2006 inc” STRUCTURAL/S Saewies DESIGN MANUAL : 3 BUILDING DESIGN EXAMPLES FOR STEEL AND CONCRETE2006 IBC’ STRUCTURAL /SEISMIC DESIGN MANUALCopyright © 2006 Structural Engineers Association of California, All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the ‘written permission of the Structural Engineers Association of Californi Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) 1730 I Street, Suite 240 Sacramento, CA 95814-3017 ‘Telephone: (916) 447-1198; Fax: (916) 443-8065 E-mail: info(@seaoc.org; Web address: www.seaoc.org, ‘The Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) is a professional association of four regional member organizations (Southern California, Northern California, San Diego, and Central California). SEAOC represents the structural engineering community in Califor- nia, This document is published in keeping with SEAOC’s stated mission: “to advance the structural engineering profession; to provide the public with structures of dependable perfor- mance through the application of state-of-the-art structural engineering principles; to assist the public in obtaining professional structural engineering services; to promote natural hazard mitigation; to provide continuing education and encourage research; to provide structural en- gincers with the most current information and tools to improve theif practice; and to maintain the honor and dignity of the profession. International Code Council 5203 Leesburg Pike, Suite 600 Falls Church, VA 22041 Practice documents produced by the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) andor its member organizations are published as part of our association's educational program, While the information presented in this document is believed to be correct, neither SEAOC nor its member organizations, committees, writers, editors, or individuals who have contributed to this publication make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the use, application of, andjor reference to opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations included in this publication. The material presented in this publication should not be used for any specific application without competent examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by qualified professionals. Users of information from this publication assume all liability arising from such use. Preface Acknowledgments... avi Suggestions for Improvement/Errata Notification .......0....000. vil Introduction . . ix How to Use This Document . . xi Notation Definitions . Design Example 1: Steel Concentrically Braced Frames 1A. Special Concentrically Braced Frame 1B Chevron and Zipper Configurations ......... 1C_Cross-Bracing and Single Diagonal Configurations . 1D_ Buckling Restrained Braced Frame .... 1E Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame Design Example 2 Eccentrically Braced Frame .. 83 Design Example 3 Special Moment Frame .. 121 Design Example 4 Special Plate Shear Walls .. 167 Design Example 5 Reinforced Concrete Wall... -......ccccccceceeceeeeeeeeeeneeesseneneeae 213 Design Example 6 Reinforced Concrete Wall with Coupling Beams a se Al Design Example 7 Reinforced Concrete Special Moment-Resisting Frame 279 2008 /BC Structural/Seismie Design Manual, Vol 32006 IBC Structural‘Selsmie Design Manual, Vol. 3 This is the third entry in the three-volume SEAOC Structural/Seismic Design Manual. The first series completed publication in 2003. These documents have been developed by the Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) with funding provided by SEAOC. Their purpose is to provide guidance on the interpretation and use of the seismic requirements in the 2006 International Building Code (IBC), published by the International Code Council (ICC); in the ASCE Standard, ASCE/SEI 7-05; and in SEAOC’s 1999 Recommended Lateral Force Requirements and Commentary (also catled the Blue Book). ‘The Structural/Seismic Design Manual was developed to filla void that exists between the commentary of the Blue Book, which explains the basis for the code provisions, and everyday structural engineering design practice. The Structural/Seismic Design Manual illustrates how the provisions of the code are used. The examples shown donot necessarily illustrate the only appropriate methods of seismic design, and the document isnot intended to establish a minimum standard of care. Engineering judgment must be exercised when applying these design examples to real projects. Volume 1: Code Application Examples, provides step-by-step examples for using individual code provisions, such as how to compute base shear or building period. Volumes 2 and 3: Design Examples furnish examples of the seismic design of common types of buildings. In Volumes 2 and 3, important aspects of whole buildings are designed to show, calculation-by-calculation, how the various seismic requirements of the code are implemented in a realistic design. ‘Volume 3 provides examples that illustrate the seismic design of the following structures 1. Steel Concentrically Braced Frames . Eccentrically Braced Frame . Special Moment Frame Special Plate Shear Walls Reinforced Concrete Wall .. Reinforced Concrete Wall with Coupling Beams 7, Reinforced Concrete Special Moment-Resisting Frame REY ItisSEAOC’s present intention to update the Structural/Seismic Design Manual with each edition of the building code. Jon P. Kiland and Rafael Sabelli Co-Project Managers 2006 18C Structural/Selsmic Design Manual, Vol.vi ‘The Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Volume 3 was written by a group of highly qualified structural engineers. These individuals are California-registered civil and structural engineers and SEAOC members. They were selected by a steering committee set up by the SEAOC Board of Directors and were chosen for their knowledge and experience with structural engineering practice and seismic design. The consultants for Volume 3 are: Jon P. Kiland, Co-Project Manager Joe Maffei Rafael Sabelli, Co-Project Manager Karl Telleen Matt Eatherton Alidad Hashemi Kevin Moore Anumber of SEAOC members and other structural engineers helped check the examples in Volume 3. During its development, drafts of the examples were sent to these individuals. ‘Their help was sought in review of code interpretations as well as detailed checking of the numerical computations. Icc Cover Photos: Left photo: courtesy Jason Oakley, PE., Simpson Strong-Tie Co. Right photo: courtesy Morley Builders 2006 18¢ Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 In keeping with two of its Mission Statements: (1) “to advance the structural engineering profession,” and (2) “to provide structural engineers with the most current information and tools to improve their practice,” SEAOC plans to update this document as seismic requirements change and new research and better understanding of building performance in earthquakes becomes available. ‘Comments and suggestions for improvements are welcome and should be sent to the following: Structural Engineers Association of California (SEAOC) Attention: Executive Director 1730 I Street, Suite 240 Sacramento, California 95814-3017 ‘Telephone: (916) 447-1198; Fax: (916) 443-8065 Esmail: info@seaoc.org; Web address: hitp://www.seaoc.org SEAOC has made a substantial effort to ensure that the information in this document is accurate. In the event that corrections or clarifications are needed, these will be posted on the SEAOC web site at http:/ivww.icesafe.org. SEAOG, at its sole discretion, may or may not issue written errata. 2008 18C Structural/Selsmie Design Manual, Vol. 3 vil£2006 JBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 Introduction oor Seismic design of new steel and concrete buildings for the requirements of the 2006 International Building Code (IBC) is illustrated in this document, The design examples included are: 1 Steel Concentrically Braced Frame 1A. Special Concentrically Braced Frame 1B Chevron and Zipper Configurations 1C Cross-Bracing and Single Diagonal Configurations 1D_ Buckling Restrained Braced Frame 1E Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame Eccentrically Braced Frame we Special Moment Frame Special Plate Shear Walls, Reinforced Concrete Wall Reinforced Concrete Wall with Coupling Beams Reinforced Conerete Special Moment-resisting Frame ‘The buildings selected are, for the most part, representative of construction types found in high seismic regions, Seismic Design Category D, particularly California and the western states. Designs have been largely taken from real-world buildings, although some simplifications were necessary for purposes of illustrating significant points and not presenting repetitive or unnecessarily complicated aspects of a design. The design examples are not complete building designs, or even complete seismic designs, but rather they are examples of the significant seismic design aspects of a particular type of building. In developing these design examples, SEAOC has endeavored to illustrate correct use of the minimum provisions of the code. The document is intended to help the reader understand and correctly use the design provisions of IBC Chapter 16 (Structural Design), Chapter 19 (Concrete), and Chapter 22 (Steel) and the documents that the IBC adopts by reference: ASCE/SEI 7-05, ACI 318, and AISC 341. Design practices of an individual structural engineer or office, which may result in a more seismic-resistant design than required by the minimum requirements of the IBC, are not given. When appropriate, however, these considerations are discussed as alternatives. In some examples, the performance characteristics of the structural system are discussed. ‘This typically includes a brief review of past earthquake behavior and mention of design improvements added to recent codes. SEAOC believes it is essential that structural 2006 18C Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 aengineers not only know how to correctly interpret and apply the provisions of the code, but that they also understand their bases. For this reason, many examples have commentary included