MAQUINAS TERMICAS

RENEVABLE
ENERGIES IN PERU

ALUMNO: Jhoan Manuel Laque Villa

DOCENTE: Wilfredo Murillo Vilchez
ESPECIALIDAD: Mtto. de Maquinaria de Planta
CICLO: V
GRUPO: A
FECHA DE ENTREGA: 27/11/2017

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

I.SUMMARY.pg.3

II.INTRODUCTIONpg.3

III.OBJECTIVESpg.3

IV. THEORY AND METHODOLOGY

IV.I WHAT ARE RENEVABLE ENERGY SOURCES?.................................................................

IV.II TYPES OF RENEVABLE ENERGY SOURCES

IV.II.I. SOLAR ENERGY......

IV.II. II. WIND ENERGY....

IV.II.III.HIDRAULIC ENERGY

IV.II.VI. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

IV.II.V. BIOMASS

IV.II.VI. OCEAN WAVE ENERGY.

IV.III. RENEVABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN PERU

IV.III. I. SOLAR ENERGY IN PERU

IV.III. II. WIND ENERGY IN PERU

IV.III.III. GEOTHERMALENERGY IN PERU

V.CONCLUSION

VI.REFERENCE LIST

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I. SUMMARY:

The present work "Renewable energy in Peru". It addresses what are specifically renewable
energies and the national reality of these energies, in addition to the fundamental methods of
their use, as well as the technology applied to said use highlighting their environmental
impact. It approaches concepts, characteristics, ways of obtaining energies through the natural
environment referring to the different ways of using these energy sources.

With this work will grow the awareness that only if we look at the so-called renewable
energies will we ensure a future, and a clean future.

II.OBJECTIVES

-Defining the concept of renewable energies.

-Naming the types of renewable energies exist

-Identifying is the reality of renewable energies in peru.

-Name some of the projects related to the renewable energies in our country.

III.INTRODUCTION

The use of renewable energy sources by man is very old. Since many centuries before our era,
renewable energies such as solar, wind and hydro were used by man in their domestic,
agricultural, craft and commercial activities. This situation prevailed until the arrival of the First
Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century, when renewable energies had to give way to fossil
resources such as oil and coal, which at that time were offered as abundant and cheap energy
sources. The industrial revolution also unleashed the social and economic changes that gave
rise to the subsequent development of the large hydroelectric industry considered today as a
conventional renewable energy source.

Regarding the national scope, it should be noted that Peru has traditionally been a country
whose electricity generation has been based on renewable sources. This means that our
energy development has been contributing for some time to the reduction of the greenhouse
effect that now overwhelms the planet, with a development that is mainly based on clean
sources of energy. Until 2002, electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants accounted
for 85% of the total energy generated in the country. With the arrival of Camisea Gas, the
share of hydroelectric plants decreased to reach 61% in 2008.

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At present, when the availability of fossil resources plays a decisive role in the global and
national energy supply, and when environmental factors appear among the main concerns of
contemporary society, Renewable Energies reappear with increasing success in all latitudes of
the world. planet, encouraged by the constraints of the energy supply and the presence of
favorable regulatory frameworks.

In this context, in May 2008, the Peruvian State issued Legislative Decree 1002 that promotes
investment for the generation of electricity with the use of Renewable Energy Resources
('RER', hereinafter), such as wind, solar, geothermal, tidal, biomass and small hydroelectric
plants with an installed capacity of up to 20 MW.

IV.THEORY AND METHODOLOGY:

IV.I WHAT ARE RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES?

Renewable energy is the energy that is obtained from virtually inexhaustible natural sources,
either by the immense amount of energy they contain or by being able to regenerate by
natural means.

In consideration of its degree of technological development and its level of penetration in the
countries' energy matrix, Renewable Energies are classified as Conventional Renewable
Energies and Non-Conventional Renewable Energies. Within the former, large hydroelectric
plants are considered; while wind turbines, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal,
tidal, biomass and small hydroelectric plants are located within the latter.

IV.II TYPES OF RENEVABLE ENERGY SOURCES:

IV.II.I. SOLAR ENERGY:

Solar energy is one of the sources of life and the source of most other known forms of energy.
Each year the solar radiation contributes to the Earth the energy equivalent to several
thousands of times the amount consumed by all humanity. Hence, solar radiation, properly
collected with solar panels, can be transformed into other forms of energy.

