punch and platesto the press.
hammering.
2.239 Quench - Rapidcooling of ntetalfrom above
2.226 Plan View Area - The area of the plan view the critical rangein sotnequenchingnredium,usually
of a forging; sometimesused to indicatethe relative water or oil.
size of the forging.
2.240 Quench Bath/Bath - A bath of fluid into
2.227 Plastic'Deformation - The ability of material which hot metal is placed for cooling purpose.
to permanentlydistort without fracture dnder the
action of an applied stress. 2.241' Radius - To remove sharp edges or corners
of forging stock by meansof a radius or fonn tool.
I 2.228 Plating - Forging in such a mannerthat there
is a greatermovement of metal transverselythan in 2.242 Ram - The moving or falling part of a drop
t
the longitudinaldirection. hammeror pressto which one of the die is attached;
sometimesapplied to the upper flht die of a steam
4.229 Platter - The entire mass of metal upon hammer.
which the hammerperformswork, includingthe flash,
2.243 Rate of Deformation Incrementof
sprue, tonghold, and as many forgings as are made
deformationduring unit of tirne.
at a time.
2.244 Reducer Roll - The portion of a forging die
2.230 Plug - A protruding portion' of a die
where cross-sections are altered by pressingwhile
impressionfor forming a correspondingrecessin the
the work piece is being rotated.
forging.
- l

IS 14758: 2000

2.245 Reducer Rolling - A meansof reducingand 2.261 Scale - The oxide filrn that is forlned on
changingthe sectionof a metal by using rolls. forgings,or other heatedmetal, by chemical action
2.246 Reducing Atmosphere - Combustion in a betweenthe surfacernetal and oxygen in the air.
furnacewherethere is no oxygento preventoxidation; 2.262 Scale Loss - The amount of metal lost in
also tenned wet fire. heatingdue to oxidation.
2.247 Reduction of Area - The difference.in a
2.263 Scale Pit - A surfacedepressionfonned on
tension specimenbetween the size of the original
a forging due to scale in the dies during the forging
sectionareaand that of the areaat the point of rupture.
operati on.
It is generallystatedas the percentageof decreaseof
cross-s{ction areaof a tensionspecimenafter rupture. 2.264 S cal pi ng - Machi ni ng operati on i n which
2.248 Re-heating - A thermal operation designed the outsidesurfaceof rolled, pressed,or caststock is
removedto elirninatesurfacedefects.
solely to heat stock for hot working; in general, no
metallurgicalchangesare intended. 2.265 S peci fi c Furnace C apaci ty - W ei g ht of
2.249 Reseta Realignor adjustdies or tools during material per unit area of furnace heatedrvithin one
the productionrun; not to be confusedwith set_urp, hour.
an operationperforrnedprior to production run. 2.266 Seam - A longitudinalsurfacedefec in the
2.250 Resink Designation - Identification of a form of a seamthat appearson a forging when opened
duplicateset of dies madeto supplementor respacea by the forging action; a crack or inclusion on the
die set. surfaceof a forging. If very fine, termed a hair seam
or hair crack.
2, 251 Res tri k i n g - R e tu rn i n g to th e di e after
forging a clipping is cornpletedto correctthe shape. 2.267 Seggregation- A non-unifbrrndistribution,
usuallya concentrationof certairrconstituentsandlor
2. 252 Rib - A fo rg e d w a l l o r b ra c e p roi eci ng
i mpuri ti esari si ngduri ng freezi ng.
generallyin a directionparallelto the ram stroke.
2.253 Roller - That part of a die usedto reducea 2.268 S emi Fi ni sher- A n i rnpressi on i n the fbrging
portion of the stock to the appropriateform of the di e that onl y,approri rnates the fi ni shi ngdi rnen r ion,
forging. of the forging, Semi finishersare often usedto extend
di e l i fe of the fi ni shi ngi mpressi on. to ensureproper
2.254 Roll Forging - The processof shapingstock control of grain
flow during forging, and to assistin
betweenpower driven rolrs bearingcontou.rd di.r. obtainingdesiredtolerances.
The work piece is introducedfrom the deriveryside -
of the roll, and is reinsertedfor eachsucceeding 2.269 Set Hammer - Forrningtools useclto make
pass.
Usually'useC for preforming. rol! forging i* often smooth,flat surfacesespeciallyin small areas.
employedto reducethicknessand increaselengthof
2.270 shank - A porrronof'the die or toor by rvrrich
stock.
i t i s hel d i n posi ti oni n the forgi ng uni t or press .
2.255 Rolling Edger - A combinededgerand roller,
2.271 S hear (A D efect) - A n i ndi rec result of
e m p l o y e df o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o no f t h e m e t a l i n
m i s m a t c h ,a s h e a r i n ga c t i o n t h a t o c c u t . :( i ) b y
preparationfor the finishing operation.
restrikingmismatchedforgings,or (ii) by restriking
2.256 Rotary Hearth Furnace - A circularfurnace in misaligneddies. The first way is '1ore cornrnon,
constructedso that the hearth and the work pieces as it is generallyernplol,edas a rernediaraction for
rotatedaroundthe axis of the furnaceduring heating.
2.257 Rub Mark - A minor form of scratching
consistingof areasmade up of largenumberof very
fihe'scratchesor abrasions.
forgi ng di es ntay w ander off-rnatch restri ki ns in
2.258 Ruptured Metal - Forgingstock,particularly mi sal i gneddi escan occurat di e set-up
or at anv ti nr e
on very thin sections,that has been hammeredso using the operation.
severelyas to causebroken fibres in the metal.
2.272 S heari ng- A processof rnechani cal lcutting
y
2.259 Saw Trim - The operationof removing flash metal bars
to the propei-srock len_gthnecessaryfoi
frorn blocker or finishedforgings by meansof a band forging the desired
producr.
s aw equipm e n t.
2.273 Shoe -- A holder used as a support for the
2'260 scab - A relatively thin fihn or tongue of
stationaryo,. ,tuti. portions,of forgirr-qand trimming
metal irnperfectlyattachedto the surfaceof the steel.
dies.