on past earthquake performance. This Document ee ‘ — While the Structural/Seismic Design Manual is based on the 2006 IBC, references are ‘made to the provisions of SEAOC’s 1999 Recommended Lateral Force Provisions and Commentary (Blue Book), to the ASCE Standard (ASCE/SEI 7-05) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, and to other national standards for material design. When differences between the IBC and Blue Book are significant, these are brought to the attention of the reader. The 2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual — Volume 3 is based on the 2006 IBC, unless otherwise indicated. Such indication is tobe found in the “Code Reference” column at page right. ASCE/SEI 7-05 notation is generally used throughout the document. Code references to the 2006 IBC are enclosed in parentheses. Occasional references to other codes and standards are specifically identified as such (e.g, ACI318-99, AISC-360, etc.) Abbreviations used in the “Code Reference” column are: §—Section T—Table F- Figure Eq — Equation Generally, each design example is presented in the following format. First, there is an “Overview” of the example: a description of the building to be designed. This is followed by an “Outline” indicating the tasks or steps to be illustrated in each example. Next, “Given Information” provides the basic design information, including plans and sketches given as the starting point for the design. This is followed by “Calculations and Discussion,” which provides the solution to the example. Some examples have a subsequent section designated “Commentary” that is intended to provide a better understanding of aspects of the example and/or to offer guidance to the reader on use of the information generated in the example. Finally, references and suggested reading are given under “References.” Some examples also have a “Foreword” and/or “Factors Influencing Design” section that contains remarks on salient points about the design. 2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 2006 18¢ Structural/Seismic Design Manuel, Vol. 3 x Seater mam ttt teetersNotation The following notation is used in this document. These are generally consistent with those used in ASCE/SEI 7-05 and other standards such as ACI and AISC. Some new notations have been added. The reader is cautioned that the same notation may be used more than once and may carry entirely different meanings in different situations. For example, E can ‘mean the tabulated elastic modulus under the AISC definition (steel) or it can mean the earthquake load under §12.4.2 of ASCE/SEI 7-05. A = total cross-sectional area of member Ay = _ cross-sectional area of a horizontal boundary element (HBE) = cross-sectional area of a vertical boundary element (VBE) = cross-sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-out of transverse reinforcement Acy = _gf0ss area of concrete section bounded by web thickness and length of section in the direction of shear force considered Acw = area of concrete section of an individual pier, horizontal wall segment, or coupling beam resisting shear Ae effective net area Ap = flange area Ag gross area of member Ae {gross area of concrete section. For a hollow section, Ag is the area of the concrete only and does not include the area of the void(s) Ay = net area of member Ant net area subject to tension Any net area subject to shear Ay area of nonprestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement Asc = atea of the yielding segment of stee! core Ask = total cross-sectional area of transverse reinforcement (including ccrossties) within spacing s and perpendicular to dimension by Asin ‘minimum area of flexural reinforcement Aw = area of link stiffener 2008 18¢ Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol.3 a 2006 18C Structural/Selsmlc Design Manual, Vol. 3xiv Fex area of one leg of a closed stirrup resisting torsion within spacing s total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement within spacing s that crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being developed area of shear-friction reinforcement link web area (excluding flange depth) web area, the overall depth times the web thickness, diy effective area of the weld overall width of rectangular HSS member, measured 90 degrees to the plane of the connection factors used in determining M, for combined bending and axial forces when first-order analysis is employed ratio of required strength to available strength Iateral-torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform moment diagrams when both ends of the unsupported segment are braced coefficient relating relative brace stiffness and curvature deflection amplification factor coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame factor to account for peak connection strength, including strain hardening, local restraint, additional reinforcement, and other connection conditions parameter used for determining the approximate fundamental period web shear coefficient outside diameter of round HSS member dead