By using solar collectors, solar energy can be transformed into thermal energy. In turn, with
the use of photovoltaic panels the light energy can be transformed into electrical energy. Both
processes demand different technologies that have nothing to do with each other. Similarly, in

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solar thermal power plants, the thermal energy captured by the solar collectors can be used to
generate electricity.

Two forms of solar radiation are distinguished: direct radiation and diffuse radiation. Direct
radiation is that which comes directly from the solar focus, without intermediate reflections or
refractions. The diffuse one is that emitted by the daytime sky, thanks to the multiple
phenomena of reflection and solar refraction caused by clouds and the rest of atmospheric
and terrestrial elements. Direct radiation can be reflected and concentrated for its use, while
diffuse light concentration is not possible because it comes from multiple directions. However,
both radiations are usable.

As for the receptors, active and passive receptors can be differentiated. The former use
mechanisms to orient the receiving system towards the Sun - called followers - and better
capture direct radiation. The liabilities, meanwhile, are not able to carry out this follow-up.

An important advantage of solar energy is that it allows the generation of energy in the same
place of consumption through architectural integration. Thus, distributed generation systems
take place in which the losses recorded in energy transport, which currently account for
approximately 40% of the total, and energy dependence are almost completely eliminated.

IV.II.II WIND ENERGY:

Wind energy is the energy obtained from the force of the wind, by using the kinetic energy
generated by the air currents. The Aeolian term comes from the Latin Aeolicus, pertaining or

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relative to olo or Eolo, god of the winds in the Greek mythology and that means belonging or
relative to the wind.

Wind energy is related to the movement of air masses that move from areas of high
atmospheric pressure to adjacent areas of low pressure, with proportional velocities (pressure
gradient). Wind power has been used since ancient times to move sail-driven boats or operate
the windmill machinery. In recent decades, the use of wind energy has progressed to become
one of the fundamental pillars of renewable energy supply.

Today, the performance of wind installations has multiplied by 3 in relation to wind speed. In
order to make the most of wind energy, these teams sit on towers as high as possible. The
largest wind installations of the moment have a nominal power that is between 4 and 6
megawatts (MW). The total height reaches 200 meters, with a bushing height of approximately
120 meters. The rotor blades reach 65 meters. According to the Wind Atlas of Peru, our
country has an excellent wind resource. The coasts of the department of Piura, Lambayeque
and some areas of La Libertad stand out. The departments of Ancash, Lima and Arequipa also
stand out, but the department with the best wind potential is Ica.

IV.II.III HYDRAULIC ENERGY:

It is called hydraulic energy or water energy that is obtained from the use of kinetic and
potential energies of the current of rivers, waterfalls or tides. It is a type of Non-Conventional
Renewable Energy when its environmental impact is minimal and uses water power without
repressing it, otherwise it is considered only a conventional form of renewable energy.

In our country, mini-hydro plants are those that have an installed power of less than 20 MW.
This renewable technology is the most environmentally friendly way known for the production
of electricity. It can be transformed to very different scales, existing for centuries small farms
in which the current of a river moves a rotor of shovels and generates an applied movement,
for example, in rural mills.

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IV.II.IV GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:

Geothermal energy is energy that can be obtained by man through the use of heat from the
interior of the Earth. The geothermal term comes from the Greek geo, "Earth"; and thermos,
"heat"; literally "heat of the Earth". Part of the Earth's internal heat (5,000 C) reaches the
earth's crust. In some areas of the planet, near the surface, the groundwater can reach boiling
temperatures, and, therefore, serve to drive electric turbines or to heat. The heat inside the
Earth is due to several factors, among which the geothermal gradient and the radiogenic heat
stand out.

There is great potential for this energy in the volcanic chains of southern Peru.

IV.II.V BIOMASS:

The formation of biomass from solar energy is carried out by the process called plant
photosynthesis which in turn is a trigger of the biological chain. Through photosynthesis,
chlorophyll-containing plants transform carbon dioxide and water from mineral products
without energy value, into organic materials with high energy content and in turn serve as
food for other living beings. Through these processes, biomass stores solar energy in the short
term in the form of carbon. The energy stored in the photosynthetic process can then be
transformed into thermal energy, electricity or fuels of vegetable origin, releasing again the
stored carbon dioxide.

