Aerospace engineering
Aerospace engineering is the primary eld of
engineering concerned with the development of aircraft
and spacecraft.[3] It has two major and overlapping
branches: aeronautical engineering and astronautical
engineering. Avionics engineering is similar, but deals
with the electrical side of aerospace engineering.
Aeronautical engineering was the original term for the
eld. As ight technology advanced to include craft op-
erating in outer space (astronautics), the broader term
"aerospace engineering has largely replaced it in com-
mon usage.[4] Aerospace engineering, particularly the
astronautics branch, is often colloquially referred to as
"rocket science".[5]
1 Overview
Flight vehicles are subjected to demanding conditions
such as those produced by changes in atmospheric pres-
sure and temperature, with structural loads applied upon
vehicle components. Consequently, they are usually the
products of various technological and engineering dis-
ciplines including aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics,
materials science, structural analysis and manufacturing.
The interaction between these technologies is known as
aerospace engineering. Because of the complexity and
number of disciplines involved, aerospace engineering is
carried out by teams of engineers, each having their own
specialized area of expertise.[6]
2 History
See also: Aviation history
The origin of aerospace engineering can be traced back
to the aviation pioneers around the late 19th to early
20th centuries, although the work of Sir George Cayley
dates from the last decade of the 18th to mid-19th cen-
tury. One of the most important people in the history
of aeronautics,[7] Cayley was a pioneer in aeronautical
engineering[8] and is credited as the rst person to sep-
arate the forces of lift and drag, which are in eect on
any ight vehicle.[9] Early knowledge of aeronautical en-
gineering was largely empirical with some concepts and
skills imported from other branches of engineering.[10]
Scientists understood some key elements of aerospace en-
gineering, like uid dynamics, in the 18th century. Many
years later after the successful ights by the Wright broth-
ers, the 1910s saw the development of aeronautical engi-
Orville and Wilbur Wright ew the Wright Flyer in 1903 at Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina.
neering through the design of World War I military air-
craft.
The rst denition of aerospace engineering appeared in
February 1958.[4] The denition considered the Earths
atmosphere and the outer space as a single realm, thereby
encompassing both aircraft (aero) and spacecraft (space)
under a newly coined word aerospace. In response
to the USSR launching the rst satellite, Sputnik into
space on October 4, 1957, U.S. aerospace engineers
launched the rst American satellite on January 31, 1958.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was
founded in 1958 as a response to the Cold War.[11]
3 Elements
See also: List of aerospace engineering topics
Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:[12][13]
Radar cross-section the study of vehicle signature
apparent to Radar remote sensing.
Fluid mechanics the study of uid ow around
objects. Specically aerodynamics concerning the
ow of air over bodies such as wings or through
objects such as wind tunnels (see also lift and
aeronautics).
Astrodynamics the study of orbital mechanics in-
cluding prediction of orbital elements when given a
select few variables. While few schools in the United
States teach this at the undergraduate level, several
have graduate programs covering this topic (usually
1
2 3 ELEMENTS
Wernher von Braun, with the F-1 engines of the Saturn V rst
stage at the US Space and Rocket Center
Soyuz TMA-14M spacecraft engineered for descent by parachute
A ghter jet engine undergoing testing. The tunnel behind the
engine allows noise and exhaust to escape.
in conjunction with the Physics department of said
college or university).
Statics and Dynamics (engineering mechanics) the
study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical
systems.
Mathematics in particular, calculus, dierential
equations, and linear algebra.
Electrotechnology the study of electronics within
engineering.
Propulsion the energy to move a vehicle
through the air (or in outer space) is provided
by internal combustion engines, jet engines and
turbomachinery, or rockets (see also propeller and
spacecraft propulsion). A more recent addition to
this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion.
Control engineering the study of mathematical
modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and
designing them, usually using feedback signals, so
that their dynamic behavior is desirable (stable,
without large excursions, with minimum error).
This applies to the dynamic behavior of aircraft,
spacecraft, propulsion systems, and subsystems that
exist on aerospace vehicles.
Aircraft structures design of the physical congu-
ration of the craft to withstand the forces encoun-
tered during ight. Aerospace engineering aims
to keep structures lightweight and low-cost, while
maintaining structural integrity.[14]
Materials science related to structures, aerospace
engineering also studies the materials of which the
aerospace structures are to be built. New materials
with very specic properties are invented, or existing
ones are modied to improve their performance.
Solid mechanics Closely related to material sci-
ence is solid mechanics which deals with stress and
strain analysis of the components of the vehicle.
Nowadays there are several Finite Element pro-
grams such as MSC Patran/Nastran which aid en-
gineers in the analytical process.
Aeroelasticity the interaction of aerodynamic
forces and structural exibility, potentially causing
utter, divergence, etc.
Avionics the design and programming of computer
systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the
simulation of systems.
Software the specication, design, development,
test, and implementation of computer software for
aerospace applications, including ight software,
ground control software, test & evaluation software,
etc.
 3