load due to the weight of the structural elements and permanent features on the building earthquake load modulus of elasticity of steel, E = 29,000 ksi (200,000 Mpa) ctitical stress last c critical buckling stress clastic flexural buckling stress about the major axis 2006 18C Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 Fexx Fu Fy electrode classification number specified minimum tensile strength nominal strength of the weld metal per unit area specified minimum yield stress of the type of steel to be used, ksi (MPa). As used in the Specification, “yield stress” denotes cither the minimum. specified yield point (for those steels that have a yield point) or the specified yield strength (for those steels that do not have a yield point) Fy ofabeam F, ofa column specified minimum yield stress of the steel core, or actual yield stress of the steel core as determined from a coupon test height of story, which may be taken as the distance between the centerline of floor framing at each of the levels above and below, or the distance between the top of floor slabs at each of the levels above and below moment of inertia ‘moment of inertia of a vertical boundary element (VBE) taken perpendicular to the direction of the web plate line effective length factor for prismatic member transverse reinforcement index live load due to occupancy and moveable equipment distance between VBE centerlines story height, inches length of the member distance between plastic hinges Jength between points that are either braced against lateral displacement of compression flange or braced against twist of the cross section clear distance between VBE flanges limiting laterally unbraced length for full pla flexural strength, uniform moment case limiting laterally unbraced length for the limit state of inelastic lateral-torsional buckling ‘maximum moment expected at face of column. 2006 18C Structural/Selsmic Design Manual, Vol. 3 xvxvi lor My = Mie ‘i. first-order moment under LRED or ASD load combinations caused by lateral translation of the frame only absolute value of maximum moment in the unbraced segment nominal flexural strength first-order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations assuming there is no lateral translation of the frame plastic bending moment nominal plastic flexural strength modified by axial load plastic moment of beam based on expected yield stress probable maximum moment at plastic hinge (steel) probable flexural strength of members, with or without axial load, determined using the properties of the member at the joint faces assuming a tensile stress in the longitudinal bars of at least 1.25f, and a strength reduction factor, 6, (concrete) required flexural strength smaller moment, calculated from a first-order analysis, at the ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration larger moment, calculated from a first-order analysis, at the ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration Jength of bearing (not less than k for end beam reactions) required strength of lateral brace at ends of the link required brace strength clastic critical buckling load for braced and unbraced frame, respectively nominal axial strength required axial strength nominal axial yield strength of a member, equal to Fy Ag axial yield strength of steel core maximum unbalanced vertical load effect applied to a beam by the braces axial forces and moments generated by at least 1.25 times the expected ‘nominal shear strength of the link 2006 18C Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 Vo = 2006 18¢ Structural/Seismle Design Manual, Vol. 3 response modification coefficient nominal strength Tatio of the expected tensile strength to the specific minimum tensile strength F, as related to overstrength in material yield stress Ry required strength panel zone nominal shear strength ratio of the expected yield stress to the specified minimum yield strength, F, ratio of expected yield stress to specified minimum yield stress F, for a beam : ratio of expected yield stress to specified minimum yield stress F,, for a column snow load distance from the fact of a column to a plas hinge, in required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments and forces, ACI-318 shear lag factor reduction coefficient, used in calculating block shear rupture nominal shear strength provided by concrete, ACI-318 design shear force corresponding to the development of the probable ‘moment strength of the member beam shear force resulting from 1.2D + fil +0.28 ‘nominal shear strength of a member nominal shear strength of an active link nominal shear strength of an active link modified by the axial load magnitude larger of the two values of shear force at the center of the reduced beam section at each end of a beam smaller of the two values of shear force at the center of the reduced beam section at each end of a beam nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, ACI-318bn required shear strength plastic section modulus of a member plastic section modulus of the beam