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SICAM Contents
SICAM PQS
General Information 1
V8.01 Defining Fault Location Parameters 2
Executing the Fault Location Function 3
Fault Locator Fault Location Examples 4
Annex: Formula Symbols and Formulas A
Literature
Index
E50417-H8976-C421-A2
NOTE
For your own safety, please observe the warnings and safety instructions contained in this document.
This document has been subjected to rigorous technical review Copyright Siemens AG 2013. All rights reserved.
before being published. It is revised at regular intervals, and any The disclosure, duplication, distribution and editing of this
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Document Release: E50417-H8976-C421-A2.01
Edition: 05.2013
Product version: V8.01
Preface
This manual is intended for specialist personnel whose task it is to determine the fault location and the type of
fault in a power network using the SICAM . For the parameterization of the network, detailed knowledge of its
individual elements is required. For more detailed information concerning SICAM , refer to SICAM PQS, Over-
view /2/ and SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/
Target group
This manual is addressed to commissioning engineers, programmers and users of the substation control and
protection system SICAM PQS.
Standards
SICAM PQS Fault Locator was developed in compliance with the ISO 9001:2008 standard.
Further support
If you have any further questions regarding SICAM PQS, please do not hesitate to contact your
local Siemens representative.
Hotline
Training Courses
If you are interested in our current training program, please contact our training center:
Siemens AG
Siemens Power Academy
Humboldtstr. 59
90459 Nuremberg
Germany
Notes On Safety
This document is not a complete index of all safety measures required for operation of the equipment (module,
device). However, it comprises important information that must be noted for purposes of personal safety, as
well as in order to avoid material damage. Information is highlighted and illustrated as follows according to the
degree of danger:
DANGER
DANGER means that death or severe injury will result if the measures specified are not taken.
WARNING
WARNING means that death or severe injury can result if the measures specified are not taken.
CAUTION
CAUTION means that medium-severe or slight injuries can result if the measures specified are not taken.
NOTICE
NOTICE means that material damage can result if the measures specified are not taken.
NOTE
Important information about the product, product handling, or a certain section of the documentation, which
must be given particular attention.
Only qualified electrical engineering personnel may commission and operate the equipment (module, device)
described in this document. Qualified electrical engineering personnel in the sense of this document are people
who can demonstrate technical qualifications as electrical technicians. These persons may commission,
isolate, ground and label devices, systems and circuits according to the standards of safety engineering.
Use as Prescribed
The equipment (device, module) may only be used for such applications as set out in the catalogs and the
technical description, and only in combination with third-party equipment recommended and approved by
Siemens.
When electrical equipment is operated, hazardous voltages are inevitably present in certain parts. If proper
action is not taken, death, severe injury, or material damage can result:
The equipment must be grounded at the grounding terminal before any connections are made.
All circuit components connected to the power supply may be subject to dangerous voltage.
Hazardous voltages may be present in equipment even after the supply voltage has been disconnected
(capacitors can still be charged).
Equipment with exposed current-transformer circuits must not be operated. Before disconnecting the
equipment, ensure that the current-transformer circuits are short-circuited.
The limit values stated in the document may not be exceeded. This must also be considered during testing
and commissioning.
The product contains, among other things, Open Source Software developed by third parties. The Open Sour-
ce Software used in the product and the license agreements concerning this software can be found in the
Readme_OSS.
These Open Source Software files are protected by copyright. Your compliance with those license conditions
will entitle you to use the Open Source Software as foreseen in the relevant license. In the event of conflicts
between Siemens license conditions and the Open Source Software license conditions, the Open Source Soft-
ware conditions shall prevail with respect to the Open Source Software portions of the software.
The Open Source Software is licensed royalty-free. Insofar as the applicable Open Source Software License
Conditions provide for it you can order the source code of the Open Source Software from your Siemens sales
contact - against payment of the shipping and handling charges - for a period of at least 3 years since purchase
of the Product. We are liable for the Product including the Open Source Software contained in it pursuant to
the license conditions applicable to the Product. Any liability for the Open Source Software beyond the program
flow intended for the Product is explicitly excluded. Furthermore any liability for defects resulting from modifi-
cations to the Open Source Software by you or third parties is excluded. We do not provide any technical sup-
port for the Product if it has been modified.
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Open Source Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 General Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 SICAM PQS Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.1 SICAM PQS UI Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2.2 SIMEAS R PAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2.3 SICAM PQS UI Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3 SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Contents
1.1 Overview 12
1.1 Overview
The Fault Locator is integrated in the SICAM PQS substation automation system. It enables both the automatic
and the manual calculation of the fault location. The SICAM PQ Analyzer serves for manual fault location.
Using the SICAM PQS UI Configuration system component, you can configure and parameterize your pow-
er system including relevant line data for fault location. The SICAM PQS UI Operation system component
retrieves fault records from the devices and stores them in the archive.
archive.tif
The schematic diagram shows the components required for fault recording:
SIMEAS R
The SIMEAS R fault recorder measures the voltages and currents present at a measuring point, such as
a bay, and creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed information on the device,
refer to the SIMEAS R documentation, see the list of Literature.
