262A
886007
Laboratory simulation of rock breakdown due to freeze-thaw
in a Maritime Antarctic environment
Hall, K
Earth Surf Process Land V13, N4, June 1988, P369-382
Freeze thaw experiments were carried out on large quartz
micaschist blocks containing saline porewater. Three types of
water to ice phase change were identified, the type being
dependent on rock moisture content,solute concentration,
freeze amplitude, and rate of temperature drop. Freeze thaw
was possible without positive temperatures being achieved.
Approximately 80% of the water which will freeze under Mar-
itime Antarctic conditions will have done so at -6 deg C.
Effect of sodium nitrate and gypsum on infiltration and
erosion of a highly weathered soil
Miller, W P; Scifres, J
Soil Sci V145, N4, April 1988, P304-309
Sodium from agricultural or wastewater sources may increase
erosion rates of highly weathered soils. Laboratory experi-
ments on a clayey soil showed surface applied sodium nitrate
increased soil loss rate and decreased infiltration. Gypsum
added to this soil improved erosion resistance and permeabil-
ity to approximately the original values. Gypsum treatment is
suggested as a preventative or remedial measure for clay soils
subject to sodium addition.
USDA - Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP)
Rawls, W J; Foster, G R
Proc Symposium on Engineering Hydrology, Williamsburg, 3-
7 August 1987 P702-707. Pub1 New York: ASCE, 1987
An alternative to the Universal Soil Loss Equation, based on
modern hydrologic and erosion science, is under development.
Erosion with time-invariant soil, topography, and land use is
estimated for short and long terms and individual events.
Detachment by impact or flow, and sediment transport and
deposition are assessed. Profile, watershed, and grid versions
cover different scales.
886010
Gully development and advance in a rain forest of Nigeria
Okagbue, C 0
Proc 5th International Congress International Association of
Engineering Geology, Buenos Aires, 2425 October 1986 V3,
PI999-2010. Pub1 Rotterdam: A A Balkema, 1986
Gully development in southeastern Nigeria has been studied.
Most gullies are concentrated in a formation of poorly
cemented sands. Geology, climate, and vegetation are
described. Most gullies have exposed thick deposits of soil,
first an upper cohesive reddish brown unit, then, in older gul-
lies, cohesionless white sands. Failure patterns include flow,
slump, sliding, and toppling, dependent on the stage of gully
development and the properties of the moving mass. The rela-
tion between hydraulic gradient and gully formation was also
investigated.
0 1988 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction
Earthquake mechanisms and effects
886011
Prediction of failure times in the Earth for a time-varying
stress
Main, I
Geophs J R Ash Sot V92, N3, March 1988, P455-464
A theoretical framework is presented to explain variation in
failure times in terms of variations in initial conditions such as
crack length, crack-tip velocity, residual frictional stress fol-
lowing an earthquake, stress-corrosion index and rate of stress
input. The model allows a quantitative explanation for the
observed decrease in failure times in terms of decreases in the
residual stress due to increasing heat flow, coupled with
increasing stress-input rates and increasing density of nuclea-
tion points for rupture initiation. The model also predicts pro-
gressively increasing failure times for normal, strike-slip and
thrust faults under similar conditions.
886012
Reservoir-induced seismicity at Lake Pukaki, New Zealand
Reyners, M
Geophs JR Astr Sot V93. Nl, April 1988, P127-135
A microseismic network was installed to monitor possible res-
ervoir induced seismicity due to impounding Lake Pukaki.
Monitoring over a 9.5 year period showed widespread changes
in an area 80 times the size of the lake, which correlated with
changes in ground water levels. When the ground water level
was at its highest, the largest earthquake recorded occurred.
After levels stabilised, seismicity near the lake returned to nor-
mal, although there was an increase in seismicity rate and
moment release in the background. Seismicity near the lake
may be explained by pore pressure changes, whilst back-
ground seismicity may be a result of stress redistribution fol-
lowing induced seismicity near the lake.
886013
Reservoir induced seismicity - a new model
Saxena, S K; Ger, A M; Sengupta, A
Znt J Num Anal Meth Geomech V12. N3. May-June 1988.
P263-281
An improved model of reservoir induced seismicity is
presented, which enhances understanding of the triggering
mechanism in terms of changes in effective stress, in situ stress,
and water level. Fractured rock is simulated as a fluid filled
elastic material with a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The
model can be site specific, explain reported time lag effects,
and simulate the stabilisation occurring some time after filling.
One and two dimensional, isotropic and anisotropic cases
have been analysed, and results agree qualitatively with field
observations.
886014
Fault stability changes induced beneath a reservoir with cyclic
variations in water level
Roeloffs, E A
J Geophys Res V93. NB3, March 1988, P2107-2124
The effect of the annual water level cycle on seismic activity is
investigated with reference to Nurek Reservoir and Lake
Mead. Fully coupled (Biot) equations of elasticity and pore
fluid flow are used to compute changes in pore pressure, stress,
and fault stability, due to steady state reservoir level and a
superimposed annual cycle, on the surface of a uniform
porous elastic half-space. This method confirms that normal
and strike slip faults directly beneath the reservoir are most
destabilised. Also, the time during the cycle when the fault is
most destabilised is dependent on the location and orientation
not permitted
 263A
of the fault. It is suggested that induced seismic events should
be classified into groups having a common focal mechanism
and similar location.
