H BM CHA CHY

Vn :

Em ang thit k h thng PCCC cho nh my c kh. h thng cha chy ca nh my l h thng cp
nc ngoi nh v trong nh. Em s dng 03 bao gm 1 bm in, 1 bm Diesel, 1 bm in b p.
Thng thng 3 bm ny s dng chung 1 t iu khin bm, nhng ch u t yu cu tch ring ra
mi bm 1 t. Hin ti em khng bit cu ca t iu khin bm bao gm nhng b phn g? (v d: b
sc bnh t ng, ngun in cung cp cho t, cch khi ng bm t t,....) v t iu khin bm in
khc g so vi t iu khin bm Diesel. Em nh cc bc gip em vi v b ch u t dp qu tri
lun.

Tr li:

Vn bn hi c l cng l vn chung ca cc k s khc thi. Khi thit k cn phi hiu bn ang

thit k ci g hay st thc hn l ang lm g!
Trc ht phi hiu h bm cha chy nh th no:
- Bm b p: L bm dng duy tr p lc ng ng, hot ng bng in 3 pha 400VAC/50Hz. Nh
th bm b p chy th bn phi thit k mch khi ng cho motor bm b p. N c th l khi
ng trc tip (DOL), khi ng sao tam gic (Y/D) ty theo cng sut. Cc khi ng in t thng
khng c khuyn khch dng trong h bm cha chy v thit b in t hay gp li bt thng.
- Bm in: Khi thc s c chy, nhu cu nc dng rt nhiu, bm in s chy trong trng hp ny.
Do , khi thit k bm ny, ngi ta thng chn bm c lu lng v ct p rt ln nn cng sut
bm ny cng ln theo. Mch khi ng ca bm ny thng l loi Y/D.
- Bm diesel: Nu bn dng theo cc chun NFPA th c bm diesel. Cn nu chn theo chun BS th s
l bm in. Bm Diesel thc cht l mt bm nc c u ko l ng c diesel. kch hot ng c
diesel chy th phi c mt tip im khi ng! Thng tip im ny l mt cng tc p lc. Bn
khng cn phi cp in cho bm Diesel v n hot ng do bnh du tr trong ca bm. Bm diesel
cng c mt bng iu khin ring v ngun nui chnh l cc c quy nn bn phi cp mt ngun in
nui cc c quy ny.
Nh th, vic bn cn lm l lm mt panel c chc nng sau:
- Khi ng c bm b p
- Khi ng c bm in
- Khi ng c bm diesel
Ngoi ra, nu cn th panel c th kim tra trng thi cng tc p lc, trng thi y hay thp ca bn
u diesel,... Ci ny th ty theo yu cu ca ch u t,...

YU CU CA T IN IU KHIN BM PCCC

H thng t bm cha chy thng bao gm cc loi bm sau:

1/ Bm b p (Duy tr p sut ng ng).
2/ Bm in (Bm chnh) (Cp nc ng ng khi c s c chy).
3/ Bm diezen ( Hot ng khi c s c chy m bm in khng hot ng c do mt in hoc
hng hc) .
Vic iu khin cc bm trn phi tun theo cc nguyn tc ring. C th nh sau:

1. iu khin bm b p :
y l bm c chc nng duy tr p lc ng ng. Khi p sut ng ng nc b tt di ngng t
(do b d r qua cc mi ni, cc van mt chiu ...) th bm s hot ng, khi t ngng trn n dng
hot ng. Loi bm ny cng sut thng nh v lun nh hn bm chnh. C hai loi khi ng chnh
cho h thng ny l sao/tam gic v khi ng trc tip (DOL). Vic chn la hnh thc khi ng no
ty thuc vo cng sut ca my bm. Nhng thng thng th l khi ng trc tip. Yu cu vi t
iu khin my bm cha chy ny l lu n p sut ng ng, st p ng ng. p sut h
thng thng c thit k 8 bar n 10 bar. Bm b p thng hot ng k khi khng c s c chy
sy ra lun duy tr p sut trn ng ng t yu cu.