plastic section modulus of the column effective plastic modulus of ‘a section (or connection) at the location of a plastic hinge, Zeas plastic section modulus x-axis minimum plastic section modulus at the reduced beam section horizontal distance between a column flange and the start of an RBS cut, width of compression element as defined in the AISC Specification length of an RBS cut width of beam flange depth of cut at the center of the reduced beam section nominal fastener diameter overall member depth overall panel zone depth between continuity plates EBF link length specified compressive strength of concrete specified yield strength of reinforcement, ACI-318 load factor determined by the applicable building code for live loads but not less than 0.5 clear distance between flanges less the fillet or corner radius for rolled shapes distance between horizontal boundary elements centerlines distance between flange centroids distance from outer face of a column flange to web toe of fillet (design value) or fillet weld unbraced length of compression or bracing member length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, ACI-318 2006 18C Structural/Seismic Design Manuel, Vol.3 eS ~~ —e bu unsupported length of compression member, ACI-318, by length of entire wall or length of segment of wall considered in direction of shear force, ACI-318 n ‘number of items such as strength tests, bars, wires, monostrand anchorage devices, anchors, or shearhead arms, ACI-318 r governing radius of gyration y radius of gyration about y-axis s ccenter-to-center spacing of items, such as longitudinal reinforcement, transverse reinforcement, prestressing tendons, wires, or anchors, ACI-318 ' thickness of element by thickness of beam flange toe thickness of beam web ly thickness of column flange ow thickness of column web 4 thickness of flange » thickness of plate or panel zone including doubler plates by thickness of web w uniform beam gravity load We width of panel zone between column flanges x parameter used for determining the approximate fundamental period x connection eccentricity A first-order interstory drift due to the design loads \ deformation quantity used to control loading of test specimen (total brace end rotation for the subassemblage test speciment; total brace axial deformation for the brace test specimen) Am value of deformation quantity, Ay, corresponding to the design story drift Ny value of deformation quantity, Ap, at first significant yield of test specimen An first-order interstory drift due to lateral forces 24 system overstrength factor 2008 18C Structural‘Seismic Design Manual, Vol.3 xix6 Bor Yeotal & & angle defining the orientation of reinforcement, ACI-318 angle of web yielding in radians, as measured relative to the vertical coefficient defining the relative contribution of concrete strength to nominal wall shear strength, ACI-318 compression strength adjustment factor factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to neutral axis depth, ACI-318 required brace stiffness link rotation angle design displacement, ACI-318 net tensile strain in extreme layer of longitudinal tension steel at nominal strength, excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature, ACI-318 interstory drift angle, radians ‘modification factor related to unit weight of concrete, ACI-318 limiting slenderness parameter for compact element limiting slenderness parameter for compact element moment at the intersection of the beam and column centerlines determined by projecting the beam maximum developed moments from the column face. Maximum developed moments shall be determined from test results moment at beam and column centerline determined by projecting the sum of the nominal column plastic moment strength, reduced by the axial stress PyciAg, from the top and bottom of the beam’ resistance factor resistance factor for flexure resistance factor for compression resistance factor for ductile limit states resistance factor for non-ductile limit states resistance factor for tension resistance factor for shear 2006 18 Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 We Vs W 2006 18¢ Structural/Selsmle Design Manual, Vol. 9 factor used to modify development length based on reinforcement coating, ACI-318 factor used to modify development length based on reinforcement s ACL-318, factor used to modify development length based on reinforcement location, ACI-318 strain hardening adjustment factor xxi 4Active Fault, A fault determined to be active by authority having jurisdiction. Adjusted Brace Strength. Strength of a brace in a buckling-restrained braced frame at deformations corresponding to 2.0 times the design story drift. Air Carbon Are Cutting. Process of cutting steel by the heat from an electric arc applied simultaneously with an air jet. Amplification Factor. Multiplier of the results of first-order analysis to reflect second-order effects Amplified Seismic Load. Horizontal component of earthquake load E multiplied by ,, where E and the horizontal component of E are specified