1803 Vocabulary Terms

These terms are in no particular order; however all must be defined as a part of the set-exercises assessment task.

Term Definition
1 2D Shape Any shape that has two dimensions
2 3D Shape Any shape that takes up air space
5E Model It describes a teaching sequence that can be used
for entire programs, specific units and individual
3 lessons.
accommodation Accommodation is when the existing schema
(knowledge) does not work, and needs to be
4 changed to deal with a new object or situation.
assimilation Assimilation is using existing schema to deal with a
5 new object or situation.
cardinality It refers to the quantity or the total number of
6 items in a set.
centration Centration is when a child focuses on the most
obvious aspect of something without considering
the finer complexities. Over time children learn to
7 consider the entire situation.
Classification (Science process skill)
Grouping and sorting according to properties such
8 as size, shape, color, and use.
Cognitive constructivism It is when the individuals build their own
understanding by attaching new experiences they
already hold in such a way that the resulting
9 conceptualization make sense to them.
communicating (Science process skill) Communicating is communicating ideas, directions,
and descriptions orally or in written form such as
pictures, maps, graphs, or journals so others can
10 understand what you mean.
concept Concept is the building blocks of knowledge; it
allows people to organize and categorize
11 information
conceptual subitizing Conceptual subitizing is recognizing subsets of a
group visually and using this to mentally identify
12 the whole
conclusion (Scientific method) It is the final step in which it is a summary of the
experiments results, and how those results match
13 up to your hypothesis.
Concrete operational stage It begins from age 7 to 11 years. In this stage the
children gain a better understanding of mental
operations and they begin thinking logically about
concrete events but have difficulty understanding
14 abstract.
concrete pictorial abstract learning progression It is a highly effective approach to teaching that
develops a deep and sustainable understanding of
math developed by American psychologist, Jerome
Bruner, the CPA approach is the mainstay of math
15 teaching in Singapore.

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 1803 Vocabulary Terms

conservation Conservation is when a child recognize and explain

the value of a set despite its visual change in
16 appearance.
Constructivist method The belief system that holds that humans construct
all knowledge in their minds by participating in
certain experiences rather than learning from a
17 teacher.
controlling variables (More complex science process skill) Being able to identify variables that can affect an
experimental outcome, keeping most constant
18 while manipulating only the independent variable.
data It is defined as information collected using specific
methods for a specific purpose of studying or
19 analyzing.
disequilibrium Disequilibrium is when the children realize that
they do not understand something they previously
20 thought they understood.
equilibrium Equilibrium is when the children have gathered
enough information to satisfy their curiosity and to
create a new concept that explains most or all of
21 the facts.
22 estimation It is finding something close to the correct answer.
Formal Operations Stage It begins from 12 and last into adulthood. In this
stage people develop the ability to think about
abstract concepts and skills such as logical thought,
deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also
23 emerge during this stage.
hypothesis (Scientific method) It is a statement of a relationship that might exist
24 between two variables.
hypothesizing (More complex science process skill) Devising a statement, based on observations, that
25 can be tested by experiment.
inferring (science process skill) Based on observation, but suggests more meaning
26 about a situation than can be directly observed.
informal experience It is where the child chooses the activity and action,
27 but with adult intervention at some point.
inquiry-based learning (IBL) It is a scientific process that focus on how we
know what we know; it is an indirect transfer of
knowledge in which the teacher role is to facilitate
learning and student role is active independent
28 learner.
learning cycle It is a way to structure lessons so that all three
29 ways of learning experienced.
30 logical grouping Sorting things according to logic
measuring Pouring sand, water, rice, or other materials from
31 one container to another.
measuring (science process skill) Quantifying observations using numbers, counting,
32 time, distance, volume, size, temperature.
more knowledgeable other It is somewhat self-explanatory; it refers to
33 someone has a better understanding or a higher

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 1803 Vocabulary Terms

ability level than the learner, with respect to a

particular task, process, or concept.
naturalistic experience Naturalistic experience is this in which the child
34 controls choice and action
observing (science process skill) Using the five senses to gather information about
35 objects or events.
one to one correspondence The recognition that one group has as many
36 members as another.
perceptual subitizing Perceptual subitizing is when a child can recognize
the amount in a small set visually ( without
37 counting).
predicting (science process skill) Making reasonable guesses or estimations based
on observations and prior knowledge and
38 experiences.
pre-operational stage It begins from age 2 to 7 years. In this stage the
children begin to think symbolically, children tend
to be egocentric, and they are getting better with
39 language and thinking.
Principles of School Mathematics It is a vision to guide educators as they strive for
the continual improvement of mathematics
education in classrooms, schools, and educational
40 system.
process skill It is that allow students to process new information
41 through concrete experiences.
42 rational counting Attaching a number name to each object counted.
reversibility The ability to remember what came before in
43 counting.
rote counting Reciting the names of the numerals in order from
44 memory.
scaffolding It is a process in which teachers model or
demonstrate how to solve a problem and then step
45 back, offering support as needed.
science process skill Science process skills are those that allow students
to process new information through concrete
46 experiences.
scientific method It is a method of research in which a problem is
identified, relevant data is gathered, a hypothesis is
formulated from this data, and the hypothesis is
47 empirically tested.
Sensory motor stage It begins from birth to 2 years. In this stage the
children begin to use all their senses and growing
48 motor skills to grasp, crawl, stand and walk.
seriation Seriation is putting objects in a logical sequence;
49 fat/ thin, long/ short, dark/light
social constructivism It is a variety of cognitive constructivism that
emphasizes the collaborative nature of much
50 learning.
Sorting Sorting is separating objects into groups according
51 to their similarities.

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 1803 Vocabulary Terms

spatial awareness It is the ability to understand and interact with the

environment around you such as, avoiding
obstacles when walking, reaching out to grab a
52 pencil or determining left from right.
Standards for School Mathematics It is a guide for focused, sustained efforts to
53 improve students school mathematics.
structured experience It is a task, activity, or question posed by a leader
that pushes everyone to reflect, focus, offer ideas
54 and insights, and become engaged in learning.
student- directed inquiry It provides opportunities for learners to undertake
research, solve problems, communicate ideas, and
manage their workload and learning in a
55 personalized, authentic, meaningful context.
teachable moment It is an unplanned opportunity that arises in the
classroom where a teacher has an ideal chance to
56 offer insight to his or her students.
teacher- directed inquiry Teacher are the facilitators of learning, they
reflects on the purpose and makes plans for inquiry
57 learning and facilitates classroom learning.
testable question It is the ones that can be answered through hands-
58 on investigation by the student.
59 volume It is a measure of the size of an object.
zone of proximal development The ZPD is the area between where the child is now
operating independently in mental development
and where she might go with assistance from an
60 adult or more mature child.

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