7KE85
The 7KE85 fault recorder measures the voltages and currents present at a measuring point, such as a
bay, and creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed information on the device,
refer to the 7KE85 documentation, see the list of Literature.
SIPROTEC 4
The SIPROTEC 4 protection device creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed
information, refer to the documentation of the SIPROTEC 4 protection device.
SIPROTEC 5
The SIPROTEC 5 protection device creates a fault record if a fault has been detected. For more detailed
information, refer to the documentation of the SIPROTEC 5 protection device.
SICAM PQS
SICAM PQS retrieves fault records from devices and stores them in COMTRADE format in the (source)
archive. The current configuration and parameterization of the power system is saved in addition to the
fault record.
For more detailed information on configuration with SICAM PQS, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration
and Operation /4/ and SICAM PQS, Overview /2/.
SICAM PQ Analyzer
The SICAM PQ Analyzer is installed on the substation level or on the control center level. Both can access
the archive.
Using the Incident Explorer, a component of the SICAM PQ Analyzer, you can locate faults manually and
view the reports from the automatic and manual fault location. For more detailed information concerning
the Incident Explorer, refer to SICAM PQ Analyzer, Incident Explorer /14/.
Recording Devices
Performance Characteristics
NOTE
Since the calculated fault location can differ from the actual fault location, a calculated fault location is output
even if it is located 10 % downstream or upstream of the parameterized line. If this happens, the actual fault
location is near the line end.
Important Prerequisites
Power System
In order to be able to locate faults, you must map your power system as a topological structure in SICAM PQS.
Station Station
Lin
e
Voltage levels
Station
Bay
Voltage level
network.tif
Figure 1-2 illustrates a power system with 3 stations and 2 lines. The following prerequisites must be met:
A bay is located on each line end.
A line consists of at least one line segment.
For fault location, at least one line end must be assigned to a bay.
A bay many only be assigned to 1 single line.
The voltage levels on the ends of a line must have the same voltage and frequency values.
A bay corresponds to a feeder and a voltage level corresponds to a busbar.
The measuring equipment (measuring channels) of the devices must be assigned to the lines and their phases.
Device Bay
Ass
Voltage channel i gn
me n
t
Voltage channel Phase L1
Line
Voltage channel Phase L2
Phase L3
Current channel
Current channel
Current channel
assignment.tif
Figure 1-3 illustrates the wiring of a device. Each phase of the line is assigned a voltage and a current channel.
The voltage can be measured on the bay or on the voltage level. If several bays are assigned to the same volt-
age level, it is sufficient to measure the voltage once on the voltage level (busbar).
The table below includes a list and description of those elements of a power system, which are relevant for fault
location.
Element Description
Station The station serves for subdividing a network. It has no influence on calculation. It
combines several bays located at close geographical proximity.
Voltage level The voltage level is an element of a station. It includes bays. The measured voltage is
identical for all bays of a voltage level.
Each bay must be assigned to a voltage level element.
The voltage level corresponds to a busbar.
Bay The line ends are marked by bays. The voltage and the current are measured on the
bay. The voltage can also be measured on the busbar.
The bay corresponds to a feeder.
Element Description
Double line A double line consists of 2 parallel lines with identical line data.
Line segment Part of a line. A line must consist of at least one line segment. The length of a line is
calculated as the sum of the lengths of all line segments.
Device Measuring unit which captures voltages and currents if a fault has occurred and saves
them as fault records.
DAU The Data Acquisition Unit (DAU) is a device component, for example, the SIMEAS R.
It combines several channels.
Analog channel An analog channel allows the measurement of the current or voltage of a bay's phase.
It is the smallest unit of a device.
In daily practice, it can happen that a line runs partly or fully parallel to another line. Lines running in parallel
influence each other through magnetic induction, which is also referred to as coupling.
This coupling influences the result of the fault location and must therefore be compensated.
Station 1 Station 2
Line A
Bay 11 Bay 21
Segment A1 Segment A2
Bay 12 Bay 22
Segment B1 Segment C1
Segment B2 Segment C2
Li
Voltage levels
ne
C
B
ne
Li
Bay 31 Bay 32
Station 3
network_01.tif
Figure 1-4 illustrates a power system with 3 stations and 3 lines. In certain sections, the lines run in parallel.
For fault location, the lines must be subdivided into segments with uniform coupling and parameterized accord-
ingly.
NOTE
For more detailed information on how to work with the SICAM PQS UI Configuration and
SICAM PQS UI Operation system components, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/.
For more detailed information on how to define the parameters of a SIMEAS R device, refer to SIMEAS R PAR,
Parameterization Tool /16/.
Configuration view
view_01.tif
For more detailed information on how to proceed in the Configuration view, refer to paragraph 2.2.