in the applicable building code. Backing. Piece of metal or other material, placed at the weld root to facilitate placement of the root pass. Base. The level at which the horizontal seismic ground motions are considered to be imparted to the structure. Base Shear. Total design lateral force or shear at the base. Boundary Elements. Diaphragm and shear wall boundary members to which the diaphragm transfers forces. Boundary Members. Portions along wall and diaphragm edges strengthened by longitudinal and transverse reinforcement and/or structural steel members. Buckling-restrained Braced Frame (BRBF). Diagonally braced frame satisfying the requirements of Section 16 in which all members of the bracing system are subjected primarily to axial forces and in which the limit state of compression buckling of braces is precluded at forces and deformations corresponding to 2.0 times the design story drift. Charpy V-Notch Impact Test. Standard dynamic test measuring notch toughness of a specimen, Complete-joint-penetration Groove Weld (CJP). Groove weld in which weld metal extends through the joint thickness, except as permitted for HSS connections. Concrete. Mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures, Confined Region. The portion of a reinforced concrete component in which the concrete is confined by closely spaced special transverse reinforcement restraining the concrete in directions perpendicular to the applied stress. Continuity Plates. Column stiffeners at the top and bottom of the panel zone; also known as transverse stiffeners. xxi 12006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 Coupling Beam. A beam that is used to connect adjacent concrete wall piers to make them act together as a unit to resist lateral forces. Dead Loads. The weight of materials of construction incorporated into the building, including but not limited to wall, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment, incuding the weight of cranes, Design Story Drift. Amplified story drift (drift under the design earthquake, including the effects of inelastic action), determined as specified in the applicable building code. Design Strength. The product of the nominal strength and a resistance factor (or strength reduction factor). Design Wall Thickness. HSS wall thickness assumed in the determination of section properties. Development Length. Length of embedded reinforcement, including pretensioned strand, required to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section. Doubler. Plate added to, and parallel with, a beam or column web to increase resistance to concentrated forces. Drift. Lateral deflection of structure. Ductile Limit State. Ductile limit states include member and connection yielding, bearing deformation at bolt holes, as well as buckling of members that conform to the width-thickness limitations of Table I-8-1 of the Seismic Provisions. Fracture of a member or of a connection, or buckling of a connection element, is not a ductile limit state. Braced Frame (EBF). Diagonally braced frame meeting the requirements of Section 15 that has at least one end of each bracing member connected to a beam a short distance from another beam-to-brace connection or a beam-to-column connection. Effective Net Area. Net area modified to account for the effect of shear lag Embedment Length. Length of embedded reinforcement provided beyond a critical section. Expected Yield Strength. Yield strength in tension of a member, equal to the expected yield stress multiplied by Ag. Expected Tensile Strength. Tensile strength of a member, equal to the specified minimum tensile strength, Fy, multiplied by Ry Expected Yield Stress. Yield stress of the material, equal to the specified minimum yield stress, Fy, multiplied by R, Factored Load. The product of a load factor and the nominal load. Filler Metal. Metal or alloy to be added in making a welded joint, Fillet Weld. Weld of generally triangular cross section made between intersecting surfaces of elements. 2006 18C Structural/Seismic Design Manual, Vol. 3 vealFillet Weld Reinforcement. Fillet welds added to groove welds. Flat Width, Nominal width of a rectangular HSS minus twice the outside corner radius. In absence of knowledge of the corner radius, the flat width may be taken as the total section width minus three times the thickness. Frame. Braced frame. An essentially vertical truss, or its equivalent, of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided in a building frame system or dual frame system to resist shear. Concentrically braced frame (CBF). A braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces. Eccentrically braced frame (EBF). A diagonally braced frame in which at least one end of ‘each brace frames into a beam a short distance from a beam-column or from another diagonal brace. Ordinary concentrically braced frame (OCBF). A steel concentrically braced frame in which members and connections are designed for moderate ductility. Special concentrically braced frame (SCBF). A steel or composite steel and concrete