23July15WebcastSlides PDF

Test & Measurement Trends for John Hansen
Aerospace and Defense

Keysight Technologies
Webcast - 23 July 2015

Agenda Keysight
Technologies 2015 Page 2
The Aerospace & Defense / Test & Measurement Ecosystem

A coming renaissance for the military and defense industry
Aerospace and defense spending
New T & M Demands from the Industry
Testing Array Antennas
The Move into mm Wave
Renaissance in Electronic Warfare (EW) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
The Effect of NewSpace on Satellite Technologies
Mixed Signal Test for AD Applications
Radar Target Simulation Requires Cost Effective Tools
Aerospace & Defense
Breakdown for Electronic Test & Measurement
Surveillance (ISR) &
Electronic
RADAR SIGINT
Warfare (EW) Test & Operational
ATC; weather; automotive Radar threat & communications jamming (EA) Spectrum monitoring & management
Search; track; fire control; guidance Spectrum control; Cyber security Direction finding & geolocation
Imaging; mapping; geo-location; GMTI Electronic support (ES) Signals interception
Wall & ground penetrating Self protection; radar warning (EP) COMINT; ELINT
Law enforcement; security Specific emitter identification Network Surveillance
Altimeter; terrain following; autopilot IED defeat
Physical Surveillance
Navigation & MilCom (C4) Satellite

Identification & LMR Defense & Commercial
IFF Systems Military terrestrial communications Satellite communications/ Space segment

Avionics; Public safety and private mobile radio Various sensor technologies
GNSS; inertial guidance Satellite communications/ Ground segment NewSpace
ISR = Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance EA = Electronic Attack

IFF = Identification, Friend or Foe EP = Electronic Protection
C4 = Command, Control, Communications, Computers ES = Electronic Support
IED = Improvised Explosive Device ATC = Air Traffic Control
LMR = Land Mobile Radio (included due to similarity with MilCom) GMTI = Ground Moving Target Indicator
Keysight
The Aerospace & Defense Ecosystem Value Chain Segmentation
Component
Sub-Contractors Prime Contractors Government Agencies
Manufacturers
Military
Small Suppliers & MRO Services
Commercial
SatCom & Airlines
(Service Providers)
Electronic Design Automation (EDA)

Signal Sources Signal Analyzers Network Analyzers
Optical Test High Speed Digital High Performance Oscilloscopes
General Purpose Products
Keysight
MRO: Maintenance, Repair & Operations Technologies 2015 Page 4
Forces at Work in the Industry
There is a concerted effort world-wide to build smaller, more
technologically capable military forces.
Even though overall budgets may be flat or shrinking in most countries, the
money earmarked for technology advancement, will grow significantly
Increasing technology parity with potential adversaries and the need for an
increase in acquisition efficiency is driving this effort
Information and information flow (Cyber) is a new domain of warfare

and has gained a great deal of attention world wide
Political drivers in the form of export controls and economic sanctions

are in a state of continuous change
Keysight
New Demands from the A/D Industry
Test Tools need to Evolve Along with (or faster than) Advanced System Capabilities
Need to move acquired or stored RF signal data from one instrument

to another at a minimum rate of at least 10 GB/s (equivalent to 2 GHz
modulation bandwidth).
Need high speed (to real time) data reduction/analysis within the
instrument (FPGA/DSP/GPU) can no longer rely on instrument
controller
Must have multiple, coherent, RF channels for signal generation and
analysis
Need wideband capabilities with comparable bandwidth for both signal
generation and signal analysis
More ease-of-use, lower time to first measurement and faster
stimulus/response measurement time
Keysight
AESA Airborne, 100-3000+ active elements
Testing Array Antennas and

Transmit / Receive Modules (TRM)
Keysight
7
Active Electronically Scanned
Phased Array (AESA) Antennas
Key Benefits
Fixed position antenna
Flexible beam shape
Fast steering with precision
Multiple Spot Beams are created from a single array antenna
Ability to form multiple agile beams
Communicate with multiple spatially distributed ground stations or terminals
Operate in multiple modes engaging multiple threats or targets
Independent transmit/receive modules per element
Reduced power loss from integration of RF source on each T/R module
Graceful degradation single source failure will not cripple system
Keysight
New or Growing Challenges for Test
Array Element (TRM/TRMM) Counts Increasing
(need speed without loss of accuracy)
Digital Signals Moving Closer to the Antenna

(may not have access to stimulus in analog form)
Broadband Modulated Signals (not just pulsed)