For other devices, such as SIPROTEC protection devices, you must insert and configure the corresponding
applications.
To execute the fault location function, you must insert and configure the following applications:
PQS automatic fault location
Archive
PQS automatic import if fault records are to be imported
For more detailed information on the applications, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/.
Topology view
view_02.tif
For more detailed information on how to proceed in the Topology view, refer to paragraph 2.3.
For fault location, at least the following components must have been inserted and parameterized in this view in
the navigation tree:
Station
Voltage level
Bay
Line
For two-ended fault location, at least 2 stations with one object each of the Voltage Level type and one bay
must have been parameterized.
The Topology view also provides you with an overview of all lines parameterized in your power system.
view_02a.tif
Fig. 1-7 SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Topology view, Global line overview
Templates view
view_03.tif
For more detailed information on how to proceed in the Templates view, refer to paragraph 4.
In the Templates view, you can view, edit, import, and export device templates. The device template describes
a device's volume of information and scope of performance.
For some devices, suitable device templates exist. Alternatively, you can edit these templates and customize
them according to the requirements of the individual device. In addition, you can import your own device tem-
plates or device templates from third-party manufacturers.
The correct parameterization of the measuring groups is a prerequisite for fault location. The measuring
equipment for a bay (feeder) is combined to a measuring group.
view_04.tif
For more detailed information on how to proceed in SIMEAS R PAR, refer to paragraph 2.2.4.
SIMEAS R PAR is an application, which serves for the configuration and parameterization of your SIMEAS R
devices for fault location.
view_05.tif
For more detailed information on SICAM PQS UI Operation, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and
Operation /4/.
faultloc04.tif
Fig. 1-11 Incident Explorer, List of Fault Records and Fault Location Results
The Incident Explorer accesses the archive and provides an overview of the network events for which mea-
suring data and binary information is recorded. Furthermore, it provides a list of fault records and fault location
reports.
Using the Incident Explorer, you can perform manual fault locations. You can also view the fault location re-
sults in this view, see paragraph 3.
Click Open to open the highlighted entry. Alternatively, you can double-click the entry.
Fault records are opened automatically using the COMTRADE Viewer. If you have a SIGRA license, you
can define the SIGRA Viewer instead of the COMTRADE Viewer as standard viewer for fault records.
Fault location reports are displayed automatically with a print preview. If required, you can print out the
fault location reports or write them in a file (for example, in PDF or HTML format).
For more detailed information related to the Incident Explorer, refer to SICAM PQ Analyzer /13/.
Fault Report
faultloc05.tif
The fault report includes the fault type detected, the fault location calculated, and additional data.
Contents
The fault location feature has been designed for rigidly grounded networks.
Several line segments per line can be parameterized. For the determination of the fault location, the Fault Lo-
cator considers all line segments for which parameters have been defined.
The fault type at the time when the line fault has been detected is determined automatically.
You can parameterize the fault location function in such a way that it is executed automatically whenever a
fault has occurred. Alternatively, you can locate faults manually using the Incident Explorer, see paragraph 3.
For configuration and parameterization using SICAM PQS UI Configuration, no functions need to be en-
abled.
For operation with SICAM PQS UI Operation, however, the corresponding functions must be enabled.
Which functions must be enabled depends on the individual requirements:
PQS Automatic Fault Locator for the execution of the fault location function
SIMEAS R Master for communication with the SIMEAS R fault recorder
IEC 61850 Client for communication with the 7KE85 fault recorder
PQS Automatic COMTRADE Import for the automatic import of fault records from devices, which are not
connected to SICAM PQS via a standard protocol
Applications for the IEC 60870-5-103, IEC 61850, and PROFIBUS FMS communication protocols if fault
detection and protection devices are connected based on these protocols
For fault location, you must insert and configure the following applications in SICAM PQS UI Configuration:
PQS Automatic Fault Location
Archive for archiving of fault records and error reports
Application for device communication, for example, SIMEAS R Master, IEC 61850 Client
PQS Automatic Import for the automatic import of fault records from devices, which are not connected
to SICAM PQS via a standard protocol.
For more detailed information on the applications, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/.
This paragraph illustrates an example for fault location. In this example, a SIMEAS R is used for line monitoring.
Example
This paragraph illustrates the procedure by a simple example. The sample project includes all possible ele-
ments of a power system. In a real system, these elements can occur in different numbers and combinations.
Additional explanations which do not refer to this example are provided as notes.
Station 1 Station 2
SIMEAS R
Bay Line
Bay
Line segments
Voltage level Voltage level
Example01.tif
For single-ended fault location, you must configure and parameterize a device, a station with a voltage level
and a bay, and also a line with at least one segment.
NOTE
For two-ended fault location, you must additionally configure and parameterize a second device along with
a second station with a voltage level and a bay. The second device must measure the current and voltage in a
second station.