concentrically braced frame in which members and connections are designed for ductile behavior. Frame, Moment. Intermediate moment frame (IMF). A moment frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis of the members. Ordinary moment frame (OMF), A moment frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis of the members. Special moment frame (SME). A moment frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces by flexure as well as along the axis of the members. Frame System. Building frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame system providing support for vertical loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by shear walls or braced frames. Dual frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame system providing support for vertical loads. Seismic force resistance is provided by a moment-resisting frame and shear walls or braced frames. Space frame system. A structural system composed of interconnected members, other than bearing walls, that is capable of supporting vertical loads and that also may provide resistance to seismic forces. Restrained Moment Connection. Connection capable of transferring moment with negligible rotation between connected members. Gouge. Relatively smooth surface groove or cavity resulting from plastic deformation or removal of material Gravity Frame, Portion of the framing system not included in the lateral load resisting system. Gravity Load (W). The total dead load and applicable portions of other loads as defined in ASCE/SEI 7-05, §§12.7.2 and 12.14.8.1 Gusset Plate, Plate clement connecting truss members or a strut or brace to a beam or column, xxiv 2006 IBC Structural/Seismic Design Manuel, Vol.3 _—t— Importance Factor. A factor assigned to each structure according to its occupancy category as prescribed in ASCE/SEI 7-05, §11.5.1. Inelastic Analysis. Structural analysis that takes into account inelastic material behavior, including plastic analysis. Interstory Drift Angle. Interstory displacement divided by story height, radians. Joint (concrete). A portion of a column bounded by the highest and lowest surfaces of the other members framing into it. K-area. The region of the web that extends from the tangent point of the web and the flange-web fillet (AISC “k” dimension) a distance 11/3 inches (38 mm) into the web beyond the “k” dimension. K-braced Frame. A bracing configuration in which braces connect to a column at a location with no diaphragm or other out-of-plane support. Leaning Column, Column designed to carry gravity loads only, with connections that are not intended to provide resistance to lateral loads. Limit State. A condition beyond which a structure or member becomes unfit for service and is {judged to be no longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state). Link. In EBF, the segment of a beam that is located between the ends of two diagonal braces or between the end of a diagonal brace and a column. The length of the link is defined as the clear distance between the ends of two diagonal braces or between the diagonal brace and the column, face. Link Intermediate Web Stiffeners. Vertical web stiffeners placed within the link in EBF. Link Rotation Angle. Inelastic angle between the link and the beam outside the link when the total story drift is equal to the design story drift. Link Shear Design Strength. Lesser of the available shear strength of the link developed from the moment or shear strength of the link. Live Loads. Those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and do not include construction or environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load, ‘earthquake load, flood load, or dead load. Live Loads (Roof). Those loads produced 1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and materials; and 2) during the life of the structure by movable objects such as planters and by people. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRED). A method of proportioning structural members and their connections using load and resistance factors such that no applicable limit state is reached \when the structure is subjected to appropriate load combinations. The term “LRFD” is used in the design of steel and wood structures. Load Factor. A factor that accounts for deviations of the actual load from the nominal load, for uncertainties in the analysis that transforms the load into a load effect, and for the probability that more than one extreme load will occur simultaneously. 