DRUG CLASSIFICATION & INDICATION
Nicardipine - Calcium Channel Blocker
(Cardepine) - used to treat high blood pressure and to
control angina (chest pain)
- lowers blood pressure by relaxing the blood
vessels so the heart does not have to pump as
hard.
Dobutamine - Inotropics, Adrenergics
HCl - Short-term (<48 hr) management of heart
(Dobumean) failure caused by depressed contractility from
organic heart disease or surgical procedures.
Verapamil - CCB, Anti-anginal, Antiarrhythmic,
(Isoptin) Antihypertensive
- Angina pectoris due to coronary artery spasm
(Prinzmetals variant angina)
- Chronic stable angina
- Unstable, crescendo, preinfarction angina
- Essential hypertension
- Parenteral: Treatment of supraventricular
tachyarrhythmias
- Parenteral: Temporary control of rapid
ventricular rate in atrial flutter or atrial
fibrillation
Omeprazole - Proton Pump Inhibitor
(Omepron) - Short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcer,
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD),
including erosive esophagitis and symptomatic
GERD; long term treatment of pathologic
hypersecretory condition
Paracetamol - Analgesic, Antipyretic, Muscle Relaxant
- Relief of mild-to-moderate pain; treatment of
fever.
KCl - Electrolyte and Replacement Solutions
- Replaces and maintains potassium level
Sodium - Antiulcer, Alkalinizing agent, Antacid
Bicarbonate - Management of metabolic acidosis
- Used to alkalinize urine and promote excretion
of certain drugs in over dosage situations
Tramadol - Analgesic
- Moderate to severe pain
Tranexamic - Antifibrinolytic, Antihemorrhagic
Acid - used for the prompt and effective control of
hemorrhage in various surgical and clinical areas
MECHANISM OF ACTION
- A calcium channel blocker that inhibits calcium
ion influx across cardiac and
smooth muscle cells but is more selective to
vascular smooth muscle than cardiac muscle.
Also dilates
coronary arteries and
arterioles
- Stimulates beta1 (myocardial)-adrenergic
receptors with relatively minor effect on heart
rate or peripheral blood vessels.
Therapeutic Effect(s):
Increased cardiac output without significantly
increased heart rate.
- inhibits entry of calcium ions into arterial
smooth muscle cells as well as the myocytes and
conducting tissue. These actions lead to reversal
and preventions of coronary artery spasm,
reduction in afterload through peripheral
vasodilatation and reduction in ventricular rate
in patients with chronic atrial flutter or
fibrillation and reduction in the occurrence of
paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Verapamil reduces BP, relieves angina and slows
AV conduction.
- Omeprazole is a selective and irreversible
proton pump inhibitor. It suppresses stomach
acid secretion by specific inhibition of the
H+/K+-ATPase system found at the secretory
surface of gastric parietal cells.
- Decreases fever by inhibiting the effects of
pyrogens on the hypothalamus heat regulating
centers & by a hypothalamic action leading to
sweating & vasodilatation.
- Relieves pain by inhibiting prostaglandin
synthesis at the CNS but does not have anti-
inflammatory action because of its minimal
effect on peripheral prostaglandin synthesis.
- Supplemental potassium in the form of high
potassium food or potassium chloride may be
able to restore normal potassium levels.
- Sodium Bicarbonate acts as an alkalinizing
agent by releasing bicarbonate ions. Following
oral administration of this medication, it
releases bicarbonate which is capable of
neutralizing gastric acid.
- Acts on the mu opioid receptor, blocking the
neuron from communicating pain to the brain.
- used for the prompt and effective control of
hemorrhage in various surgical and clinical areas
Clonidine - Analgesis, Central-acting antihypertensive
- treatment of hypertension, either alone or with
diuretic or other antihypertensive agents.
- Epidural administration as adjunct therapy for
severe pain.
