Result

Holder/Connecting Rod

Figure 1:Holder/Connecting Rod

Table 1:Holder/Connecting Rod

Velocity (m/s) 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Force (N) 0.092 0.119 0.126 0.147 0.165 0.168 0.196 0.200

Open End Facing Upstream

Figure 2:Open End Facing Upstream

Table 2:Open End Facing Upstream

Velocity (m/s) 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Force (N) 0.034 0.214 0.336 0.469 0.640 0.820 1.065 1.301
Open End Facing Downstream

Figure 3:Open End Facing Downstream

Table 3:Open End Facing Downstream

Velocity (m/s) 0 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Force (N) 0.029 0.093 0.119 0.181 0.243 0.300 0.387 0.466
 RESULT AND CALCULATION

Table 4: Upstream drag coefficient, (N) for Open End Facing Upstream

Upstream
Upstream
Velocity Rigid rod drag
drag force,
(m/s) drag force, Net drag coefficient,
(N)
(N) force, (N) (N)
0 0.092 0.034 -0.058 0.000
8 0.119 0.214 0.095 0.727
10 0.126 0.336 0.210 1.029
12 0.147 0.469 0.322 1.096
14 0.165 0.640 0.475 1.188
16 0.168 0.820 0.652 1.248
18 0.196 1.065 0.869 1.314
20 0.200 1.301 1.101 1.349
Average 1.136

Table 5:Upstream drag coefficient, (N) for Open End Facing Downstream

Downstream Downstream
Net drag
Velocity Rigid rod drag drag
force,
(m/s) drag force, coefficient, coefficient,
(N)
(N) (N) (N)
0 0.092 0.029 -0.063 0.000
8 0.119 0.093 -0.026 -0.199
10 0.126 0.119 -0.007 -0.034
12 0.147 0.181 0.034 0.116
14 0.165 0.243 0.078 0.195
16 0.168 0.300 0.132 0.253
18 0.196 0.387 0.191 0.289
20 0.200 0.466 0.266 0.326
Average 0.135
 Table 6: , and Re

Velocity (m/s) , Re
0 0.000 0.000
8 0.927 34591.671
10 1.063 43239.589
12 0.980 51887.507
14 0.993 60535.425
16 0.995 69183.342
18 1.025 77831.260
20 1.023 86479.178

CD NET against Velocity

1.200

1.000

0.800
CD NET

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25
Velocity

Figure 4: Graph CD NET against Velocity

 C NET against Re
1.200

1.000

0.800
CD NET

0.600

0.400

0.200

0.000
0.000 20000.000 40000.000 60000.000 80000.000 100000.000
Re

Figure 5:Graph CD NET against Re

Sample of Calculation

Air density in lab

RT

105000

286.9 297.5

1.23 kg m 3

Projected area of hemisphere

d 2
A
4

(0.065) 2

4
 3.318 10 3 m 2

CD for open end facing upstream

D = 0.065m

V = 8 m/s

= 1.23 kg/m3

FD
CD
1
V 2 A
2
0.095
CD
1
1.23 8 2 (3.31 10 3 )
2
C D 0.727

CD for open end facing downstream

D = 0.065m

V = 8 m/s

= 1.23 kg/m3

FD
CD
1
V 2 A
2
0.026
CD
1
1.23 8 2 (3.31 10 3 )
2
C D 0.199

CD Net

CD Net = (CD for open end facing upstream) (CD for open end facing downstream)

= 0.727 - (-0.199)

= 0.927
Reynolds Number, Re

VD
Re

1.23 8 0.065
Re
1.849 10 5
Re 34591.671