7 .

Animal Experiments - Reading

* Note-taking
* key point

For many centuries people have experimented on animals. There are two main reasons for
doing this: first, to find out more about the animals themselves, and, secondly, to test
substances and procedures to see if they are harmful with a view to deciding whether or
not they can be used on human beings. Indeed, experiments on animals are necessary and
beneficial for human welfare.
Key Ideas
* Animal experiments
- necessary / beneficial

1
Experiments on animals should be considered on a case-by-case basis. The proper
principle to apply, however, is that the reduction of human suffering is our first priority and
the prevention of animal suffering or death is secondary to that although still important. So
that if there is a decent chance that an experiment will result in an important medical
breakthrough that will reduce human suffering and death then it is justifiable to allow animal
suffering. Animal experimentation is the sometimes distasteful means to much greater ends.
Main Point 1
* Animal ex. case by case
- human suffering > animal suffering
- ani ex. if medi breakthrough ani. suffering justifiable

2
Past experience has shown what invaluable advances can be made in medicine by
experimenting on animals, and that live animals are the most reliable subjects for testing
medicines and other products for toxicity. In many countries, all prescription drugs must be
tested on animals before they are allowed onto the market. To ban animal experiments
would be to paralyze modern medicine, to perpetuate human suffering, and to endanger
human health by allowing products such as insecticides onto the market before testing
them for toxicity.
Main Point 2
* Advances in medi. field ani ex.
- live ani. reliable subject for testing medi. & pro. For toxicity
- many countries testing be4 market
- banning stops modern medi/more human suffering/endanger human health

3
Human beings share about 99 percent of their genes with chimpanzees and only slightly
fewer with other monkeys. As a result, the reactions of these creatures are a very good
guide to possible reactions of human patients. Even lower down the scale, other animals
share the same basic physiology with humans. Furthermore, it would be immoral to risk the
life of a human being when a medicine or procedure could instead be tested on an animal.
Main Point 3

1
* Ani ex. similar animals
- chips & monkeys
- reactions good guide for patients

2
 7 . Animal Experiments - Listening

* Lecture Reading

Okay class, there is a growing consensus that it is not acceptable to experiment on animals
for scientific and medical purposes. Some animal rights activists have resorted to trespass,
violence, and hunger strikes to end this practice. Today we will discuss whether it is really
necessary to experiment on animals for human survival.
Key Ideas
* Ani ex really necessary for human survival?
- negative

As we allhmm probably agree animals have the right to be treated as beings of value in
themselves, not as the means to human ends; this principle must be applied in order to
guarantee the end of cruelty to animals. Well.the application of this principle means that
animals should never be experimented upon whatever the potential gain for humanity. To
infect monkeys with the AIDS virus or to expose rodents to toxic chemicals and radiation is
simply not acceptable.dont you think?!... whatever the supposed benefits.
Main Point 1
* Animals rights living creature
- end cruelty
- never be ex. 4 human benefits

In fact, few breakthroughs have been made as a result of animal experimentation. However,
its advocates have overstated its achievements. There has been a catalogue of errors and
failures in animal testing, which its advocates gloss over; as many as half the drugs that
have been approved in the US and the UK after animal testing have subsequently had to be
withdrawn because of harmful side-effects. Furthermore, there are alternatives to many
tests that are currently done on animals, for instance, growing tissue or cell cultures from
human cells in the laboratory.
Main Point 2
* Medical breakthrough overstated
- ani testing - errors & failures
- half the drug + ani testing withdrawn harmful side effect
- alternatives testing on human cells & tissues

Finally, most animal experiments are done on animals that are actually nothing like human
beings - rats and mice - which undermines the argument that these experiments are a
reliable guide to human reactions. Scientifically, as well as morally, most animal
experimentation is to be rejected - the reaction of a mouse to a substance is no guide to
human reactions. Each species has its own unique physiology. And the more similar an
animal is to a human being for example a chimpanzee - the more intelligent and sentient
it is, and so the more immoral it is to treat is as a disposable and worthless biological
object.
Main Point 3
*Most ani ex animals not like human beings
- rats and mice no guide to human reactions
- chimps more intelligent more immoral

3
 7 . Animal Experiments Summary Writing

* / Casting doubts OK!!!

* Note-taking 5

[Note-taking Point]
Reading
* Animal experiments
Key - necessary/ beneficial
Ideas
* Animal ex. case by case
Main - human suffering > animal suffering
Point 1 - ani ex. if medi breakthrough ani. - never be ex. 4 human benefits
suffering justifiable
* Advances in medi. field ani ex.
- live ani. reliable subject for testing
Main medi. & pro. For toxicity
Point 2 - many countries testing be4 market
- banning stops modern medi/more
human suffering/endanger human health
* Ani ex. similar animals
- chips & monkeys
Main - reactions good guide for patients
Point 3
Lecture
* Ani ex really necessary for human
survival?
- negative
* Animals rights living creature
- end cruelty
* Medical breakthrough overstated
- ani testing - errors & failures
- half the drug + ani testing withdrawn
harmful side effect
- alternatives testing on human cells
& tissues
* Most ani ex animals not like human
beings
- rats and mice no guide to human
reactions
- chimps more intelligent more
immoral

[Model Writing]
* iBT TOEFL Integrated Writing . .

The lecturer opposes the viewpoints of the author that animal experimentation is cardinal
and advantageous in medical fields for human beings.

First of all, the point is made in the lecture that animals have the right to be treated as
valuable of themselves and they should not be regarded as a means to obtain human
needs. This directly contradicts the assertion presented in the reading that human suffering
should be placed ahead of animal suffering.

Secondly, according to the lecture, the benefits of animal testing on human drugs are
overstated. The lecturer points out that half the drugs approved after animal testing had
harmful side effects on human beings and there are possible alternative ways to test new
drugs on human cells using advanced genome technology. All these points refute the claim
suggested in the reading that the banning of animal experiments would put a stop on
modern medicine; thereby, endangering human health.

Finally, the lecturer insists that most animal experiments are in fact conducted on animals
that have no biological connection to humans, indicating that the results of animal testing

4
may not be a correct guide for human beings. This directly rebuts the authors belief that
the test results are highly reliable for humans since experiments are performed on such
creatures as chimpanzees that are biologically similar to human beings.

5
[Reading /]

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substance <n>
procedure <n> ,
proper <adj> , ,
principle <n> ,
suffering <n> , ,
justifiable <n>
distasteful <n> , ,
toxicity <n> ,
prescription <n> ,
perpetuate <v> ~
insecticide <n>

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[Lecture /]

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consensus <n> ( ) ,
acceptable <adj>
trespass <n>
hunger strikes <n>
treat <v> (, ) , (. )
potential <adj> ,
breakthrough <n> ( )
alternative <n>
disposable <adj> ,

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[Summary /]

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cardinal <adj> , ,
contradict <v>
thereby <adv>
connection <n> , <~()>