l0
 IS 14758 : 2000

2.300 Stream Line - Line, the tangentsof which 2.315 Toggle Press - Mechanical press in which
c oinci d e w i th th e v e l o c i ty v e c to r s of a fl ow i ng power is transmitted from crank shaft to ram by a
material. systan of levers.

2.301 Stress- Load, or force per unit area. 2.316 Tol erance - A l l ow abl e devi ation f r om a
n o m i n a l o r s p e c i f i e d d i m e n s i o n ;t h e p e r m i s s i b l e
2.302 Stress Relieving - A process of producing deviations from the exact dimensions given on the
residual stressesin a metal object by heating the drawing or model or from a specification from any
object to a suitable temperatureand holding for a characteristic.
sufficient time. This treatment may be applied to
r{ieve stressesinduced by quenching, normalizing, 2.317 Tong Hold - The end of a bar of forging so
mhchining,cold working or welding. reduced as to accommodatetongs for manipulation
during forging.
2.303 Striking Surface - Those areasof the faces
of a set of dies that are designedto meet when the 2.318 Tongs - Device for holding and handlingthe
upper die and lower die are brought together. Striking work piece.
surface helps protect impressionsfrom impact shock 2.319 Tooling Marks - Dies containing surface
and aids in rnaintaininglonger die life. Also termed imperfectionsand dies on which some repair work
'beating area'.
hasbeendonewhich impaft indicationson the surface
2.304 Strip - To remove flash or extraneousmetal of the part; these tooling marks are usually slight
by shearingaction. projectionsor depressions in the metal.Light grinding
or polishing is used to remove the marks if they
2.305 Stripper - A lug or ring on the forging or
seriouslyaffect the appearanceof the product.
an impressionin the dies for a mechanicalupsetter
to ensureclampingthe piece firmly by a gripper die. 2.320 Top Die - That half of the die carried up by
a moving memberof a hamrneror press.
2.306 Stroke - The operating cycle of the ram of
the press. 2.321 Tote Box - Metal container used to convey
forgings to the various processingoperations.
2.307 Surface Peening - Shot blasting to improve
the fatigue life of the forgings. 2.322 Trim - A shearingoperationto remove flash
along the outer parting line of a blocked or finished
2.308 Swage - Operation of reducing or changing
forging, performed on a trim press.
the cross-sectionarea by revolving the stock under
fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with concave 2.323 Trim and Punch -- A shearingoperation to
working surface;useful for rounding out work after remove both an inner and outer section of metal from
its preliminary drawing to size. a blocked or finished forging. A combinationof two
operationswhereby flash and punch out are removed
2.309 Swaging - Reducingthe size of the forging
simultaneously.The opemtion generally performed
stock;to shapemetal by causingit to flow in a swage
on a trim pressusing a combinationtrim and punch
by pressing,rolling, or hammering.
die.
2.310 Thble of the Press - Part of the press to
2.324 ifrimmer - Dies used to remove the flash or
which the lower die is fixed.
excessstock from the forging.
2.31I Taper - The angle of taper on the walls of
2.325 Trimmer Die - The punch-pressdie used
the die impressionsto permit removal of the forgings
for trimming flashlrom a forging.
from the dies.
2.326 Trimming - The mechanicalshearingof flash
2.312 Tempering - Heating hardened,normalized
or excessmaterialfrom a forging by use of a trimmer
or mechanicallyworked steel to some temperature
in a trim press.This can be done either hot or cold.
below the transformation range and holding for a
suitabletime at that temperaturefollowed by cooling. 2.327 Trimming Shoe - The holder usedto support
the trimmer.
2.313 Template - A gauge or pattern made in a
die shop usually from sheet steel; used to check 2.328 Trip Hammer - A small power hammerthat
dimensionson forgingsand as an aid in sinking die deliversblows in rapid succession.
impressionsin order to correct dimensions.
2.329 Tryout - Preparatory run to check or tes!
2.314 Tensile Properties - The property dala equipment,lubricant,stock, tool, or rnethodsprio'r to
obtained from tensile test on a specimen,including a productionrun. Productiontryout is run with tools
tensile strength, elongation, reduction of area, and previouslyapproved;,newdies tryout is run with new
yield strength. tools not previouslyapproved.