(need to generate and capture full-bandwidth signals)
Multi-Function Systems
(need flexible measurement system, other types
of signal analysis such as modulation accuracy)
- EW, SIGINT, Search, SAR, Communications
TRMM = Transmit Receive Multi Module

Keysight
9
Using Wide Bandwidth Signals to Increase Test Throughput
Traditional Approach to TR Module Cal
(speed limited by synchronization and state programming)
1) Set gain/phase
2) Measure narrow band S21 (noise reduction via narrow RBW and integration time)
3) Repeat for each gain/phase combo, and each frequency
Thinking about the problem in a different way (speed limited by data transfer)
1) Apply a test signal such as a tone.
2) Rapidly change the gain/phase shifters to modulate the test signal through all possible
states in a pseudo-random fashion. (noise reduction via state duration)
3) Capture the wideband QAM modulated signal, synchronize to the modulation patterns
and analyze.
4) Repeat for each frequency Dynamic approach more closely matches operation
Keysight
Multi-channel Solution for Array Antenna Alignment and Calibration
A multichannel coherent
test capability is optimum
for array antenna testing.
This example system

uses a multichannel
digitizer in place of a
network analyzer.
This configuration
provides more channels
for simultaneous testing
and the ability to provide
wideband analysis
greatly improving
measurement speed.
Keysight
11
Impact of Digital Moving Closer to the Antenna
No access to stimulus in analog form
No analog S21 measurements (DAR for example)

Signals may be amplitude modulated (linearity)
Signals have bandwidth (flatness, spurious)
DSP TTD vs. Phase/Gain Shift
Digital plumbing (interconnects) S21
More channels to test

D/A
Performance metrics ?
(new plus some old)
Calibrations DSP CLK
Test modes
A/D
Test points
DAR = Digital Array Radar Keysight
12 TTD = True Time Delay Technologies 2015 Page 12

The Move into Millimeter Wave
Keysight
13
New & Existing Applications Finding a Spectral Home in mmWave
Expanding Applications
Radio astronomy
Fire control radar
Imaging scanners
Inter-satellite links
Point to point high bandwidth links (backhaul)
Ka band satellite communication
New Applications
IEEE 802.11ad Wireless LAN
5G commercial communications
High resolution radar
Keysight
Drivers and Enablers of mmWave
Smaller platforms
Unmanned systems
Higher resolution
Synthetic Aperture Radar
Spectrum availability
More bandwidth available
Less interference
Improved semiconductor technology
SiGe, GaN, CMOS
Oscilloscopes have
become an important
tool for wideband,
multi-channel vector
RF signal analysis
Keysight
15
Increasing Frequency Range for Various Solid State Technologies
D. Yeh, et. al, Millimeter-wave multi-gigabit IC technologies

for super-broadband wireless over fiber systems,"
Keysight
Measurement Challenges at Millimeter Frequencies
Inability to penetrate walls, foliage, rain, etc.
Higher losses as frequencies increase
Smaller and more fragile cables (or waveguide) and adapters
Costs for equipment and accessories are high
Lack of power standards above 110 GHz
1 mm to 1.85 mm adapter
Retail price: $2400
Keysight
Renaissance in Electronic Warfare (EW) and
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
Keysight
EW Threats Today and Tomorrow
Modern EW systems must stay current and have the ability to adapt to
future threats
Todays threat environment is constantly evolving with modern digital
processing
Usage of frequency agile TRMs with high level of adaptability
Pulse characteristics are dynamically programmed to extract the most
information from the target.
Phased array antenna systems becoming ubiquitous
Multi-mode/ multi-functions systems constantly changing the RF
signature of systems
Radar Warning
Receiver (RWR)
Keysight
19
The Differences Between EW and Radar Require
Somewhat Different Test Methods Pantsir S1 (SA-22 Greyhound) SAM system
Bandwidth
EW systems require wider instantaneous bandwidths.
Power
Radar requires very high power at low duty cycle
EW applications require high power at close to 100% duty
cycle for certain modes of operation.
Frequency Range
EW systems have a wider range of frequency of operation to address many different
threats
Antenna Characteristics
Both benefit from AESA technologies (beam shaping, multiple beams & beam steering)
Fundamental beam shapes can vary. (ie: Jammer beam may be broad, radar more
narrow).
Signal Processing
Radar focused on measuring the range and velocity of a target and calculating the
acceleration in order to sustain tracking.
EW involves identifying threat signals and characterizing them to then produce an
appropriate response (e.g. wideband, narrowband, deceptive).
Keysight
20
System Operational Platform Evolution
Moving from Distributed to more Integrated Architectures
Platform with Distributed Systems Platform with Integrated Systems
Central
Radar Controller
EW Radar .
.
Electronic .
Attack EW
Avionics & Electronic
SIGINT Attack
Comms Signals
SIGINT
Intelligence
Signals Avionics &
Intelligence Comms
Test solutions need to become software/firmware

definable with common hardware elements
Keysight
The Basic Building Blocks of an Off-the-Shelf Solution
Signal Stimulus Signal Analysis
Scenario Creation Downconversion
Control connections
Multiple dynamic emitters Multichannel (>=8?)
Long scenarios Reference waveforms Coherent channels
IQ, IF, or PDW list Wideband (5 GHz)
Scenario Generation Signal Capture