The Application, Interface, and Device objects are created and parameterized in the Configuration view of
SICAM PQS UI Configuration. Parameters for measured-value acquisition are defined in the Templates
view.
Importing device
data into SIMEAS
R PAR from a file
Measured Not required Defining parame- Defining parame- Defining parame- Defining parame-
value ters for measured ters for measured ters for measured ters for measured
acquisition value acquisition value acquisition value acquisition value acquisition
In order to perform a fault location, the device description must include suitable recording channels. The pa-
rameters for these channels are defined in the General recording channels tab of the Templates view. In this
view, they are combined to measuring groups.
A measuring group suitable for fault location includes 3 voltage and 3 current channels. The correct phase
designation is essential in this context: The current phases are A, B, and C. The voltage phases are A-N, B-
N, and C-N. The measuring group has been defined in such a way that the currents and voltages of a three-
phase power network are measured in star connection.
The following paragraph illustrates the example of a SIMEAS R-PMU as data source. To create a device, use
the Configuration view: Insert an application, an interface, and a device. Define the device parameters in
SIMEAS R PAR.
The paragraph 4.1 illustrates an example of fault location with COMTRADE files.
In SICAM PQS UI Configuration, you can manually create device templates for devices from third-party
manufacturers. For more detailed information, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Configuration and Operation /4/ and
the SICAM PQS online help.
Right-click the system into which you want to insert the application and select
Application > SIMEAS R Master from the context menu.
device_01.tif
NOTE
The SIMEAS R Master application can be inserted into the configuration tree only once per system. Below the
application, you can operate several interfaces of the Full Server.
For the interface to be inserted, a connection must be available in the system resources.
Right-click the SIMEAS R Master application and select Interface from the context menu.
device_02.tif
In the Insert - Interface dialog, define the parameters for the interface.
NOTE
SICAM PQS only requests parameters (highlighted in red) if no unique assignment can be performed automat-
ically.
Check the automatically assigned connection parameters and modify them if required.
For more detailed information on parameters, refer to the information area or the online help.
To insert a device:
Click the interface for which you want to insert a device. Select Device from the context menu.
The Insert - Device dialog opens.
device_03.tif
NOTE
A specific device template must be created for each device. It includes the configuration and the parameters
of the corresponding device.
In the Configuration view, right-click on the device inserted into the configuration tree and select Open
from the context menu.
The SIMEAS R PAR opens for the parameterization of the selected device.
device_04.tif
The following paragraphs describe settings, which are essential for fault location. You can perform additional
settings in order to meet your specific requirements. For more detailed information, refer to
SIMEAS R, Manual Digital Fault and Power Quality Recorder /17/, SIMEAS R-PMU, Manual Digital Fault Re-
corder /18/ and SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/
and the online help.
Using SIMEAS R PAR, you can load parameters from the device or read out parameters from a corresponding
file. In the example presented here, the parameters are defined directly.
With the SIMEAS R, the voltage and current channels of a three-phase power network must be captured. This
is possible for example, by means of a VCDAU.
device_05.tif
device_06.tif
To exit SIMEAS R PAR in the Parameter set menu, click Exit and save to Configuration.
device_07.tif
Activate the Send to device too option in order to load the modified settings into the device.
To do this, the device must be online.
To send the modified settings to the device later, use the SIMEAS R PAR application.
For more detailed information on how to define the topological configuration, refer to SICAM PAS/PQS, Con-
figuration and Operation /4/.
The screenshot below illustrates your system's topology. A station, a voltage level, and a bay have been cre-
ated. This is enough for single-ended fault location. For two-ended fault location, as second station with a volt-
age level and a bay must be created.
topology_01.tif
In the topological tree, highlight the Bay object and select the Properties window.
The properties of the bay level are displayed.
When activating a line, the first segment is inserted automatically. Realistic line parameters are predefined for
the segment. These predefined line parameters must be customized to the data of your line.
topology_04.tif
NOTE
The lengths of lines, segments, and electric load values can be indicated in kilometers or miles. Which unit is
used depends on the setting in your operating system.
The setting can be performed under:
Regional and Language Options, Regional Options tab, Standards and formats.
NOTE
Enter the remote end (opposite end) in order to consider fault records transmitted from remote devices
for the calculation of the fault location.
The voltage level parameters of both ends must match. If they do not match, the remote end cannot be
located.
Activate Double line if 2 lines run in parallel and parallel line compensation must be performed.
Assign the parallel line to the corresponding bay and the remote end.
After inserting and assigning the line, you must enter the line parameters.
topology_05.tif
NOTE
For fault location calculation, the R1, X1 option for the Positive sequence and R0, X0 for the ground impedance
adaptation provides the highest precision.
NOTE
The segment in the fist row of the list corresponds to the segment on the highlighted bay. The segment in the
last row of the list corresponds to the segment on the remote bay.
Under Segments, define the parameters for the created Segment (1) (see Table 2-2).