2. iu khin bm in (bm hot ng chnh):

Khi thc s c chy, bm ny s lm vic do bm b p khng lu lng cp cho h thng. Lc ny
nhu cu nc s l nhiu nn cng sut my bm loi ny s ln hn. Nn t in iu khin loi bm
ny thng c ch khi ng sao/tam gic. Mt lu vi loi ny l nhng h thng bm ln c th
c km thm bm d phng, bm mi cho bm chnh. Cn thit k t in iu khin bm cu ha
m bo tnh tun t khi ng ca cc my bm. V lu n tnh c lp ngun cp cho my bm v
khi chy sy ra in thng b ngt hoc c ngt. Bm in (bm chnh) thng t hot ng p
sut t 5-7 bar. Khi bm chnh chy th cn phi dng bm b p.

3. iu khin bm diesel :
Ty tiu chun ( NFPA 20, BS, UL, FM, TCVN..) v v tr, tnh c lp ca h thng bm PCCC m h thng
bm cha chy c bm diesel hay khng. Vi tiu chun NFPA th yu cu c bm diesel vi tiu chun
BS th khng. Bm diesel thc cht l bm c ko bng ng c diesel. Vi loi bm ny yu cu iu
khin phc tp hn do c phn iu khin ng c diesel. Bn thn ng c hin i thng c b iu
tc in t vic khi ng v iu tit p lc c th iu khin thng qua b iu khin/iu tc (tn
hiu analog/s).Vi loi bm ny th khng cn phn mch lc cp ngun cho my bm v my bm chy
bng diesel. t s bao gm phn iu khin l chnh. Lc ny ngun nui s l in acquy. V theo
nguyn tc phng chy cha chy thng phi ct in trc, hoc nguyn nhn chy n do h thng
in gy ra dn n h thng in ngng hot ng. Mt lu khi thit k t in iu khin bm
diesel l ng c dng cho phng chy t khi c hot ng. Cn c ch chy ng c nh k(ng
c qu lu khng dng kh khi ng). V t in iu khin my bm cu ha diesel cn c sc
ngun cho acquy v acquy s ht in p nu khng c sc, hoc in yu khng in khi ng
ng c diesel .T iu khin my bm diesel a ra tn hiu iu khin ng c theo chu k nh sau:
khi ng ng c ln mt 10 n 15s nu khng khi ng c th phi dng qu trnh khi ng li
ch trong 10s acquy hi in. Nu sau mt s ln khi ng khng c th cn dng my v cnh
bo k thut khc phc tnh trng ng c khng khi ng c. Vi loi ng c c bng iu khin
in t th t iu khin bm cha chy khng cn quy trnh khi ng nh trn m bn thn b iu
khin s t khi ng theo lp trnh ca nh sn xut. Khi c bng iu khin in t . T in iu
khin bm ch cn a ra tn hiu chy / dng ng c m thi.

Ch :
- H thng in cp cho t in bm cha chy phi c lp ring bit vi h thng li in cp in
cho ta nh ( Khng chung aptomat tng vi li in sinh hot) khi c s c chy, nu tt in ca
ta nh th in cp cho t bm khng b mt.

- C th thay th bm diezen bng bm in nu c ngun in d phng UPS.

- Vi h thng bm cu ha ngnh xng du trong h thng cn c h thng to bot, trn ha cht... v
dp chy xng du khng dng nc c m phi dng dung dch/dung mi ha cht.
- Nn thit k tt c trong mt t iu khin khng nn tch ri thnh 3 t iu khin ring v chng c
tnh lin hon vi nhau.
-Khng nn dng cc b khi ng hay iu khin bng in t. Cc thit b ny cho n nay vn c th
sy ra li bt thng nht l vi h thng pccc tnh d phng cao, rt t khi hot ng.