Risk and reliability the study of risk and reliability 5 In popular culture
assessment techniques and the mathematics involved
in the quantitative methods. The term "rocket scientist" is sometimes used to describe
a person of great intelligence since rocket science is
Noise control the study of the mechanics of sound seen as a practice requiring great mental ability, espe-
transfer. cially technical and mathematical ability. The term is
used ironically in the expression Its not rocket science
to indicate that a task is simple.[16] Strictly speaking,
Aeroacoustics the study of noise generation via ei- the use of science in rocket science is a misnomer
ther turbulent uid motion or aerodynamic forces in- since science is about understanding the origins, nature,
teracting with surfaces. and behavior of the universe; engineering is about using
scientic and engineering principles to solve problems
[5][17]
Flight test designing and executing ight test pro- and develop new technology. However, the media
grams in order to gather and analyze performance and the public often use science and engineering as
[5][17][18]
and handling qualities data in order to determine if synonyms.
an aircraft meets its design and performance goals
and certication requirements.
6 See also
The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
physics, such as uid dynamics for aerodynamics or the
equations of motion for ight dynamics. There is also a American Helicopter Society International
large empirical component. Historically, this empirical
component was derived from testing of scale models and Flight test
prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmo-
sphere. More recently, advances in computing have en- Glossary of aerospace engineering
abled the use of computational uid dynamics to simulate
Index of aerospace engineering articles
the behavior of uid, reducing time and expense spent on
wind-tunnel testing. Those studying hydrodynamics or List of aerospace engineering schools
Hydroacoustics often obtained degrees in Aerospace En-
gineering. List of aerospace engineers
Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the inte- List of Russian aerospace engineers
gration of all components that constitute an aerospace
vehicle (subsystems including power, aerospace bearings, Sigma Gamma Tau (aerospace engineering honor
communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and society)
its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation,
velocity, lifetime).
7 References
[1] Required Education. study.com. Retrieved 2015-06-
4 Degree programs 22.

[2] Education, Aerospace Engineers. myfuture.com. Re-

Main article: List of aerospace engineering schools
trieved 2015-06-22.

Aerospace engineering may be studied at the advanced
diploma, bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in
aerospace engineering departments at many universities,
and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A
few departments oer degrees in space-focused astro-
nautical engineering. Some institutions dierentiate be-
tween aeronautical and astronautical engineering. Grad-
uate degrees are oered in advanced or specialty areas
for the aerospace industry.
A background in chemistry, physics, computer science
and mathematics is important for students pursuing an
aerospace engineering degree.[15]
[3] Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering. John Wiley &
Sons, 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-75440-5.
[4] Stanzione, Kaydon Al (1989). Engineering. Ency-
clopdia Britannica. 18 (15 ed.). Chicago. pp. 563563.
[5] NASA (2008). Steven J. Dick, ed. Remembering the
Space Age: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Confer-
ence (PDF). p. 92. The term rocket scientist is a
misnomer used by the media and in popular culture and
applied to a majority of engineers and technicians who
worked on the development of rockets with von Braun. It
reects a cultural evaluation of the immense accomplish-
ments of the team but is nevertheless incorrect. ...
4 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

[6] Career: Aerospace Engineer. Career Proles. The 8 External links

Princeton Review. Archived from the original on 2006-
05-09. Retrieved 2006-10-08. Due to the complexity NDTAeroTech.com, The Online Community for
of the nal product, an intricate and rigid organizational
Aerospace NDT Professionals
structure for production has to be maintained, severely
curtailing any single engineers ability to understand his Kroo, Ilan. Aircraft Design: Synthesis and Anal-
role as it relates to the nal project. ysis. Stanford University. Retrieved 17 January
[7] Sir George Cayley. ?. Retrieved 2009-07-26. Sir 2015.
George Cayley is one of the most important people in the
Air Service Training Aviation Maintenance UK
history of aeronautics. Many consider him the rst true
scientic aerial investigator and the rst person to under-
stand the underlying principles and forces of ight.

[8] Sir George Cayley (British Inventor and Scientist)". Bri-

tannica. n.d. Retrieved 2009-07-26. English pioneer
of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and de-
signer of the rst successful glider to carry a human being
aloft.

[9] Sir George Cayley. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commis-

sion. Retrieved 31 January 2016. A wealthy landowner,
Cayley is considered the father of aerial navigation and
a pioneer in the science of aerodynamics. He established
the scientic principles for heavier-than-air ight and used
glider models for his research. He was the rst to identify
the four forces of ight--thrust, lift, drag, and weight
and to describe the relationship each had with the other.

[10] Kermit Van Every (1988). Aeronautical engineering.

Encyclopedia Americana. 1. Grolier Incorporated.

[11] A Brief History of NASA. NASA. Retrieved 2012-03-

20.

[12] Science: Engineering: Aerospace. Open Site. Retrieved

2006-10-08.

[13] Gruntman, Mike (September 19, 2007). The Time for

Academic Departments in Astronautical Engineering.
AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition Agenda.
AIAA SPACE 2007 Conference & Exposition. AIAA.

[14] Aircraft Structures in Aerospace Engineering.

Aerospace Engineering, Aviation News, Salary, Jobs and
Museums. Retrieved 2015-11-06.

[15] Entry education, Aerospace Engineers. myfuture.com.

Retrieved 2015-06-22.

[16] Bailey, Charlotte (7 November 2008). Oxford compiles

list of top ten irritating phrases. The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved 2008-11-18. 10 - Its not rocket science

[17] Petroski, Henry (23 November 2010). Engineering Is

Not Science. IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
Science is about understanding the origins, nature, and
behavior of the universe and all it contains; engineering
is about solving problems by rearranging the stu of the
world to make new things.

[18] Neufeld, Michael. Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engi-

neer of War (First ed.). Vintage Books. pp. xv. There has
been a deep-rooted failure in the English-speaking me-
dia and popular culture to grapple with the distinction be-
tween science and engineering.
 5

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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