Multiple coherent channels Multiple coherent channels
IQ, IF, or interpret PDWs EW System Adjustable pre-selection and
FPGA access for custom and filtering
Under Test
reactive waveforms Deep memory capture
Upconversion
Multichannel (>=8?) Signal Analysis
Coherent channels Real-time analysis
Wideband (5 GHz) Multichannel calibration and
Tunable LO Synchronization alignment
Filtered PDW list generation
Amplified/Attenuated Temporal and statistical
Automatic Level Control pulse/pulse train analysis
Keysight
22
Pulse Descriptor Words (PDW) to Describe and Simulate Threats
Mitigates the Problem of Huge Signal Data Files
Contains temporal pulse information for each pulse received

Example: Frequency, amplitude, PRI, pulse width, delta TOA, TOA, target
designator or ID, range, velocity, AOA, etc.
The structures of PDWs vary widely depending on required detail and

application
There are commonly utilized formats
Use deinterleaving of pulses in a multi-emitter environment to isolate the

train from each specific emitter
Separate PDWs into groups of pulses with parametric and inter-pulse
consistency
Pulse overlap handling determined on a user defined priority basis (e.g.
strongest signal)
Keysight
23
Trends in Satellite Technologies
The Effect of NewSpace on Satellite Technologies
Sputnik 1 Project SCORE MILSTAR Boeing 702HP
Keysight
24
More Regenerative Payloads
Vector Modulation and Demodulation as Part of Signal Path
Digitally regenerative satellites greatly expand test plans
compared to classical bent pipe architectures
ADC Demodulator FEC
Conventional Digital
Hardware Signal DSP
Processing
DAC Modulator Encode
Keysight
(animations) Technologies 2015 Page 25
Commercial Satellite Market Trends - NewSpace
Background / Context
Definition from NewSpace Global https://www.newspaceglobal.com/

NewSpace is an emerging global industry of private companies and
entrepreneurs who primarily target commercial customers, are
backed by risk capital seeking a return, and profit from innovative
products or services developed in or for space.
NewSpace is not a new industry so much as it is a major disruptive force

in the space industry as a whole
Characteristics of NewSpace
Primary objective is to make a profit from risk-based investment
Commercial business and funding models
Willingness to take risk
Keysight
Key Attributes
Trends and enablers
Rapid growth in the number of relatively low cost satellites

Numerous deployments of constellations of small satellites
Prolific use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components
Lower launch costs
More frequent launches
Satellites with short orbital life expectancies
Cost
Volume
Keysight
NewSpace
Implications for electronic design and test
NewSpace business models drive approaches more consistent with
commercial electronics industry than traditional space
However, its still Space
Requires best practices of commercial electronics & traditional space

Individual business models will dictate the correct balance
Key considerations:
DFx - Design for manufacturability, volume, test and cost
Clear criteria for production ready
Minimize use of hand-crafted products
Process automation
Keysight
Mixed Signal Test for AD Applications
Keysight
Mixed Signal Implementation Test Challenges
Comparative
Different Signal Formats Digital
10 Bit
BB, IF & RF
0
Bus 0 Analysis
Signal 1
0
Analog vs. Digital Words Format 1
Transmitter
Cross Domain Analysis 10101 Modulator DAC
IQ Cross
Probing Challenges Base-
Band
I
Q
Format
Analysis Receiver
10111 Demod ADC