Right-click the text input box and select Will be calculated in order to initiate the calculation of the
capacity value.
The table includes a list of all possible parameters. Depending on the input format selected
(see figure 2-11 ), the relevant parameters must be configured.
Bay Meaning
Coupling Selection of the parallel line segment, which is to be coupled to the current segment
Bay Meaning
For more detailed information on the terms and formulas, refer to Annex A.
segment_01.tif
Add a second segment, for example, Segment (2) and define the related parameters.
NOTE
In the event of complete or partial line coupling, you can select the coupled segment in the Coupling column
(see for example, paragraph 4.3).
For automatic fault location, you must additionally assign the corresponding measuring equipment (measur-
ing channels) under Fault location, see paragraph 2.3.3.
In the topological tree, highlight the Bay object and select the Properties window.
The properties of the bay level are displayed.
Under Measurement assignment, click the arrow in the Measuring equipment row.
The list of measuring equipment (measuring channels) is displayed. All measuring equipment available
for the parameterized devices is indicated in the list.
topology_02.tif
Activate the measuring equipment, which you want to assign to this bay.
For a SIMEAS R, you assign each field a specific measuring equipment group for voltage and current mea-
surement.
NOTE
The voltage measuring channels can also be assigned on the voltage level.
In the topological tree, highlight the Bay object and select the Properties window.
The properties of the bay are displayed.
topology_03.tif
Specify the Nominal current and the Maximum load current for the bay.
Select the Start point direction (that is, star point of the current transformer).
Under Automatic fault location, select Yes in order to activate the automatic fault location.
NOTE
For Automatic fault location, the PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have been inserted in the
Configuration view.
Under Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment to be used for automatic fault location.
This setting is not required for manual fault location.
The voltage is measured on the busbar.
In this example, the Current measurement channels are assigned automatically. In the event of several mea-
suring groups, the channels must be selected.
topology_03a.tif
The configuration of your power system is now complete. For more detailed information on how to execute the
fault location feature, refer to paragraph 3.
Contents
A fault location report is generated based on the result of the fault location procedure. You can view the report
and print it out.
The result of the fault location procedure can be viewed as a fault location report in the Incident Explorer.
For automatic fault location, the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location applications must have been
started. In addition, the connection to the fault record source, for example, a SIMEAS R, must have been es-
tablished.
Start the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location applications if these applications have not yet
been started.
Start the SIMEAS R Master communication protocol if the fault records originate from a SIMEAS R.
NOTE
After a change in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, the corresponding application, for example, the Archive
application in the event of a modified configuration, must be stopped and restarted. For the modifications to
become effective, the application must be restarted.
faultloc03.tif
Fig. 3-1 SICAM PQS UI Operation, the Fault Location Application have been Started
The fault location is calculated automatically. The result of the calculation is displayed as a fault location re-
port in the Incident Explorer. You can view and print out this list (see paragraph 3.3).
The fault record and the fault location result can be assigned to each other by means of a time stamp, that is,
the fault record and the corresponding fault location report have the same time stamp.
NOTE
The PQS Automatic Fault Locator function must have been enabled using the Feature Enabler.
After a fault event (fault record) has been transmitted, the fault location procedure can be executed. To do this,
select the fault event and start the procedure as described below.
Under Topology, select the desired element, for example, Region and Station.
A list of existing fault records for this element is displayed.
faultloc01.tif
In the list, select the fault record for which you want to initiate a calculation.
Do not select more than 1 fault record.
In the event of two-ended fault location, the fault records from the 2 ends are selected automatically.
faultloc06.tif
Right-click the fault record and select Faultlocation > Two ended from the context menu in order to
execute a two-ended fault location calculation.
The calculation is executed and the fault location report is displayed afterwards.
NOTE
The selection options available in the context menu depend on the line configuration, for example, only a single-
ended fault location calculation can be executed for a fault location configured as single-ended.
All events which concern a certain fault will be considered for the fault location procedure, that is, 1, 2, or more
events. The following criteria apply: The fault event must concern the same line and the same period (within
60 sec).
You can view and print out the detailed fault location result, that is, the so-called fault location report (see
paragraph 3.3).
The fault record and the fault location result can be assigned to each other by means of a time stamp, that is,
the fault record and the corresponding fault location report have the same time stamp.
Under Topology, select the desired element, for example, Region and Station.
A list of existing fault records and fault location reports for this element is displayed.
faultloc04.tif
Fig. 3-4 Incident Explorer, List of Fault Records and Fault Location Results
Right-click the fault location report and select Open from the context menu.
Alternatively, you can double-click the fault location report.
The detailed fault location report is displayed.
faultloc05.tif
The fault location report includes a main fault result, which indicates the highest fault probability and provides
information on the fault type and the distance to the fault location.