Bm b p thc s l c tranh ci rt nhiu gia Cnh st PCCC vi nhau. Theo lung chung ca Cnh st
PCCC, ct p bm b p phi ln hn bm in cng nh diesel t nht 10%. Theo mnh th 10% cng l
qu ln ri. Thc t, cc bm b p a s chn loi a tng cnh nn p lc ca bm ny trong phn
mm chn kh cao, thng ct p d ca bm a tng cnh ln n 30% (tt nhin l khi lu lng rt
thp) nn bn c th chn ct p bm b p bng vi bm in cng n.
- Lu lng cho bm b p cng gy tranh ci. Thc t, lu lng ny khng cn cao lm nu xt n h
thng ng ng l kn tuyt i. N ch chy khi p xung thp v ct khi p ln mc d tr trong ng.
Bn cng c th chn bm b p c lu lng bng 1 vi phun khi c chy xy ra, c th dng 1 vi l
cha chy c. Cn nu tnh k, bn phi tnh th tch nc cha trong ton b ng ng cha chy,
v d tng cha nc trong ng ng khong 10 m3, s nc cn b s khng qu 1% th tch nc t
khong 100 lt. Thi gian bm b chy khong t nht 5 pht. Khi lu lng chn l 20 l/min hay
khong 1.2 m3/h. Lu lng ny thng rt nh nn gn nh bn chn lu lng b p c no cng .
Tuy nhin, v bm chy phi c tnh gii nhit cc b phn lm kn trong bm nn thi gian bm chy
phi t nht hn 2 pht khng lm hng bm.
V t in khin, mnh c mt bi trong topic ny ri. y mnh ni thm v cc cng tc p lc bn
tin thit k. Cc cng tc p lc thng c cu to sau:
- Mt cng tc in kh loi SPDT (SPDT l cng tc 1 NO v 1NC vi 1 chn chung) dng cho khin.
- Mt nt chnh p ngng (trn mt in l Range) v mt nt chnh lch p (Difference). V d Range l
2~10kgF/cm2, Difference l 1~5 kgF/cm2. Bn chnh Range l 7 tc l 70 mt nc v Difference l 2 tc
20 mt nc. Khi , Bm s chy khi p nh hn 70 - 20 = 50 mt nc v dng khi t 70 mt nc.
Vic chn cng tc p lc cho bm b p phi rt chnh xc v r rng hai p lc ang chnh phi nh
hn ct p cc i ca bm b p. Mc chnh Range cng chnh l mc p tr trong h thng PCCC m
bn tnh ton.
Nh th, mc p cao t 50~70 mt nc, ch c bm b p chy. Khi bm b p khng cung cp
nc cha chy, p lc chc chn s gim hn 50 mt nc, khi bm in s hot ng. Thng th
khi bm in hot ng, p lc nc s , nhng bm in phi c thit k cho cha chy nn khi
chy l s khng dng li v ch dng li khi c ngi n tt n tc khng cn dng na.
Trong qu trnh cha chy nu bm in b hng, ct p s tip tc st gim v lc s vn hnh bm
in s hai hoc bm diesel.
Qua phn tch, bn thy l h PCCC cn t nht ba cng tc p lc v chnh mc cho ba cng tc ny l
rt quan trng. Cng tc cho b p gi s l 50~70 mt nc, cng tc th hai phi chn range l 70 v
difference l 25 45 mt nc l tc ng bm v cng tc th ba chn range l 70 mt v Difference
l 35 mt 35 mt nc l tc ng bm. Cc cng tc th hai v th ba khi tc ng, d p d
tr, bm cng khng dng li nn phi c tip im ni tt hai cng tc ny nu n tc dng.

Cau hoi:

Khi thit k h thng cp nc cha chy cho cng trnh, trong trng hp no th cc my bm cha
chy c th ch cn c u ni vi mt ngun in?

Tra loi:

- Theo quy nh ti khon b, iu 10.24 TCVN 2622-1995: Cho php dng my bm cp

nc cha chy m khng cn my bm d b v my bm cha chy chnh, ch ni vi mt
ngun in khi lng nc cha chy bn ngoi di 20lt/giy hoc trong cc x nghip hng
sn xut E, D m cng trnh c bc chu la I, II hoc trong nh sn xut khi lu lng nc
cha chy bn ngoi khng qu 20 lt/giy.

- Theo quy nh ti iu 2.3.6.1 QCVN 12:2014/BXD Quy chun k thut quc gia v h thng
in ca nh v nh cng cng: phi c h thng in ring duy tr hot ng cc b phn
thit yu cho dch v an ton lm vic mi thi im v mi iu kin ; Theo mc b, iu
2.3.6.2 QCVN 12:2014/BXD Quy chun k thut quc gia v h thng in ca nh v nh
cng cng: th bm cha chy l mt hng mc thuc dch v an ton.

- Theo quy inh ti iu 2.3.7.1 QCVN 12:2014/BXD Quy chun k thut quc gia v h thng
in ca nh v nh cng cng: ngun in dng cho dch v an ton (c qui, pin, t my pht
in c lp, l ring c lp vi l cp in bnh thng) phi c cng sut, ti cy, thi
gian hot ng p ng cn thit, thng s c trng v thi gian chuyn i thch hp theo quy
nh.

Nh my bm cha chy lp t ti nh v nh cng cng phi c u ni vi hai ngun

in c lp (ngun in chnh v ngun d phng) c l ring c lp vi l cp in bnh
thng.