In the agroindustrial sector, specifically the sugarcane industry, the presence of a great
potential for generating electricity has been established from the bagasse of sugarcane and
rice husks.

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IV.II.VI OCEAN WAVE ENERGY:

The tidal energy is due to the gravitational forces between the Moon, the Earth and the Sun,
which originate the tides, that is, the difference in the average height of the seas according to
the relative position between these three stars. This height difference can be used in strategic
places such as gulfs, bays or estuaries using hydraulic turbines that interpose in the natural
movement of the waters, along with channeling and deposit mechanisms, to obtain movement
in an axis. Through its coupling to an alternator, the system can be used for the generation of
electricity, transforming the tidal energy into electrical energy, a more useful and usable
energy form.

Tidal energy has the quality of being renewable as long as the primary energy source is not
exhausted by its exploitation, and it is clean, since in the energy transformation no polluting
byproducts are produced during the exploitation phase. However, the relationship between
the amount of energy that can be obtained with the current means and the economic cost and
environmental impact of installing the devices for their process have prevented a notable
proliferation of this type of energy.

after forms of extracting energy from the sea are the wave energy, which is the energy
produced by the movement of the waves; and the energy due to the oceanic thermal gradient,
which marks a temperature difference between the surface and the deep waters of the ocean.

IV.III RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN PERU:

Non-conventional renewable energies do not finish finding their place in Peru, a country that
would not miss the qualification of hyper-energetic. With a measured potential of wind, solar,
geothermal and amazing biomass, up to now, 2% of the energy consumed (6,200 MW / h) is
supplied with these sources. The rest comes from conventional renewable energy from
hydroelectric power plants (52%) and thermoelectric plants (46%), of which most are supplied
with natural gas.

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IV.III.I SOLAR ENERGY IN PERU

Solar energy is the energy resource with greater availability in almost the entire Peruvian
territory. In the vast majority of localities in Peru, the availability of solar energy is quite large
and fairly uniform throughout the year, compared to other countries, which makes its use
attractive. In general terms, there is an annual average of 4-5 kWh / m2 day on the coast and
jungle and 5-6 kWh / m2 day, increasing from north to south. This implies that the incident
solar energy in a few square meters is, in principle, sufficient to satisfy the energy needs of a
family. The problem is to transform this solar energy into useful energy and with an acceptable
cost.

Solar drying

The traditional use of the most widespread solar energy is the solar drying of agricultural
products, exposing the product directly to solar radiation. To overcome the drawbacks of this
method (berms, decrease in quality, etc.) CER-UNI carried out, with the support of German
technical cooperation between 1983 and 1990, the project "Development and diffusion of
solar dryers for agricultural products and foodstuffs" , whose results are included in the book
"Theory and practice of solar drying". Subsequently, to this day, work continues on this topic
(eg Oregano dryers, CERT, Tacna) and several of the solar dryer models studied, of simple
construction with materials available in the field, have found a diffusion in the field.

Solar water heathers

The local manufacture of solar water heaters is the oldest and most developed and
disseminated technology in Peru. It is estimated that today there are 25,000 to 30,000 solar
thermal baths, mostly in Arequipa. There are now around 20 manufacturers that have recently
become part of the "Association of Peruvian Solar Energy Companies", AEPES, which monthly
produce around 600 square meters of solar collectors for solar thermal systems.

Photovoltaic Solar Energy

In Peru, compared with other countries, there are still few photovoltaic systems, SFV: Until
2005, in Peru there are around 10 000 SFV installed, with a total power of 1.5 MWp. (1) 65% of
this power corresponds to SFV for telecommunications, 29% for internal lighting to homes,
including health posts, communal rooms, etc., and the rest for other uses (refrigeration, water
pumping, etc.) Rural electrification projects are described at 1.5 MWp, which means that all
solar panels installed in Peru can produce electricity of 1.5MW if exposed to full sun.For
comparison: the Ventanilla power plant has a power of 490 MW.) It should be noted that most
of the SFVs used for rural electrification are of the "Photovoltaic Domiciliary System" type, SFD
(in English: "solar home system", SHS), with typical powers of 50-60. Wp, operating together
with an acid lead battery, a charge regulator, and 2-4 fluorescent lamps of 9 - 11 W, having a
cost of about US $ 600 (including taxes and installation). usual electricity values of a family in
the field.