Depending on the individual fault, 1 or several partial results may be calculated. These partial results can in-
clude the following information:
Station element (topological view) from which the distance to the fault location is specified
Remote records used (in the event of double lines, coupled lines, and two-ended fault location calcula-
tions)
Type of Fault: for example, L1 ground
Distance to the fault location in km/miles, with an absolute tolerance indication
Distance to the fault location, in per cent of the specified line length
Calculation algorithm used for fault location calculation
Start time, end time, and duration of the fault
Maximum short circuit current
Current and voltage values during the fault
Contents
This chapter provides examples, which illustrate the fault location procedure. The fault records required for the
example presented in paragraph 4.1 are available on the installation DVD.
The configuration and parameterization must be performed as indicated in this chapter. Otherwise, the fault
location procedure leads to an incorrect result.
Inserting Devices
Insert a system.
In the General parameters input area, select the COMTRADE setting as an Import type.
In the COMTRADE import configuration input area in the Import directory structure field, select
Multiple folders.
example53_0.tif
The fault record must be available in COMTRADE format and corresponds to a device.
Right-click Device group and select Device from the context menu.
The Insert Device dialog opens.
example53.tif
In the COMTRADE import configuration input area, select the Device specific import directory
(...\LEFT) in which the fault record is located.
example53a.tif
Insert the PQS Automatic Fault Location application below the system.
In the Topology view, you must map the power system from which the fault records originate.
Insert a region.
A region is not essential, but it provides a better overview in the Incident Explorer.
Below the station, insert a voltage level with the designation 520_kV.
Under Measurement parameters, enter 60 Hz for the system frequency, 520 kV for the voltage level, and
525 kV for the declared supply voltage.
Below the Region, insert the Right station with the Voltage level and the Bay.
Enter the same parameters for the Voltage level.
Select the Bay of the Left station and select the Properties dialog.
example55.tif
For the Activate line parameter, select Yes. A line segment is inserted.
Under Ground impedance adaptation, select R0, X0 and select R1/X1 under Positive sequence.
The indicated settings are predefined by default.
Parameter Setting
Type Overhead
Length 359 km
Capacity C1 is calculated
Capacity C0 is calculated
NOTE
In daily practice, the precise values might be unknown. This applies specifically to the
ground impedance (R0, X0).
The more precise the values are, the more precise the fault location result will be.
Under Line, assign the Opposite end; that is, in this example, you assign the bay to the Right station.
You do not need to parameterize the line for the Right station because it is the same line.
example56.tif
In the Topology view, you can now assign the devices measuring equipment to the individual bays.
Under Fault location, enter 2000 A for the nominal current and also 2000 A for the maximum load
current.
Under Measurement assignment, assign the measuring equipment of the Left device to this bay.
example54.tif
Under Fault location > Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment for the Left device.
The measuring equipment for current measurement are assigned automatically.
Define the parameters for the currents and the star point direction in the same way as for the Left bay.
Activate the Automatic fault location function also for the Right station.
Under Measurement assignment, assign the measuring equipment of the Right device to this bay.
Under Fault location > Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment for the Right device.
The measuring equipment for current measurement is assigned automatically.
In order to be able to import the fault records, the Archive must have been set up in
SICAM PQS UI Configuration.
In the Configuration view, insert the Archive application if the archive has not yet been set up.
The configuration and parameterization of the power system are now complete. The fault location function can
be executed.
If the Automatic fault location function has been activated in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, the fault
records are imported and a fault location procedure is performed when starting SICAM PQS UI Operation.
For automatic fault location, the Archive and PQS Automatic Fault Location applications must have been
started. If the fault records are available as a file, the PQS Automatic Import application must be started ad-
ditionally.
Start the PQS Automatic Fault Location application if it has not yet been started.
NOTE
Before starting the PQS Automatic Import application, make sure that the Archive and
PQS Automatic Fault Location applications have been started.
Start the PQS Automatic Import application if it has not yet been started.
example57.tif
Fig. 4-8 SICAM PQS UI Operation, the Applications for Fault Location have been Started
The fault records are imported, saved into the archive, and the fault location procedure is executed.
The fault location result is stored in the archive. To view it, use the Incident Explorer:
Click Options > Select archive in order to check whether the correct archive has been selected.
example58.tif
example59.tif
The calculated fault location is approximately in the center of the overhead, that is, it is located at a distance of
181,67 km from the Left station.
A double line can consist of several segments. Dividing a line into segments is recommended, if the properties
of the line change significantly along the line section. For example, due to the nature of the ground or a different
line pole system.
The following prerequisites must be met for calculating the fault location on a double line:
The 2 lines have been installed on a consistent line pole system.
Fault records for both lines are recorded by the same device (SIMEAS R or 7KE85).
The use of 2 separate recording devices is possible if certain conditions are met, see below.
All properties of parallel lines, for example, the voltage level or impedances, must be identical.
Be aware of the following when using 2 separate devices for recording a fault incidence:
2 similar devices (SIMEAS R or 7KE85) must be used.
The devices must run with chronological synchronism.
This also applies to two-ended fault location if a SIMEAS R is used on the remote end.