Internal FPGA Signals
10 Bit
New Development Processes Internal 1
0
FPGA
0
Digital 1
Busses 1
Keysight
30
Use Same VSA Software Along a Mixed Signal Tx Chain with
Instruments Appropriate for the Different Signal Formats
VSA software on
Oscilloscopes, RF
Signal Analyzers,
Logic and Digitizers
analyzer with
FPGA
dynamic
probe
and VSA
software
FGPA/DSP D/A PA
IF RF
Analog
(IF or IQ)
Keysight
31
Probing Across the DAC Boundary Using VSA Software with
a Logic Analyzer (Digital) and Oscilloscope (Analog IF)
Logic analyzer on
left probing digital
signals on 21 FPGA
pins via flying leads
--- fed to VSA
Digital oscilloscope
on right probing
DAC analog output
IF --- fed to VSA
Keysight
Radar Target Simulation Requires Cost Effective Tools
Keysight
Radar Target Signal Simulation
coherent pulse train
To use an OTS signal generator for pulse Doppler

radar target simulation, it must be made coherent
with the radar under test
This is difficult to achieve no current OTS
signal generator can do this
Simulation systems for use with active and coherent

radar systems are currently almost always based on
digital RF memories (DRFM).
Passive, bistatic or multi-static radars that use non-

coherent detection methods, also benefit from
simulation tools based on commercial off-the-shelf
Passive radar antenna Courtesy of Cassidian
(COTS) arbitrary waveform generators.
Keysight
Digital RF Memories (DRFM) for Radar Target Simulation
Source to Receiver Coherency
DRFM
RF Input Downconversion Critical factors:
to Baseband ADC Low intra and inter pulse jitter
IF Low signal latency
Wide bandwidth
High SFDR
Additional Digital
FPGA Signal Processing
and/or Memory
Regeneration capabilities:
Time delay
RF Output Phase & frequency shift
Upconversion IF
DAC RCS, JEM, multi-scattering
to RF
Clutter & noise
Intrinsically phase coherent with the signal source, such as the transmitting radar.
Developed for EW applications, also used for coherent target simulation.
Keysight
Radar Cross Section (RCS)
The amplitude and phase of the radar return signal changes as the
aspect angle of the target changes.
RCS is very dependent of the target size, shape and construction
material.
Generalized RCS simulated using Swerling models (I V) or for
specific target RCS use recorded or customized signal returns.
Keysight
36
MIMO Radar Presents a simulation challenge
Co-located antennas with multiple reflectors
Rank of the channel matrix

(independent signal paths) indicates
the number of targets in a range cell
RX
Range
Resolution RX
Targets are Point Reflectors TX

Co-Located Antennas Allow Direction Finding
(Reflectors of interest are within the beam pattern) TX
The test challenge is to provide multiple and
coherent source and/or receiver channels
Keysight
37
Concluding Remarks
Keysight
The Future for Test & Measurement
Continuous Innovation
Test equipment needs to continuously adapt and improve to support

the use cases enabled by rapidly advancing technologies.
Components and systems; DC, digital, baseband & RF signals
Array antennas require multiple channels of stimulus and analysis

with wide bandwidth to gain measurement throughput .
Simulation of spectral environments which include a combination of

radar, wireless, wireless networking, and recorded signals require
streaming large amounts signal data.
Software defined instrumentation provides a method for controlling

test costs through hardware reuse and reduced time to first
measurement.
Keysight Technologies has the tools, support and commitment to

innovation needed to address the future of test.
Keysight
N5193A UXG Agile Signal Generator
Better testing done sooner Up to 40 GHz
UXG Agile Signal Generator 100 ns Update Rate
Proprietary DAC
nanoFET MMIC
Switches & Attenuators
Phase Coherent Switching
Keysight
Page 40
40
N5193A UXG Agile Signal Generator
Key Specifications
Fast switching speed
Update frequency, phase or amplitude in < 100 ns
Phase repeatability or phase continuity
Wide chirps (10-25% of carrier frequency)
Long pulse trains using:
List-based pulse descriptor words
Rear panel binary or BCD interface
Great phase noise (-126 dBc/Hz at 20 kHz offset @ 10 GHz)
Similar to PSG Option UNY
Coherence between units
Full instrument security features
Keysight
N9040B UXA Signal Analyzer
Deeper views of elusive and wideband signals
8.4/13.6/26.5 GHz
Streamlined
Up to 510 MHz touch driven
analysis BW interface
89600 VSA &

Full BW RTSA N9068C Phase
Noise App
Industry
Leading
Phase noise
Keysight Agilent Confidential
Technologies 2015 Page 42July 2014
UXA Advancing Technology to Deliver Performance
New proprietary ADC New Wide BW Front End