2006 18C Structural/Selsmie Design Manual, Vol. 3 ae =Loads. Forces or other actions that result from the weight of building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental effect, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes. Permanent loads are those loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude. Other loads are variable loads (see also “Nominal loads”), Loads Effects. Forces and deformations produced in structural members by the applied loads. Local Buckling. Limit state of buckling of a compression element within a cross section. Local Crippling. Limit state of local failure of web plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or reaction. Local Yielding, Yielding that occurs in a local area of an element. LRED Load Combination. Load combination in the applicable building code intended for strength design (load and resistance factor design). Maximum Considered Earthquake. The most severe earthquake effects considered by this code. Moment Connection. Connection that transmits bending moment between connected members. Moment Frame. Framing system that provides resistance to lateral loads and provides stability to the structural system, primarily by shear and flexure of the framing members and their connections. Net Area. Gross area reduced to account for removed material. Nominal Load. Magnitude of the load specified by the applicable building code (dead, live, soil, wind, snow, rain, flood, earthquake). Nominal Strength. Strength of a structure or component (without the resistance factor or safety factor applied) to resist the load effects. Notch Toughness. Energy absorbed at a specified temperature as measured in the Charpy V-Notch test. Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame (OCBF). Diagonally braced frame meeting the requirements of the Seismic Provisions in which all members of the bracing system are subjected primarily to axial forces. Overstrength Factor, Q,. Factored specified by the applicable building code in order to determine the amplified seismic load, where required by the Seismic Provisions. Panel Zone. Web area of beam-to-column connection delineated by the extension of beam and. column flanges through the connection, transmitting moment through a shear panel, Partial-joint-penetration Groove Weld (PJP). Groove weld in which the penetration is intentionally less than the complete thickness of the connected element. Percent Elongation. Measure of ductility, determined in a tensile test as the maximum elongation of the gage length divided by the original gage length. P-Delta Effect. Effect of loads acting on the displaced location of joints or nodes in a structure. In tiered building structures, this is the effect of loads acting on the laterally displaced location of floors and roofs, voi 2006 18C Structural/Selsmic Design Manual, Vol. 3 P-5 Effect. Effect of loads acting on the deflected shape of a member between joints or nodes. Plastic Hinge. Yielded zone that forms in a structural member when the plastic moment is attained. The member is assumed to rotate further as if hinged, except that such rotation is restrained by the plastic moment. Plastic Hinge Location. Location in a beam column assembly where inelastic energy dissipation is assumed to occur through the development of plastic flexural straining. Plastic Moment. Theoretical resisting moment developed within a fully yielded cross section. Prequalified Connection. Connection that complies with the requirements of the Seismic Provisions or ANSI/AISC 358. Probable Maximum Moment at Plastic Hinge. Expected moment developed at a plastic hinge location along a member, considering the probable (mean) value of the material strength for the specified steel and effects of strain hardening, Protected Zone. Area of members in which limitations apply to fabrication and attachments, See Section 7.4 of the Seismic Provisions. Prototype. The connection or brace design that is to be used in the building (SME, IMF, EBR, and BRBF). Quality Assurance. System of shop and field activities and controls implemented by the owner or his/her designated representative to provide confidence to the owner and the building authority that quality requirements are implemented. Quality Assurance Plan. Written description of qualifications, procedures, quality inspections, resources, and records to be used to provide assurance that the structure complies with the engineer's quality requirements, specifications, and contract documents. Quality Control. System of shop and field controls implemented by the fabricator and erector to ‘ensure that contract and company fabrication and erection requirements are met. Reduced Beam Section. Reduction in cross section over a disc elasticity in the member. length that promotes a zone of Reinforcing Fillet. Fillet weld applied to groove welded “tee-joint” to obtain a contour to reduce stress concentrations associated with joint geometty. Required Strength. Forces, stresses, and deformations produced in a structural component, determined by either structural analysis, for the LRFD or ASD load combinations, as appropriate, or as specified by the Specification and Seismic Provisions. Resistance Factor. A factor that accounts for deviations of the actual strength from the nominal, strength and the manner and consequences of failure (also called strength reduction factor). Root. Portion of a multi-pass weld deposited in the first pass of welding Root of Joint. Portion of a joint to be welded where the members are closest to each other. £2006 18 Structural/Selsmic Design Manual, Vol. 3 rexvi Ss ae