Captopril - ACE Inhibitor
- Management of congestive heart failure (CHF)
- Reduces the risk of death or development of
CHF after myocardial infarction (MI)
- Slows the progression of left ventricular
dysfunction into overt heart failure
- Used to decreased the progression of diabetic
neuropathy
Isosorbide - Nitrate Vasodilator
Dinitrate -Acute anginal attacks; to prevent situations that
may cause anginal attacks
Metoprolol - Antianginal, Beta Blocker Agent
- Hypertension, Angina pectoris.
- Prevention of MI and decreased mortality in
patients with recent MI.
- Management of stable, symptomatic (class II or
III) heart failure due to ischemic, hypertensive or
cardiomyopathc origin (may be used with ACE
inhibitors, diuretics and/or digoxin
Nitroglycerine - Antianginal, Nitrate Vasodilator
- Acute (translingual, SL, ointment) and long-
term prophylatic (oral, transdermal)
management of angina pectoris. PO: Adjunct
treatment of HF.IV: Adjunct treatment
of acute MI. Production of controlled
hypotension during surgical procedures.
Treatment of HF associated with acute MI.
Fucidin - Antibiotic
Intertulle - works by interfering with bacterial protein
synthesis, specifically by preventing the
translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G)
from the ribosome. It also can inhibit
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzymes.
Budesonide - Corticosteroid
- Management of symptoms of seasonal or
perennial allergic rhinitis in adults and children;
nonallergic perennial rhinitis in adults
Turbuhaler: Maintenance treatment of asthma
as prophylactic therapy in adults and children >
6 yr and for patients requiring corticosteroids for
asthma
- Centrally acting antiadrenergic derivative.
Stimulates alpha2-adrenergic receptors in CNS
to inhibit sympathetic vasomotor centers.
Central actions reduce plasma concentrations of
norepinephrine. It decreases systolic and
diastolic BP and heart rate. Orthostatic effects
tend to be mild and occur infrequently. Also
inhibits renin release from kidneys..
- block the conversion of angiotensin I to the
vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. It also inactivates
the vasodilator bradykinin and other
vasodilatory prostaglandins.
ACE inhibitors also increase plasma rennin levels
and reduce aldosterone levels.
- Reduces cardiac oxygen demand decreasing
left ventricular end diastolic pressure (preload)
and to a lesser extent,systemic vascular
resistance (afterload). Also increases blood flow
through the collateral coronary vessels
- Metoprolol selectively inhibits -adrenergic
receptors but has little or no effect on 2-
receptors except in high doses. It has no
membrane-stabilising nor intrinsic
sympathomimetic activity.
- Increases coronary blood flow by dilating
coronary arteries and improving collateral flow
to ischemic regions. Produces vasodilation
(venous greater than arterial). Decreases left
ventricular end-diastolic pressure and left
ventricular end-diastolic volume (preload).
Reduces myocardial oxygen consumption
- works by interfering with bacterial protein
synthesis, specifically by preventing the
translocation of the elongation factor G (EF-G)
from the ribosome. It also can inhibit
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase enzymes.
- Budesonide controls the rate of protein
synthesis, depresses the migration of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes, fibroblasts,
reverses capillary permeability and lysosomal
stabilisation at the cellular level to prevent or
control inflammation.
Duavent - Anti-cholinergic, Beta Agonist
- Management of reversible bronchospasm
associated with obstructive airway diseases (eg,
bronchial asthma).
- For patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) on a regular inhaled
bronchodilator who continue to have evidence
of bronchospasm and who require a second
bronchodilator.
Salbutamol - Adrenergic, Bronchodilator
- To control and prevent reversible airway
obstruction caused by asthma or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
- Quick relief for bronchospasm
For the prevention of exercise-induced
bronchospasm
- Long-term control agent for patients with
chronic or persistent bronchospasm
Aminophylline - Bronchodilator, Xanthine
- To prevent and relieve symptoms of acute
bronchial asthma and treatment of
bronchospasm associated with chronic
bronchitis and emphysema
Nalnuphine - CNS Agent, Analgesic, Narcotic-Agonist-
(Nubain) Antagonist
- Symptomatic relief of moderate to severe pain.