t2
 IS 14758:2000

2.330 Tumbling - The processfor removingscale
from forgings in a rotating container by means of
impact with each other and abrasiveparticles and
small bits of metal.A processfor removingscaleand
roughnessfrom forgings by impact with each other,
togetherwith abrasivematerialin a rotatingcontainer'
'2.331 Tirp - The stroking head of a hammerwhich
carries the upper die and transmits its energy to the
forging.
2.332 Typing - small hardenedblock machined
to the shape of a small portion of the impressionand
driven into this portion of the ililpressionto determine
the shapeand dimensions accurately.
2.343 Water Stain - A superficialetching of the
surface from prolonged contact with mcisture in a
restrictedair spacesuch as betweenthe layers of the
product.The stain is generallywhite.
2.344 Ways - The fined
'V' shapedgroovesin the
ram and columns of the hammer or press that guide
the descentor ascentof the ram.
2.345 Wear - The loss of dimensionor shape in
the die as a result of the rnovementof hot or cold
material relate to its surface.
2.346 W ear R esi stance - A bl e to resi st w ear
(usuallyby abrasion).

2.333 Under-Cut - Sectionsof a forging which, if 2,341 Web - A relatively flat, thin portion of a
driven into the irnpressionwhile metal is hot, would forging that affects an interconnectionbetween ribs.
lock themselvesinto a die impressionand prevent and bosses.A panel or wall that is generallyparallel
removalof forging without distortion. to the forging plane.
2.334 Upend Forging - A forging in which the 2.348 Wide Tolerance- Any specialtolerancethat
metal is so placedin the die that the directionof the is wider than standard.
fibre structure is at right angles to the faces of the
die. 2.349 Y (Double) - A forging such as connecting
rod that is widened at each end.
2.335 Upset Forging - A forging obtainedby upset
of a suitablelengthof bar, billet or bloom; formedby 2.350 Yield Point - The load per unit for original
heading or gathering the material by pressureupon cross-secti onat w hi ch a marked i ncreasei n the
hot or cold metalbetweendies operatedin a horizontal deformationof the specilnenoccurswithout increase
plane. o f l o a d . I t i s u s u a l l y c a l c u l a t e df r o m t h e l o a d
2.336 Upsetter - A machinewith horizontalaction deterrninedby the drop of the bearn of the testing
usedfor making upsetforging. machineor by useof divider. The stressin a rnaterial
at rvhi ch there occurs a marked i ncreasei n strai n
2.337 Upsetting- Working metal in sucha manner
w i thout an i ncreasei n the stress.
areaof a portion or all of the
that the cross-sectional
stock is increased,and length is decreased. 2.351 Y S hape - Forgi ng shapedgeneral l yi n a
'Y' such as connectingrods or banio shapedpafts.
2 .3 3 8 Upper Dis plac e m e n t- Mo v e m e n t o f th e 'U',
metal into the upper or moving half of the die set. P i ecew here one end requi respreadi ngi nto a
' V ' , ' D i sk' , or si nri l arshape,or a conrbi nati onof
2.339 Vent - A small hole providedfor escapeof
one or more of these.
the air from a die cavity.
Y i el d S trength - S tresscorrespol l di ngto
2.340 Vent Mark - A small protrusionresultin.q 2.352
some fixed permanentdeforrnation,such as 0.1 or
from the entranceof the rnetalinto die vent holes.
0.2 percentoff-setfrom the modulusshape.
2.341 Wad - A thin web of metalwhich is punched
out to producea hole through the forging. 2.353 Zyglo - A rnethodfor non-destructivesurface
i nspecti gnof pri mari l y nragneti cmateri al s usi ng
2.342 Water Descaling - A means of descaling
fluorescent penetrants.Trade name or Magnaflux
hot metal by impinging water on to its surfaceat a
Corp.
high velocity.

l3
Bureau of Indian Standards

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Amendments are issued to standardsas the need arises on the basis of comments. Standardsare also
reviewed periodically; a standardalong with amendmentsis reaffirmed when such review indicates that
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'BIS Handbook' and 'standards:Monthly Additions'.
referring to the latest issue of

T h i s I n d i a n S t a n d a r dh a sb e e nd e v e l o p e df r o m D o c : N o . B P / P E0 4 ( 0 1l 7 ) .

Amendments Issued Since Publication

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