NOTE
The fault recording procedure is executed even if a fault record is only available from 1 single device. If this
happens, however, it is executed without parallel line compensation.
Station 1 Station 2
SIMEAS R
Bay 1
Line
Bay 2
The line is implemented as a double line consisting of 2 parallel lines with identical properties. The line consists
of 1 single line segment.
The creation and parameterization of a device in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Configuration view, is not
illustrated in this chapter, see paragraph 2.2. For the SIMEAS R device, 2 VCDAU modules must have been
parameterized. For more detailed information, refer to SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/.
The SIMEAS R PAR parameterization tool creates a device template, which is displayed in the Templates
view.
example71.tif
A list of the channels of the 2 VCDAU modules, that is, 2 by 4 channels for voltage measurement and 2 by 4
channels for current measurement, is displayed under General recording channels.
Insert the PQS Automatic Fault Location application below the system.
Define a directory for the archive and click OK to close the Insert - Archive dialog.
The power system must be mapped in the Topology view. For single-ended fault location, it is sufficient to in-
sert just one station.
Under Measuring parameters, enter 50 Hz for the system frequency, 400 kV for the voltage level and
405 kV for the declared supply voltage.
Under Fault location, enter 2000 A for the nominal current and also 2000 A for the maximum load current.
For the second bay, you can insert a copy of the previously configured bay. This approach can help you to save
time.
In the topology tree, right-click Bay 1 and select Copy from the context menu.
Right-click the voltage level and select Insert from the context menu.
The Insert dialog opens.
Assign the name Bay 2 for the bay and click OK to close the dialog.
In the Topology view, you can now define the parameters for the line.
Under Line, click Yes for the Activate double line parameter.
Under Line, select Bay 2 for the Selected double line parameter. The parallel line is displayed
under Segments.
The values specified in the following table are realistic sample values.
Parameter Setting
Type Overhead
Length 359 km
Central phase L2
Capacity C1 is calculated
Capacity C0 is calculated
RM/RL 2.81
XM/XL 0.67
example73.tif
In the Topology view, you can now assign the device's measuring equipment to the individual bays.
Under Automatic fault location, select Yes in order to activate the automatic fault location.
NOTE
For Automatic fault location, the PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have been inserted in the
Configuration view.
Under Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment to be used for automatic fault location.
This setting is not required for manual fault location.
Select Bay 2.
Activate the Automatic fault location function and assign the measuring equipment for
voltage measurement.
example72.tif
The fault location function is executed automatically by SICAM PQS UI Operation, see paragraph 3.1.
You can additionally perform a manual fault location procedure, see paragraph 3.2.
The result of the fault location can be viewed in the Incident Explorer, see paragraph 3.3.
In the example, the lines first run in parallel. After a certain distance, the lines branch out to different stations.
Each line must be subdivided into 2 segments, that is, you must parameterize 4 segments.
This example describes the fault location function for a partially coupled line. Line 1 has a nominal voltage
of 400 kV, and Line 2 has a nominal voltage of 115 kV. In the 1st line section, both lines are installed on the
same poles. In the 2nd line section, the lines are installed on separate poles.
The creation and parameterization of a device in SICAM PQS UI Configuration, Configuration view, is not
illustrated in this chapter, see paragraph 2.2. For the SIMEAS R device, 2 VCDAU modules must have been
parameterized. For more detailed information, refer to SIMEAS R PAR, Parameterization Tool /16/.
Station 1 Station 2
SIMEAS R
Line 1, 400 kV
Bay 1 Segment 11 Segment 12
Bay 2
Segment 21
Segment 22
Station 3
Example04.tif
The lines run in parallel on part of the entire length. Since the fault location function shall be executed only on
1 end, only 1 single station with 2 bays must be configured and parameterized.
The SIMEAS R PAR parameterization tool creates a device template, which is displayed in the Templates
view.
example81.tif
A list of the channels of the 2 VCDAU modules, that is, 2 by 4 channels for voltage measurement and 2 by 4
channels for current measurement, is displayed under General recording channels.
Insert the PQS Automatic Fault Location application below the system.
Define a directory for the archive and click OK to close the Insert - Archive dialog.
The power system must be mapped in the Topology view. For single-ended fault location, you insert just 1 sta-
tion.
NOTE
Different voltages, currents, and star point positions are possible.
Under Measuring parameters, enter 50 Hz for the system frequency, 400 kV for the voltage level, and
405 kV for the declared supply voltage.
Under Fault location, enter 1000 A for the nominal current and also 1000 A for the maximum load current.
For the second line, you can now configure an additional voltage level and a second bay.
Below the station, insert a second voltage level, for example, 115_kV.
Under Measuring parameters, enter 50 Hz for the system frequency, 115_kV for the voltage level, and
120_kV for the declared supply voltage.
Under Fault location, enter 2000 A for the nominal current and also 2000 A for the maximum load current.
example84.tif
In the Topology view, you can now define the parameters for the line.