Also preoperative sedation analgesia and as a
supplement to surgical anesthesia.
Midazolam - Antianxiety, sedative, benzodiazepine
- PO: Preprocedural sedation and anxiolysis in
pediatric patients. IM, IV: Preoperative
sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia. IV: Provides
sedation/anxiolysis/amnesia during
therapeutic, diagnostic, or radiographic
procedures (conscious sedation): Aids in
the induction of anesthesia and as part of
balanced anesthesia, As a continuous infusion,
provides sedation of mechanically ventilated
patients during anesthesia or in a
critical care setting, Status epilepticus.
Diazepam - CNS Agent, Benzodiazepine, Anticonvulsant,
Anxiolytic
- Ipratropium bromide relaxes smooth muscles
of bronchi and bronchioles by blocking
acetylcholine-induced stimulation of guanyl
cyclase, thus reducing formation of cyclic
guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a mediator
of bronchoconstriction. Ipratropium generally
exhibits greater antimuscarinic activity of
bronchial smooth muscle than on secretory (eg,
salivary, gastric) glands.
Ipratropium bromide is a potent bronchodilator,
particularly in large bronchial airways; however,
some evidence suggests that it also has
bronchodilator activity in small airways.
- It relieves nasal congestion and reversible
bronchospasm by relaxing the smooth muscles
of the bronchioles.
- Aminophylline is a salt of theophylline with
effects similar to those of other xanthines (e.g.,
caffeine and theobromine). Action is dependent
on theophylline content (approximately 80%)
and is measured as theophylline in the serum.
- Synthetic narcotic analgesic with agonist and
weak antagonist properties. Analgesic potency is
about 3 or 4 times greater than that of
pentazocine and approximately equal to that
produced by equivalent doses of morphine. On a
weight basis, produces respiratory depression
about equal to that of morphine; however, in
contrast to morphine, doses >30 mg produce no
further respiratory depression. Antagonistic
potency is approximately one fourth that of
naloxone and about 10 times greater than that
of pentazocine.
- Acts at many levels of the CNS to produce
generalized CNS depression. Effects may be
mediated by GABA, an inhibitory
neurotransmitter. Therapeutic Effects:
Shortterm sedation. Postoperative amnesia.
- Psychotherapeutic agent related to
chlordiazepoxide; reportedly superior in
 - Drug of choice for status epilepticus.
Management of anxiety disorders, for short-
term relief of anxiety symptoms, to allay anxiety
and tension prior to surgery, cardioversion and
endoscopic procedures, as an amnesic, and
treatment for restless legs. Also used to alleviate
acute withdrawal symptoms of alcoholism,
voiding problems in older adults, and
adjunctively for relief of skeletal muscle spasm
associated with cerebral palsy, paraplegia,
athetosis, stiff-man syndrome, tetanus.
Phenobarbital - CNS Agent, Benzodiazepine, Anticonvulsant,
Barbiturate
- Long-term management of tonic-clonic (grand
mal) seizures and partial seizures; status
epilepticus, eclampsia, febrile convulsions in
young children. Also used as a sedative in
anxiety or tension states; in pediatrics as
preoperative and postoperative sedation and to
treat pylorospasm in infants.
antianxiety and anticonvulsant activity, with
somewhat shorter duration of action. Like
chlordiazepoxide, it appears to act at both limbic
and subcortical levels of CNS.
- Shortens REM and stage 4 sleep but increases
total sleep time. Antianxiety and anticonvulsant
agent.
- Long-acting barbiturate. Sedative and hypnotic
effects of barbiturates appear to be due
primarily to interference with impulse
transmission of cerebral cortex by inhibition of
reticular activating system. CNS depression may
range from mild sedation to coma, depending
on dosage, route of administration, degree of
nervous system excitability, and drug tolerance.
Initially, barbiturates suppress REM sleep, but
with chronic therapy REM sleep