Frost action, permafrost and frozen ground
See also: 886174
886015
Upfreezing process: experiments with a single clast
Anderson, S P
Bull Geol Sot Am VIOO, N4, April 1988, P609-621
Laboratory tests to monitor the displacement and temperature
of a single clast and of the surrounding silty soil during freeze-
thaw cycles were performed. The cycles were simulated for
downward freezing from the ground surface and upward freez-
ing from the base of the active layer. The experiments clearly
illustrate the mechanics of upfreezing by the frost pull process,
and provide insight into the role of variables such as soil mois-
ture content and grain size in upfreezing. The mechanics of
frost pull, the thaw-cycle process and frost push and heat flow
are discussed.
886016
Pile load tests in saline permafrost at Clyde River, Northwest
Territories
Nixon, J F
Can Geotech J V2.5, NI, Feb 1988, P24-32
Initial field tests on a foundation at Clyde River, Baffin Island,
showed high pore water salinity. Laboratory data indicate
higher creep rates on such soils due to lowering of the freezing
point by the presence of salt, so selected piles were loaded
experimentally. The piles seemed incapable of supporting
loads over SOkPa at the ground temperatures prevailing during
testing, and showed rapid settlement rates. The reduction in
pile capacity was brought about by salinity and pile installa-
tion methods using backfill slurry. The final design suggested
an increase of loading capacity might be attained by cooling
the foundations to obtain colder average ground
temperatures.
886017
Tiil behavior and its relationship to active-layer hydrology,
District of Keewatin, Northwest Territories: technical note
Dyke, L; Eggington, P
Can Geotech J V25, Nl, Feb 1988, P167-172
Field evidence of thawing tills shows a large change in strength
for a small change in moisture content, suggesting local hydro-
logic conditions may be important in determining behaviour
of the till as a foundation material. Moisture and ice condi-
tions in permafrost active layers are discussed. Two laboratory
experiments are presented to study the effect of ice segregation
on hydraulic conductivity of thawed till, and to verify the role
of thawed ice lenses in reducing or limiting consolidation of
overlying thawed till. Results confirm hypotheses that hydrau-
lic conductivity of thawed till is effectively increased parallel to
a slope, and that a high upward hydraulic gradient can limit or
delay the collapse of thawed ice lenses.
0 1988 Pergamon Press plc. Reproduction
R.M.M.S.
2%&-1
Hydrogeology
Groundwater
See also: 886039, 886121
886018
Applying the USGS mass-transport model (MOC) to remedial
actions by recovery wells
El-Kadi, A 1
Ground Water V26, N3, May-June 1988, P281-288
The two dimensional Mot model, which uses the method of
characteristics and the finite difference approach, is well docu-
mented and relatively easy to use. The model is tested in situa-
tions dominated by radially convergent or divergent flow
around wells, for cases of single wells, double wells, and plume
capture by one or two wells. Results are compared with those
from analytical and semi-analytical procedures.
886019
Improved facility management at landfills and waste disposal
sites by cover system design analysis
Hollingshead, S C; Kennedy, K G; Anderson, E G
Int Assoc Engng Geol Bull N37, April 1988. P27-37
Final cover systems at landfill and other waste disposal sites
are designed to minim& infiltration into the waste, therefore
minimising leachate generation. Four alternative cover designs
were analysed using HELP (Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill
Performance), a quasi-2D water budget model which uses a
linked series of analytical and empirical equations to calculate
water budget. HELP was also used to perform a sensitivity
study to establish the relative importance of specific cover sys-
tem components.
886020
Interpretinginjection well testa in an alluvial aquifer
Rushton, K R; Srivastava, N K
J Hyakol V99, N1/2. IS May 1988. P49-60
A 250 day experiment to recharge a heavily exploited alluvial
aquifer from surface aquifers resulted in severe clogging in the
vicinity of the injection well. Mathematical analysis was made
of the aquifer parameters of the more permeable sand layers
and less permeable clay layers, and the reduction in hydraulic
conductivity due to clogging was quantified. The importance
of identifying and quantifying features causing practical diffi-
culties is discussed.
Approach to a surface hydrological ami groundwater
feasibiity study for an opencaat coal mine
Ward, A D; Middleton, B J; Connelly, R J
Proc International Conference of the South Ajkican Znstitnte
of Mining and Metakgy: Planning and Operation of Open-
pit and Strip Mines, Pretoria, 9-13 April 1984 P63-70. Pub1
Johannesburg: South African Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy, 1986
The study should consider the following: impact of mining on
hydrology; impact of hydrology on mining; costs associated
with groundwater control and rehabilitation, and their effects
on mining feasibility; and planning and legal requirements.
Data requirements, legal aspects, groundwater and surface
water hydrological investigation, water resources and flood
protection study, water quality assessment and water balance
are discussed. Environmental impact and rehabilitation are
considered. The specific implications for South Africa are
examined.
not permitted