2.4GSa/s 14 bit 510 MHz Analysis
Excellent RF flatness New Proprietary DAC
DDS based LO
Excellent Phase Noise
Low Spurious
New large touch-screen

display with modern GUI
510MHz BW
Wideband Digital IF provides High Dynamic Range
Keysight
Keysight High-Speed Arbitrary Waveform Generators
Proprietary Technology - Unique Performance
Choose the performance you need:
High Resolution M8195A
Wide Bandwidth
M8190A
81180B
M8195A
65 GSa/s
M8190A 20 GHz analog BW
M933xA 14 bit 8 GSa/s /
12 bit 12 GSa/s
81180B 5 GHz analog BW
12 Bit, 4.6 GSa/s
1 GHz analog BW
M9330A / N8241A
15 bit, 1.2 GSa/s Highest bandwidth and port
density in a 1U AXIe module
Highest Dynamic Range
SFDR: -90 dBc . Jitter 5 ps pp @ 16Gb/s
SFDR: up to -80 dBc
10 dB more than the closest
Economic version competitor Integrated FIR filter,
Hardware-encoding +
Best signal quality in PXI
real-time impairments
and LXI from factor
Keysight
M8190A Arbitrary Waveform Generator - Overview
Precision AWG with DAC resolution of:

14 bit up to 8 GSa/s
12 bit up to 12 GSa/s
Up to 2 GSa Arbitrary Waveform Memory
per channel
Up to 5 GHz bandwidth per channel
3 selectable output paths: direct DAC, DC
and AC
SFDR: up to -90 dBc typ. (fout = 100 MHz, DC to 3
GHz)
Harmonic distortion: -72 dBc typ. (fout = 100
MHz, balun)
Advanced sequencing scenarios
sequences*)
2 markers per channel
Keysight
M8195A Arbitrary Waveform Generator - Overview
SFDR(dBc) vs. Tone freq. (MHz)
90
80
65 GSa/s on 1, 2 or 4 channels per module 70

60
50
20 GHz analog bandwidth 40
30
8 bit vertical resolution 20

10
0
Up to 16 GSamples memory per module

Sequencing capability
Asynchronous trigger
FIR filter per channel in hardware
S-Parameter de-embedding
100 tones from 10 to 15 GHz with a notch @ 12.5 GHz
Keysight
Questions ?
Keysight

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Test & Measurement Trends for John Hansen

Aerospace and Defense

Webcast - 23 July 2015

The Aerospace & Defense / Test & Measurement Ecosystem

Navigation & MilCom (C4) Satellite

IFF Systems Military terrestrial communications Satellite communications/ Space segment

ISR = Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance EA = Electronic Attack

Small Suppliers & MRO Services

Electronic Design Automation (EDA)

Information and information flow (Cyber) is a new domain of warfare

Political drivers in the form of export controls and economic sanctions

Need to move acquired or stored RF signal data from one instrument

Testing Array Antennas and

Digital Signals Moving Closer to the Antenna

Broadband Modulated Signals (not just pulsed)

TRMM = Transmit Receive Multi Module

This example system

No analog S21 measurements (DAR for example)

More channels to test

DAR = Digital Array Radar Keysight

12 TTD = True Time Delay Technologies 2015 Page 12

D. Yeh, et. al, Millimeter-wave multi-gigabit IC technologies

Platform with Distributed Systems Platform with Integrated Systems

Test solutions need to become software/firmware

Scenario Generation Signal Capture

Contains temporal pulse information for each pulse received

The structures of PDWs vary widely depending on required detail and

Use deinterleaving of pulses in a multi-emitter environment to isolate the

Sputnik 1 Project SCORE MILSTAR Boeing 702HP

ADC Demodulator FEC

DAC Modulator Encode

Definition from NewSpace Global https://www.newspaceglobal.com/

NewSpace is not a new industry so much as it is a major disruptive force

Rapid growth in the number of relatively low cost satellites

However, its still Space

Requires best practices of commercial electronics & traditional space

Cross Domain Analysis 10101 Modulator DAC

10111 Demod ADC

coherent pulse train

To use an OTS signal generator for pulse Doppler

Simulation systems for use with active and coherent

Passive, bistatic or multi-static radars that use non-

Rank of the channel matrix

Targets are Point Reflectors TX

Test equipment needs to continuously adapt and improve to support

Array antennas require multiple channels of stimulus and analysis

Simulation of spectral environments which include a combination of

Software defined instrumentation provides a method for controlling

Keysight Technologies has the tools, support and commitment to

UXG Agile Signal Generator 100 ns Update Rate

89600 VSA &

New proprietary ADC New Wide BW Front End

New large touch-screen

Wideband Digital IF provides High Dynamic Range

Precision AWG with DAC resolution of:

65 GSa/s on 1, 2 or 4 channels per module 70

8 bit vertical resolution 20

Up to 16 GSamples memory per module

100 tones from 10 to 15 GHz with a notch @ 12.5 GHz

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