The values specified in the following table are realistic sample values. The first segments of the 2 lines have
the same length and are installed on the same poles. The 2 segments have different lengths.
Select Bay 1.
Define the parameters for Segment (1) with a length of 153 km. The remaining parameters are indicated
in the column for the 400 kV line, 1st segment.
Define the parameters for Segment (2) with a length of 231 km. The remaining parameters are indicated
in the column for the 400 kV line, 2nd segment.
Select Bay 2.
Define the parameters for Segment (1) with a length of 153 km. The remaining parameters are indicated
in the column for the 115 kV line, 1st segment.
Define the parameters for Segment (2) with a length of 59 km. The remaining parameters are indicated
in the column for the 115 kV line, 2nd segment.
In order to be able to define the R0m and X0m values, the segment coupling must have been inserted first.
example83.tif
You must now define the parameters for the coupling of the first segments of your 2 lines:
Select Bay 2.
Right-click the outermost left-hand column of the first segment and select Add coupling from the context
menu. The segment coupling is inserted.
example85.tif
example86.tif
example87.tif
NOTE
The coupling values always refer to the segment to which the coupling has been added. In this example, a cou-
pling to Segment 1 of the 400 kV line is added to Segment 1 of the 115 kV line.
This is particularly important if coupling values in RM/RL and XM/XL formats are used. In this example, RM/RL
would refer to R1' of Segment 1 of the 115 kV line, analogous to XM/XL on X0'.
Enter the values 0.152 and 0.503 for the R0m and X0m parameters.
In the Topology view, you can now assign the device's measuring equipment to the individual bays.
Select Bay 1.
Under Automatic fault location, select Yes in order to activate the automatic fault location.
NOTE
For Automatic fault location, the PQS Automatic Fault Location application must have been inserted in the
Configuration view.
Under Voltage measurement, assign the measuring equipment to be used for automatic fault location.
This setting is not required for manual fault location.
Select Bay 2.
Activate the Automatic fault location function and assign the measuring equipment for
voltage measurement.
example82.tif
The fault location function is executed automatically by SICAM PQS UI Operation, see paragraph 3.1.
You can additionally perform a manual fault location procedure, see paragraph 3.2.
The result of the fault location can be viewed in the Incident Explorer, see paragraph 3.3.
Contents
This chapter provides a list of formula symbols and formulas for the calculation of the fault location.
A.2 Formulas 81
RE Ground resistance in
RL Line resistance in
XE Ground reactance in
XL Line reactance in
ZE Ground impedance
RM Coupling resistance in
A.2 Formulas
Type = Overhead
C1 = 1 / (L1 * v2) with v = 295,000 km/s
Type = cable
C1 = L1 / ZC2 L1/ (50 )2
Type = Overhead
C0 = 1 / (L0 * v2) mit v = 220,000 km/s
Typ = 1-pole cable
C0 = C1
Typ = 3-pole cable
Belted cable: C0 = 0.6 * C1
Three-core separately sheathed cable: C0 = C1
The formulas for the calculation of the zero-sequence capacity of cables can differ from the formulas specified
here. Please contact your manufacturer for safety reasons.
L1 = X1 / 2f
L0 = X0 / 2f
L0m = X0m / 2f
In these formulas, Ci, Li and Xi must be considered as electric constants (line loads) (F/km, H/km, /km).
C
Capacities
I
calculating 81 Impedance values
COMTRADE Viewer 25 calculating 81
Coupled line 70 Incident Explorer 25
Inductances
calculating 81
D Interconnection 16
DAU 16 Interface
Device 16 inserting 32
creating and parameterizing 30
defining parameters 34
inserting 33
L
Devices Line 15
inserting 54 defining parameters 38, 57
Double line 16, 63 partially coupled 70
Line parameters
options 39, 57
E Line segment 16
Elements of a power system 15
M
F Manual Fault Location 47
Fault location Measuring equipment
automatic 46 assigning 15, 42, 59
defining parameters 28, 43
Double line 63
Example 64, 71
N
executing 45 Network elements 15
manual 47
Recording devices 13 P
Fault location application Parallel line compensation 63
inserting 56 Performance characteristics 13
Fault location procedure Phase 16
Example 54 Power system 14
executing 60
two-ended 54
viewing the result 50, 61
R
Recording devices 13
Resistance values
calculating 81
S
Sample project 29, 54, 64, 71
Segment coupling
defining parameters 75
SICAM PQ Analyzer 13
SICAM PQS 13
SICAM PQS features 28
SICAM PQS UI - Operation 24
SIGRA Viewer 25
SIMEAS R 12
defining parameters 34
Inserting an Application 31
SIMEAS R PAR 23, 34
SIPROTEC 5 12
Station 15
System configuration 19
T
Templates 22
Topology 20
configuring 37, 56
Tow-ended fault location 54
V
Voltage level 15
W
Wiring 16
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