First PV projects in Peru

The first rural PV electrification project in Peru was a project of the German technical
cooperation that installed in 1986 - 96 in the Puno Department about 500 SFD, in a "pre-
commercial" (subsidized) framework. During the evaluation of the project that the CER-UNI
has carried out 10 years after the start of the project, it was observed that all usurans were
very happy with this technology and that the SFDs visited have continued in operation.

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Subsequently, the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) installed between 1995 and 1998 a
total of 1500 SFD in different regions of Peru, mostly in communities of the jungle and very
dispersed. Initially, the MEM stated that the project should encourage private entrepreneurs
to invest in photovoltaic projects under a market scheme. Finally, it was decided to give the
project a social objective, asking the beneficiary only for a contribution for the maintenance
costs of the SFD at his disposal. These SFDs are now owned by the state company ADINELSA,
who administers it with a tariff model and, to facilitate administration, has created in each
community a user association.

Photovoltaic power plant in the desert of La Joya Arequipa

La Joya and Majes are home to the first two photovoltaic energy parks in Latin America Here,
more than 133,660 panels were installed on 206 hectares of desert that capture solar radiation
to convert it into energy.

Plants work since September. They belong to the Spanish company T-Solar, which invested 160
million dollars in implementing them.

At its maximum installed capacity, the two plants generate 44 megawatts (Mw) per year. It is
a quantity to give electric light to 80 thousand citizens.

IV.III.II WIND ENERGY IN PERU:

In total there are 4 wind farms operating in the country, contributing 239 MW to the national
interconnected electricity system (SEIN).

In 2014, the three major wind power plants in the country came into operation, such as:
Marcona (Ica) of 32 MW, Cupisnique (La Libertad) of 80 MW and Talara (Piura) of 30 MW.

Wind Power Station San Juan de Marcona (Ica)

According to the agents of the wind market in Peru, to install a wind energy generating system
the winds must exceed the average of 5 m / s. The Wind Power Plant San Juan de Marcona
(Ica) - average of 9.12 m / s to 40 meters high -, can be highlighted as the most important
because it has characteristics for the viability of a massive development, supplies electricity to
a population of approximately 3,000 inhabitants (around 700 W per house).

Wind power station in Talara (Piura)

This electric project consists of large windmills and 17 wind turbines with an installed power of
30.6 MW that will provide reliable and environmentally friendly energy for 20 years.

Wind power station in Cupisnique (La Libertad)

The Cupisnique wind farm, located in Pacasmayo, department of La Libertad, has an installed
capacity of 83.15 MW and 45 wind turbines of 1.85 MW Vestas.

III.III.III GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN PERU:

The southern part of the country has a potential to generate 3000MW and would increase the
capacity of the national interconnected electricity system by 30%.

It is located mainly in the regions of Arequipa, Puno, Moquegua, Tacna, Ayacucho, Pasco and
other regions.

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V.CONCLUSION:

-There are around 6 kinds of renevable energies that human can use .

-El Peru the most abundant renewable energy is solar energy.

-The southern regions of Peru (Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna) have the greatest

potential to produce solar energy.

-The wind energy in Peru is exploited in the coastal regions of the north of the country.

-In addition, there is a great potential for exploitation of geothermal energy in the south of the
country (Tacna and Moquegua).

VI.REFERENCE LIST:

http://deltavolt.pe/energia-renovable/renovable-peru

http://www2.osinerg.gob.pe/EnergiasRenovables/contenido/IntroduccionEnergiasRenovabl
es.html

https://elcomercio.pe/economia/generacion-electricidad-energias-renovables-peru-422813

http://www.osinergmin.gob.pe/newweb/uploads/Publico/OficinaComunicaciones/Eventos
Realizados/ForoTacna/2/6-Regulacion%20RER%20Peru-Riquel%20Mitma.pdf

http://puntoedu.pucp.edu.pe/noticias/el-potencial-peruano-para-desarrollar-energias-
renovables/

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